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Lel%d5tanfordJ«
uiniversitV
PRfSENTtU ev THOHaS WElTdN STUNFOBD.
BONN'S STANDARD LIBRARY.
TOUR IN IRELAND.
Vol. n.
«<
^H
i
1
1
^^ 1
LRTHUR YOUNG'S TOUR
IN IRELAND
(1776-1779)
WITH INTKODUCTION AND NOTES
By
ARTHUR WOLLASTON HUTTOJJ
WITH A BIBLIOOBAFHT BY
JOHN P. ANDERSON
0/ the Briliih Museum
VOL. H
fKAnUSC PART U. OP THE TOUH, THE AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTIONS
ON IRELAND TO THE " ANNALS OC AQRICULTUIIE,"
BIBUOdRAPHY, AND INDEX
LONDON
lOBOE BELL & SONS, YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN
AND NEW YOKK
1892-
CONTENTS.
Vol. II.
n
I
d
1
1
II. Soil. Fnce «f Hie Coimtrj-. and Clin
Me
5
10
to
84
3G
fi»
78
77
85
93
104
100
114
118
123
MS
1S6
192
221
232
S49
253
260
281
Vr. Of the Ubourins Poor
X. Ti rubor— Planling
XII. Cattle— Wool— WiQl«r Food . . .
XVI. Pnbliok Work^C«J«-The Dublin Soeietj . . .
XVni. Com Trade c,f Ireland— Bounty on
XIX. Mannfactum
f. XXI. CoQimeroe-Fiaheries— EmTiargow!
B XSIl. Goverrment-Unioi. ....
nland Carriage .
■jXXIV. SUti! of lielond brought down to the end of the year
H 177!)- Diatresses-Free Trade — Observations-
^BtODBS OF AamctlLTUBE BECOMHKNbED
TO THE UeNTUI-
^HftrTHOB*B APPESDIX OF rAKTlCVLARfi
CONTENTS.
1. Observations on the Commercial Arrangementwith Ireland 299
2. Review of Lord Sheffield's " Observations on the Munn-
facturea, Trade, and Present Stikt« of Ireland "... 320
3. Comparntive State of the Iron Mnnufocture in England
and Ireland 324
i. Observations on the Earl of Dandonald'a Scheme for trans-
ferring the Tax on Salt to HearUm 320
5. Review of Tusker's " ReHectionH on the Present Matter? in
Dispute between Great Britjun and Ireland " . . ■ . 337
6. Notice of Hewlett's " Essay on the Population of Ireland . 340
7. ExtractB from " Memoirs of the laut Thirty Yearn of the
Editor's Farming Life" 340
S. State of Ireland in 1'748 and 1792 compared 343
9. Bounty on the Inland Carriage of Com in Ireland • . . 344
BlBLIOOKAPHY 349
Index 376
AUTHOR'S PREFATORY NOTE
TO PART 11.
rO register tlie minutes received upon such a journey
L OS this, and leave them simply to speak for them-
selTcs. would hare its use; but it would lM.ve to the
iuqaisitire reader bo much labour and trouble in collecting
general facts, that not one in five hundred would attempt
it. That it is a matter of importance to have accurate
general ideas of a country, instead of erroneous ones, will
hardly be disputed ; no books of ge<^raphy but speak
geaomlly of soil, climate, product, rental, population, &c.
uut they are too often mere guesses ; or, if founded at all,
the facts that support them of too old a date to yield the
least truth at present in points subject to change. When
one country is mentioued with another it is usually in
{^eral terms : and by comparison, England has not so rich
a $i>il at Ireland. Products in England larger Hum in
France. Rents higher in, Ireland than in Scotland. A
thousand instances might be produced, in which ideas of
this sort are particularized, and in which general errors are
often found the cause of political measures, even of the
highest consequence. That my EngUsli "Tours" give
■flirt information relative to England I cannot assert; but
! may venture to say, that they are the only information
■itant, relative to the rental, produce, stock of that country,
<cb)ch arc taken from an actual examination : I wish to
ufCer equal information relative to our sister island ; and I
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
am encouraged to do it, not only from my own ideas, but
the opinions of many persons with whom I have either
corresponded or conversed from most parts of Europe,
including some of the most respectable for abilities and
rank.
fK order to know the consequence and relative impor-
a of aaj country, it is aecCBGiiry to bo acquainted
i|['3ti extent; I have reosoa to believe that that of
I u not accurately known. I insert the following
t of the acres of each county, plantation measure,
bec&ase there are several observations to be made on it.
I
Acres.
AoreB.
nUler— Antrmi . .
383,020
MunBicr—Clirs . . 428,187
Armagh .
170,630
CorliB , . 991,010
Cs.^tr . .
S74,SOO
Kerry . . 636,906
IXiwn . .
Limerick . 375,320
DonegsJ .
630,157
Tipperery . 699,500
Fermmiugh
224,M07
Wwerford. 259,010
251,610
MonoKb-D .
170,090
Total .... 3,289,932
1 Tyrone . .
3^7.175
Total ....
a.836,«37
Leitrira . 206,830
Mayo . . 724.640
116,900
Dublin . .
123,784
SHgo . . 241,550
Kildare . .
228,690
KJikeony .
2H7,6JO
Total .... 2,272,915
Kin^B Counly
257,510
LoDgford .
134,700
In all Ireland . 11,042,642
LoDth . .
111,180
He&lb , .
326,480
Qneea'a Count
233,416
■Wo»tn.f*lh .
249,943
Weiford .
315,396
Wicklo* .
252,410
_■
Total ....
3.642,998
•■
A TOUR IN IRELASD.
Gerard Malinea makes the acres of Ireland eighteen
millionB : (" Lex Mercatoria," part 1, p. 49,) I Buppooe
English measure, which is eleven millions Irish ; these two
accounts ilow therefore from the same source. Temple-
man's measurement gives it 27,457 square miles, or
1 7,572,480 acres {" Survey of the Globe") English on a scale
of 60 miles to a degree, but consequently it is professedly
erroneous, as a degree is 69^ ; according to tluB measure
therefore, the contents in real acres would be 20,354,789
English, and 12,721,743 Irish.' These accounts come so
nearly together, that they are all drawn from similar data ;
that is, from old maps. Newer ones have many blunders^
but as no late actual survey has been made of the kingdom,
we must depend on the authority we find.
The ttiTcaje of Ireland (English meiaure) is 20,819,928. Yonn^a
ofTompIen
though thtt is an imdi^r-stBteiiient by ncnrly half a million boku. Ths
diiiDKU, however, Ihit gives to Irel&nd nearly twenty-one millii
kcres, includes icliind waUre. The actu&l land surface is eslimstsd
!0,160,612 avrei. If Yotrng intended to exclode inland w»l«n, u
apparentlj he did not, as he ofteti reckons tbeni in when calcuhtiag
the extent of private estates, his estimate ii sJiceBBive by 2O0,
BOIL, FACE OF TBE COCITTBT AHD CLIMATE,
TO judge of Ireland by the conversation one Rometiuiea
hears in England, it would be supposed that one bal£
of it was covered with bogs, and the other with mountains
f filled with Irish ready to fly at the sight of a civilized
being- There are people who will smile when they hear
that in proportion, to the size of the two countries, Ireland
is more cultivated than England, having much less waste
land of all sorts. Of uncultivated mountains there are no
such tnu^ts as are found in our four northern counties, and
the North Biding of Torkahire, with the eastern line of
Lancaster, nearly down to the Peak of Derby, which form
an extent of above an hundred miles of waste. The most
considerable of this sort in Ireland are in Kerry, Gatwaj,
and Mayo, and some in Stigo and Donnogal. But all these
together will not make the quantity we have in the four
northern counties ; the vallies in the Irish mountains are
also more inhabited, I think, than those of England, except
where there ai-e mines, and consequently some sort of culti-
vation creeping up the sides. Natural fertility, acre for
acre, over the two kingdoms is certainly in favour of Ire-
land ; of this I believe there can scarcely be a doubt enter-
tained, when it is considered that some of the more beau-
tiful, and even best cultivated counties in England, owe
almost every thing to the capital, art and industty of the
inhabitants.
The circumstance which strikes me aa the greatest
fularity of Ireland, is the rockyness of the soil, which
iild seem at first sight against that degree of fertility ;
MUtrary is the fact. Stone is so general, that I
6 A TOUR IN IHELAKD.
have great reason to believe the whole island is one
rock of different strata and kinda rising out of the sea. I]
have rarely heard of any great depths being sunk without.
meeting with it. In general it appears on the surface in
every part of the kingdom, the flattest and most fertile
parts, as Limerick, Tipperary and Meath, have it at no
great depth, almost as much a9 the more barren ones..
May we not recognize in this the hand of bounteous Provi-
dence, which has given perhaps the most stoney soil in
Europe to the moistest climate in it ? If as much rain fell
upon the clays of England (a soil very rarely met with in
Ireland, and never without much stone) as falls upon the
rocka of her sister island, those lands could not be culti-
vated. But the rocks hero are cloathed with verdure ; —
those of lime stone, with only a thin covering of mouldj
have the softest and most beautiful turf imaginable.
Of the great advantages resulting from the general
plenty of lime-stone, and limo-stone gravel, and the nature
of the bogs, I shall have occasion to speak more particularly
hereafter.
The rockyness of the soil in Ireland is bo universal, that
it predominates in every sort. One cannot use with pro- .
priety the terms clay, loam, sand, &c. it must be a stoney
clay, a ttoney loam, a gravelly sand. Clay, especially the
yellow, is much talked of in Ireland, but it is for want of
proper discrimination. I have once or twice seen almost
a pure clay upon the surface, but it is eitremely rare.
The true yellow clay is usually found in a thin stratum
under the surface mould, and over a rock ; harsh, tenacious,
stoney, strong loams, difficult to work, are not uncommon ;
but they are quite different from English clays.
Friable sandy loams dry, but fertile, are very common,
and they form the best soils in the kingdom for till^e and
sheep. Tipperary, and Roscommon abound particularly in
them. The moat fertile of all are the bullock pastures
of Limerick, and the banks of the Shannon in Clare,
called the eorcaeseg. These are a mellow, putrid, friable
loam.
Sand, which is so common in England, and yet more
common through Spain. France, Gennony, and Poland,
quite from Gibraltjir to Petorsburgh, is no where met with
SOIL AKD CI,IUA'
iu Ireland, escopt for narrow slips of liillocks, upon the sea
coast Nor did I ever meet with or hear of a chalky soil.'
The bogs of which foreignera have beard so much, aro
rery exteusive in Ireland ; that of Allen extends 80 milca,
and is computed to contain 300,000 acres. There are
others also, very extensive, and smaller ones scattered over
the whole kingdom ; but these are not in general more
than are wanted for fuel. When I come to speak of the
improvement of waste lands, I shall describe them par-
ticularly.
Besides the great fertility of the soil, there are other cir-
cumstances, which come within my sphere to mention.
Few countries can be better watered by lai^ and beautiful
rivers ; and it is remarkable that by much the finest parts
of the kingdom are on the banks of these rivers. Witness
the Suer, Blactwater, the Liffy, the B(iyne, the Bore, the
Barrow, and part of the Shannon, they wash a scenery that
can hardly be eicecded. From the rockyuess of the country
however, there are few of them that faave not obstructions,
which are great impediments to inland navigation.
The mountains of IreJand give to travelling that interest-
ing variety, which a flat country can never abound with.
And at the same time, they are not in such number as to
confer the usual character of poverty, which attends them.
I was either upon or very near the most considerable in the
kingdom. Mangertoo, and the Keeks, in Kerry ; the Gal-
ties in Corke ; those of Mourne in Down ; Crow Patrick,
and Nephin in Mayo; these are the principal in Ireland,
and they are of a character, in height and sublimity,
which should render them the objects of every traveller's
mtt«ntion.
ve to the climate of Ireland, a short residence can-
t enable a man to speak much from his own experience ;
t observations I have made myself confirm the idea of
I being vastly wetter than England ; from the 20th of
le, to the 20th of October, I kept a register, and there
e in 122 days, 75 of rain, and very many of them inces-
t and heavy. I have examined similar registers I kept
I England, and can find no year that even approaches to
' Tliere is, boweier, a little cbalky aoil in a
A TOUR IN IRELilO).
Boch a moisture ob thia. But there U the register of an
accurate diary published, which compares Loudon and
Corke. The result is, that the quantity at the latter place
was double to that at London. See Smith's "Hist, of
Corke."
From the information I received, I have reason to believe,
that the rainy season seta in usually about the first of July,
and continues very wet till September or October, when
there is usually a drj- fine season of a month or six weeks.
I resided in the county of Corke, Ac. from Oc-tober till
March, and found the winter much more soft and mildt
than ever I experienced one in England. I was also a
whole summer there (1776), and it is fair to mention, that
it was as fine a. one, as ever I knew in England, though by
no means so hot. I think hardly ho wet as very many I
have known in England. The tops of the Galty Moun-
tains eihibited the only snow wo saw ; and as to frosts,
they were so slight and rare, that I believe myrtles, and yet
tenderer plants, would have survived without any covering.
But when I say that the winter was not remarkable for
being wet, I do not mean that we had a dry atmosphere.
The inches of rain which fell, in the winter I speak of,
would not mark the moisture of the climate. As many
inches will fall in a single tropical shower, as in a whole
year in England. See Mitchel's " Present State of Great
Britain, and North America." But if the clouds presently
disperse, and a bright sun shines, the air may soon be dry.
The worst circumstance of the climate of Ireland, is the
constant moisture without rain. Wet a piece of leather,
and lay it in a room, whore there is neither sun nor fire, and
it will not, in summer even, be dry in a month." I have
knoi**n gentlemen in Ireland deny their climate being
' The areritgo annual ruinfall in Ireland is abuiit 40 inches ; that in
England is aiioul 32 iochea. But, eddly enongb, a field of tumipg— «
crop which YoaDc; was alwajs urging on the Irish raroien — eown by
bim near Mitche^iown, tatM on account of the "continual drought. '
See below, section xi.
' 1 have had this happen mjsetf with a pair of wot gtorea.
The myriads of flies alao which bui about one's ears, and are ready u,
go in shoals into one's mouth at every word — and those almost imper-
ceptible flics called midges, which perfectl; defoor one in a wood, or
near a ri«er, prove the same thing. — {Anlior's nolt.]
SOIL AND CLIMATE. 9
Idisier than England ; — but if they have eyes let them
0]>en them, and oee the verdure that cloathes their rooks,
and compare it witli ours in England — where rocky aoila
are of a russet brown, however sweet the food for sheep.
Does not their island lye more eiposed to the great
Atlantic, and does not the west wind blow three fourths of
a year P If there was another island yet more to the west-
ward, would not tlie climate of Ireland be improved?
Such ]>er8ona speak equally against fact, rea,son, and
philosophy. That the moisture of a chmate doea not
depend on the quantitj of rain that falls, but on the
powers of aerial evaporation, Dr. Dobson has clearly proved.
JlPhil. Trans," Vol. hvji, part i. p. 244.
^^^V I..JB
■
m
■
^H
^^^^ HI^M
^H^ ^^^^^^^1
^^^H SECTION
^^^^^ EEKTAL,
H IVT'^ country cas ever be bold iu a. just estimation -wbeo
H i^ the rental of it is unknown. It is not tbe only dr-
^M cnmatance which a political arithmetician should attend to.
^M but it is a most important one. The value of a country is
^P rarely the subject of a conyersation without guesses at its
rental being made, and comparisons between different ones.
I contend for nothing more through this and the ensuing
tables, than tlie superiority of actual information on tha
spot, drawn into one point of view, over any guesses what-
ever. I shall therefore proceed at once to fay it before the.
reader,
FlMM.
(3^
1
1
i
1|
n
S£
-la 1
.. d.
1. d.
I
Conntv of Dublin. . .
!3
41 61 L ■
Celbridge
1 10 D
3a
31otL ■
1 1 D
5
■
i
S3
■
SbineCutle ....
I 5
aai'ai or L ■
Hoadfort
I
31.
■
Bnieslawn
1 6 a
.■
Fore
15
■
PachenhtttD Hill . . .
IT 6
4 4
91
■
Mullsngar to Tullespace
1
■
CbBrloiille
■1 3fl
V
Shun Culle, QueeD'« Co
13
9 SO V
Athy to Culow . .
18
1
KUAune 1 tS 6 1 1 |2 31 lil 31 ■
Bargre and forlh
Wciford to WpIJi
Weili to Gowry
Courtown . .
New Town M. Kennedj
Ditto Hounti '
Kilnie . ,
lluoploa
Cailen . .
RaTcnidftle ,
Uarket-hiU .
AraMgh to Newry
To Dnnganncin
To Lurgtn . .
To Belfast . .
Cattle IliU . .
Anis. . . .
Lfcale . . .
Itnleaion to SaintfiFld
Betful ....
Bvlbil taAntrini
Shanes Castle, tS). j
Lnl^Hitt . . ,
Sear Giant's Causwsf
Coleraine . .
N«wlawD iJnini
Cknileieh county
MoDDtChurlGB .
Cutle Caldwell
InnukilliDg . .
Ditto. . , .
FloiciKK Court
Firaliain
Qnaanl. , .
I TOUR IS IBELAKD.
8|
Tyrawlej
Ftttford lo CnsllebBF . .
CuLlebBT
Westporl
Hulymoant
Wood Lawn . ! ! !
Drumoluid corcwiea
Limerick
Anosgrove
FenDoy
Duhollow
Condnni and Clanpbbons
Barrymorc
BureU
Musbrry
Kiaclfx
Karryourriiy ....
Malbw*. '.'.'.'.'.
Cutle Mutyr ....
Imokilly
Kilnatalton '
Coolmoro |
Killami?]r
Cutle Island to Tralce .
MahagTco . . .
Tarbat ....
Caatla Oliver ....
100,000 seres in limerick 1
20 DiilcB Hli<>*.>]ilani] Tip-
BaltycaraD . . .
Forness ....
1 Ptikces.
1,
1
g
1
ll
., .;,
» d
CnUen
SIL
MiIch«lsTowii. . . .
2 6
80
SI
Artnge
16 6
111
ATsngo per Eoglish Acre
10 3
The first colunm of rent is either plautation measure,
Cuimingham, or Eiiglish ; and the second reduces the two
loat to plantation.
The Cunningham acre is reduced to the plantation mea-
sure a£ seven to nine, and the English as five to eight,
which, though not perfectly accurate, is near it.
The following fable contains the information I received
relative to the general aven^ rental of whole counties ;
and as there are several with moi-e than one account, the
1 of those different accounts is given in a separate
Oonnties,
DiffelDnt
miDulex.
ATcrage.
Redaced lo
plantation.
Total rental
of the
County,
Um . . . .
iih . . . .
»
£ s. d.
1
1 5 (1
18 6
£ e. d.
1 11 6
1 1 2
7
12 9
15 II
£ .. d.
1 11 6
1 1 2
7
13 9
16
£
194,BS9
34S.924
87,480
184,161
87,675
I^Cofwiy!
D 13
IS 6
low ... .
A TOL'R IN IREiAND.
CuunttM.
Weilbrd . ,
Wicilow. .
Loath. , .
Armagb . .
Ditto . . .
Ditto '. '. '.
Ditto . , .
Antrim . .
Ditto . . .
Derr/, . .
Ditto . . .
Donegal
Ditto . . .
Ditto . . .
Ferminngb .
C»VUTl . ,
Ditto . . .
Longford , .
Zieitrim . .
Ditto . . .
Ditto . . .
RotcommoD .
Dillo . . .
Sligo . . .
Ditto . . .
Dido . . .
Mbto. . .
G«lw«y . .
ClarA. . .
Corks. . .
Ditto . . .
11
10
10
10
s
e
9
4 6
4
I
a
e
6
7
I
2
1
»
11
13
12
10
10
10
, Total ranH
ofihs
236^*7
1S9,30T
1 16,739
124,4B1
C9,164
Carried forword 3,31
■ Counties.
DtSerent
minuiei.
Avenge.
Reduced to
Total rental
oflha
County.
I
Ditto
Diiio
£. *. d.
S B
5 *
6
£ s. d.
Broa
S 'J
2 10
Ifi 10
5 11
14 6
5 6
£ ». d.
ght rorward
5 2
i W
16 10
16 6
(1 5 11
14 G
S 6
£
3,30e,133
2S6,01O
90,226
313,833
491,587
76,622
165.727
106,472
Kerry
IJillo
Ditto
Ditto
I 7
« 10
Dmenck . . . .
Ditto
Ditto
1
1 D
10 6
Sr"" : :
Ditto ... .
Dilto ....
16 3
17 4
1
13 G
W.terford . .
Dillo
KiUwe . . .
5
6 10
7
KilkH
UOII.J
ic© the journey I have procured the informatio
foUoving :
_ 11,042,642 plantation acres, givrng the rent of ^5,293.312
i« at the rate of 9*. 7d, per acre. The average of all the
mtDutes made it 16>. 6d. from hence there is reason to
imagine, that the hne travelled was better than the medium
mliiBiiaD of land ID Ireland u £13,419,258,
IG A TonR I.V IRELAKD.
of the kingdom ; or, ou the contrary, that the suppositions
of the rents per county are uiuJer the truth, the real rent of
the kingdom, if it could be ascertained, would probably bi,
fouud rather to exceed than fall short of six millicmft
Especially as the rents, upon which those particulars ai
drawn, were not those paid by the occupying tenant, but
general average of all tenures; whereas Uie oViject
would ascertain is the sum paid by the occupyer, inclw
consequently, not only the landlord rents, but the profit
tlie middle mea.
But farther, as the computation that makes the total
11,042,642 acres is professedly erroneous above
being drawn from geographic miles, there should be adde
above £700,000 to this rental on that account.
The difference of money and measure included
Irish makes just 20<. English, Suppose therefore
rental of Ireland 9e. 7d. per acre, it makes 5s. 6(' "
If Ireland is 10«. it would be 5#. 9d. English.
Suppose it 11». or the total of six millions. It is pefr
Ei^lish acre 6». id.
It is a curious disquisition to compare the rent of land b
different countries, and to mark the various circumstanM
to which the superiority may be attributed. The rental
England has been pretty accurately ascertained to be 13l
an acre.' Poor-rates in the same 1«. IQ^d. in the pound
or \g. i^d. per acre. The' information I received in Irth
land concemiug the amount of the money raised for pre-
sentments throughout the kingdom, made the total
£140,000 or 3d. an acre.
1 3i
u ai
' " EMlem Tour Ihrongl) England," vol, ir. p. 229.— [Antiar't noitA
' The areroj^ of Ibe Euteni nnd Kortlicrn Toon wbich make a total
Instead of wbich U He. 2 j(f. ; consequently the proportion
betreen the ri>nt of land la England nad Ireland is nearly
Bs two to five : in other words, that space of land which in
Ireland lets for 2g. would in England produce 5e.
In this comparison the value of land in England appears
to be so much greater than it is in Ireland, that. several
circiun stances should be considered. The idea I found
common in Ireland upon that matter was, that rents there
were higher than in England ; but the extreme absurdity of
the notion arose from tie difference of measure and money.
the exact par being as 20 to 35. As far as I can form a
general idea of the soil of the two kingdoms, Ireland has
much the advantage ; and, if I am accurate in this, surely a
stronger argument cannot be used, to shew the immense
importance of ca-PItai,, first in the hands of the landlords
of a country, and then in that of the fanners. I have
reason to believe that five pounds sterling per English acre,
eipended over all Ireland, which amounts to ^88,341,136
would not more than bnild, fence, plant, drain, and improve
that country to be upon a par in those respects with Eng-
land. And farther, that if those 88 millions were so
eiponded, it would take much above 20 millions more (or
above 20«, an acre) in the hands of the farmers, in stock ot
husbandry, to put them on an equal footing with those of
her sister kingdom ; nor is this calculation so vagiio as it
might at first sight appear, since the eipences of improve-
ments and stock are very easily estimated in both countries.
This is the solution of that surprising inferiority in the
rent of Ireland: the English farmer pays a rent for his
land in the state be finds it, which includes, not only the
natural fertility of the soil, but the immense expenditure
of £1,926,GG6. By the rclurns laid beforn ParliamBnf it iiipenred to be
■TtB^Jy £1,730,316 14«. 'd.; but that relum wm incomplete, for there
■R tETj msny parishea named, from wbicb, through neglect, no reCnmi
wen made. I mtij' remuk that this fact is a. strong conflrmation of Che
trnlb of the data upoii whivh I ronoed these CBlcalations. the above ■um
Duniog vMily neerer la the truth afterwarda atcerlained by Parliament,
tbui mnj other calculation or conjecture which ever fnnnd its way into
Hm roada of England ore a very heary article ; I conjecture much
hniier tluiQ in Ireland but 1 have do data whiveby to ascenaiu the
IB
, TOUlt IS inELAKD,
which nutional wealth haa in the progr^sB of time poiirQ
into it ; but the Irishnmu findE ni>thiaf; be caji a&ord to p
a rent for, but what the bouuty of Ood haa given, unaidt
by either wealth or iiiduetrj. The second point ia of equal
conBequenco — when the land is to be let, the rent it will
bring must depend ou the capability of the cnltiTators to
molce it productive. If they Lave but half the capital they
ought to be possessed of, how is it possible they should be
able to offer a, rent proportioned to the rates of another
country, in which a variety of causes have long directed a
stream of abundant wealth into the purses of her fanners f
These facts call for one very obvious reflection, which
will often recur in the progress of these pa])erB ; the conse-
quences of it are felt in Ireland ; but I am sorry to say,
very ill understood in England: that portion of national
wealth which is employed in the improvement of the lands
of a State is the best employed for the general welfare of a
country; while trade and manufactures, uational funde,
banking, &c.. swallow up prodigious sums in En)j;land, bat
yield a profit of not above 5 to 10 per cent. ; the lauds of
Ireland are unimproved, upon which money would pay 15
to 20 per cent, exclusive of a variety of advantages which
must strike the most superficial reader. — Hence the vast
importance to England of the improvement of her Iii^
territory. It is an old observation, that the wealth of I
land will always center in England ; and the fact l
though not in the way commonly asserted : No emplqi
ment of 100 millions, not upon the actual soil of Britail
can ever pay her a tenth of the advantage which voul
result from Ireland being in the above respects upon thi
par which I have described with England. The moi
attentively this matter is considered, I am apt to think t"
more clearly this will appear; and that, whenever i
illiberal jealousies are worn out, which, thanks to the g
sense of the age, are daily disappearing, we shall be fullil
convinced, that the benefit of Ireland is so intimately coi^
nected with the good of England, that we shall be M
forward to give to that hitherto unbappv country, as shl
can bo to receive, from the firm conviction, that whateTt
we thus sow will yield to us a most abuudaat harvest.
SECTION IV.
PEODUCTS.
rVHE produetfl per acre were, in every place, au object of
my enquiriea. The following table will at one view
f what they are in most parta of tho kingdom,
■ ^ Kt
ZSi
Oat,,
Bere,
Barrela.
Barrek
Kuin B
Celbridge ,
. 7
DoUMtown .
13^
Sammenhill
6
ShuM . .
7
Oatdton .
J
7
15i
TuUuDora .
H
lai
16
SbMuCuUe
51
13
Hi
13
SwAihy.
17)
Alhr to Carlo*
Si
K<«r Culow
H
K<ir>>n«. .
6
10
10
Bw^ ■ ■
9
H^fr'sndFor
,11
-1 '*'
lai
'1
'■', 8
■ ^
■ Hi
Hi
Ml
Durpion .
■ '
LauUl . .
.1 6
15
Miihuii . .
■1 ^
Anb . . .
l«»k . .
10
Skun CuUe
6
A TOUB IN IREIAKD.
Newtown Limm. ,
Inniaboea
ClonJaigh . . ,
Caslle CaMwell i
Bellaiila. . . .
Florence Court
Fanihun . .
LooeTord . .
Etrokoslown . .
Ball^moat . .
Mercra . . . .
Tjrera ...
Ditlo. ...
Westport . ,
Hul vmount . .
Monii. . . .
WoodUwn . .
OrumolaDd . .
AnnsgroTe . .
U»Uow . . .
Dankettle . .
Adilr . . .
Cutle Oliver .
^pperary . .
BallTuanTDO
FurocBi . . ,
GlOBter . . .
Julinstown . .
Darry . . .
Cullen . . .
Milthols Town
Mobon . . .
Ardi. . . .
SliBoni Culle .
Cunniagliam (u^re reduced.
. . .1 61 I I
English acre reduced.
TnXjLGE. 21
^ese qnantitiea per English B.cre are :
Qr». Bush. Pecks.
Wlwat, ... 2 2 3
BoHey, ... 3 4 3
CtaU .... 3 4 3
Bere .... 4 B
B &yerage8 of the " Fanner's Tour through the Eiuit of
Eoglaud" were;
i the ■' Sii Months' Tour through the North of England " :
Qra. BeisIi. i'ecko.
Wheat. ... 3
Bwlej. ... 4
OkM .... 4 4
' The products upon the whole are much inferior to those
of Englajid, though not more bo tJian I should have
expected ; not from inferiority of aoil, but the extrenke
^fajferiority of management. They are not to be considered
^^^k points whereon to found a full comparison of the two
^^Mmtries ; siuce a small crop of wheat in England, gained
^^ner beans, clover, &c. would be of much more importance
^^San a larger one in Ireland by a fallow : And this remark
BXtenda to other crops.
Tillage in Ireland ia very little understood. In the
t«Bt com counties, such as Louth, Eildare, Carlow and
, where are to' be seen many very fine crops of
, all is under the old eyatem. eiploded by good
' a England, of sowing wheat upon a fallow, and
^ it with as many crops of spring com as the soil
1 bear. "Where they do beat by their land, it is only two
trley or oats before the fallow returns again, which is
ething worse than the open field management in Eng-
t, of 1. fallow ; 2. wheat ; 3. oats ; to which, while the
I are open and common, the farmers arc by cruel
BJty tied down. The bounty on the inland carriage of
82 A TOmt IN IRELAKD.
com to Dublin liaa increased tillage very considerably, but
it has no where introduced any other system. And to this
extreme bad management, of adopting the exploded practice
of a century ago, instead of tumeps and clover, it ia owing
that Ireland, with a soil, acre for acre, much better than
England, has its products inferior.
But keeping cattle of everj- sort, is a business bo much
more adapted to the laziness of the farmer, that it is no
wonder the tillage is so bad. It is every where left to the
cottars, or to the very poorest of the farmers, who are all
utterly unable to make those exertions, upon which alone a
vigorous culture of the earth can be founded ; and were it
not for potatoes, which necessarily prepare for com, there
would not be half of what we see at present. While it ia
in such hands, no wonder tillage is reckoned so unprofit-
able ; profit in all undertakings depends on capital ; and ia
it any wonder that the profit should be small when the
capital is nothing at all'? Every man that has one gets
into cattle, which will give him an idle, lazy superinten-
dence, instead of an active attentive one.
That the tystem of tillage has improved very little, much
as it has been extended in the last fourteen years, there is
great reason to believe, from the very small increase in the
import of clover seed, which would have doubled and
trebled, bad tillage got into the train it ought, This tha
follovring table proves.
Import of Clover eeed.
Id the year 1 7G4 . . 2,99n
1765 . . 2.798
1766 . . 3,654
1767 . . 1,47B
176B . . *,*76
1769 . . S,483
1770 . . e,e63
Average of sercD yenrs 3,349
TILLAGE.
23
1775
1776
1777
3,910
4,648
5,988
Avenge of seven years ^ 3,927
^ Taken from the Records of imports and exports kept by order of
the Hoiue of Commons. MS. — [Author's note,]
07 THE TENANTBY OF IK ELAND.
IT baa Ijeen probably owing to tbe small value of land in
Ireland, before, and even through a eonaiderable port of,
the preaent century, that landlords became so carelesB of tha
intereats of pOBterity, as readily to graut their tenants
leases for ever. It might also be jiartly owing to tJie un-
fortunate civil wars, and other intestine divisions, which for
80 long a space of time kept that unhappy country in a
Btat« rather of devastation than improvement. When a
castle, or a, fortified house, and a family strong enougli for
a garrison, were essentially necessary to the security of Ufa
and property among Protestants, no man could occupy land
unless he had eubstance for defence as well as cultivation {
short, or even determinable temu-es were not encourage-
ment enough for settling in such a situation of warf^.
To increase the force of an estate, leases for ever were given
of lands, which from their waste state were deemed of little
value. The practice, once become common, continued long
after the motives which originally gave rise to it, and has
not yet ceased entirely in any part of the Idngdom. Hence,
therefore, tenants holding large tracts of land under a lease
for ever, and which have been relet to a variety of under-
tenants, must in this enquiry be considered as landlords.
The obvious distinction to be applied is, that of the
occupying and unoccupying tenantry; in other words, the
real farmer, and the middle-man, The very idea, as well
as the practice, of permitting a tenant to relet at a profit
rent, seems confined to the distant and unimproved parts
of every empire. In the highly cultivated counties of
England the practice has no existence, but there are traces
of it in the extremities; in Scotland it has been very
TENASTRT.
ou ; aad I am informed that the sitmo observation is
tlj applicable to France. In proportion as any country
lomes improved the practice necessarily wears out.
It is in Ireland a queetion greatly agitated, whether the
Bystem has or haa not advantages, which may yet induce a
landlord to contiuue in it. The friends to this mode of
letting litnda contend, that the extreme poverty of the lower
classes renders them such an insecure tenantry, that no
gentleman of fortune can defHind ou the least punctuality in
. the i»ayment of rent from such people ; and therefore to let
a large farm t« some intermediate person of substance, at
, a lower rent, in order that the protit may be hia induce-
ment and reward for l)eeoming a collector from the im-
mediate occupiers, and answerable for their punctuality,
becomes necessary to any person who will not submit to the
drudgery of such a mimite attention. Also, that such a
a will at least improve a spot around his own residence,
i cottar can do nothing. If the inter-
ikte tenant is, or from the accumulation of several
ms becomes, a man of proi-erty, the same argument is
gtlicable to his reletting to another intermediate man,
1 part of bis profit to escape that trouble, which
ttuced the landlord to begin this system ; and at the same
Ipe accounts for the number of tenants, one under another,
I have all a profit out of the rent of the occupying
er. In the variety of conversations on this [xilnt, of
li I have partook in Ireland, I never heard any other
ments that had the least foundation in the actual state
t the country ; for aa to ingenious theories, which relate
e to what might be, than to what is, Uttle regard should
^paid to them.
(That a man of substance, whose rent is not only secure,
i peguiarly paid, is in many respects a more ehgible
int than a poor cottai', or little farmer, cannot be dis<
; if the landlord looks no farther than those circum-
I. the question is at an end, for the argument must be
allored to have its full weight, even to victory. But there
an lutuiy other considerations : I was particularly attentive
ifivei? class of t«nantB throughout the kingdom, and shall
I describe these middle-men, from whence their
bit maj be the more easily decided. Sometimes they
TOUB IS IRELAND.
are resident on a part of the land, but very often they are
not. Dublin, Bath, London, and the country towns of
Ireland, contain great numbers of tliem ; the merit of this
class is surely ascertained in a moment ; there cannot be a
shadow of a pretence for the intervention of a man. whose
single concern with an estate is to deduct a portion &om
the rent of it. They are however sometimea resident on a
part of the land they hire, where it is natural to suppose
they would work some improvements ; it is however veij
rarely the ease. I have in different parta of the kingdom
seen farms just fallen in after leases of three lives, of the
duration of fifty, sixty, and even seventy years, in which
the residence of the principal tenant was not to be dia-
tinguished from the cottared fields surrounding it. I wa«
at first much surprized at this ; but after repeated observa-
tion, I found these men very generally were the masters of
packs of wretched hounds, with which they wasted their
time and money, and it is a notorious fact, that they are
the hardest drinkers in Ireland. Indeed, the class oi ths
I email country gentlemen, chiefly consisting of these profit
renters, seems at present to monopolize that drinking spiiitv
\ which was, not many years ago, the disgrace of the kingdom
at large : this I conjecture to be the reason why those who
might improve are so very far from doing it ; but there an
still greater objections to them.
Living upon the spot, surrounded by their little under-
tenants, they prove the most oppressive species of tyrant
that ever lent assistance to the destruction of a country.
They relet the land, at short tenures, to the occupiers of
sm^ forms ; and often give no leases at all. Not satisfied
with screwing up the rent to the uttermost farthing, they
are rapacious and relentless in the collection of it. Many
of them have defended themselves in conversation with me,
upon the plea of taking their rents, partly in kind, when
their undertenants are much distressed : " What," saj
they, " would the head landlord, suppose him a great nobl&>
" man, do with a miserable cottar, who, disappointed in the'
sale of a heifer, a few barrels of com. or firkins of butter.
brings his five instead of his ten guineas ? But we can
favour him by takli^ his commodities at a fair price, and
wait for reimbursement until the market rises. Can my
TENANTRY. 27
I do that ?" A very common plea, but the most un-
rttuuite that cotild be used to any one whoever remarked
that portion of human nature which takea the garb of an
Irish land-jobber! For upon what issue does this remark
place the question? Does it not acknowledge that, calling
for their rents, when they cannot be paid in cash, they take
the Bubstance of the debtor at the very moment when he
cannot sell it to another? Can it be necessary to ask what
the price is ? It is at the option of the creditor ; and the
miserable culprit meets his oppression, perhaps his ruin, in
the Tery action that is trumpeted aa a favour to him. It
may seem harsh to attribute a want of feeling to any class
of raen ; but let not the reader misapprehend me ; it is the
tituation, not the mon, that I condemn. An injudicious
system places a great number of persons, not of any liberal
rank in life, in a state abounding with a variety of oppor-
tunities of oppression, every act of which is profitable to
themselves. I am afraid it is human nature for men to
£ail iu such posts ; and I appeal to the experience of man-
kind, in other lines of life, whether it is ever found
adrantagooua to a poor debtor to sell his products, or
irare«, to his richer creditor, at the moment of demand.
But farther ; the dependiince of the occupier on the resi-
.^cnt middle-man goes to other circumstances, personal ser-
j of themselves, their cars and horses, is exacted for
g turf, hay, corn, gravel, &c. insomuch that the poor
tenants often lose their own crops and turf, from
ing obliged to obey these calls of their superiors, Nay,
BliaTe even heard these jobbers gravely assert, that with-
t undertenants to furnish cars and teams at half or two
I the common price of the country, they could carry
improvements at all ; yet taking a merit to them-
Itcs tor works wrought out of the sweat and ruin of a,
bck of wretches, assigned to their plunder by the inbu-
ttntty of the landholders.
[ In a word, the case is reducible to a short compass ; intcr-
liate tenants work no improvements; if non-resident
y eantuit, and if resident tbey do not ; but they oppress
B occnpiers, and render them as incapable as they are
theiDBelves unwilling. The kingdom is an aggregate proof
of these facts; for if long leases at low rents, and profit
28 A TOUR IN IRELASD.
incomes given, wcpuld have imjiroTed it, Ireland liad long
ago been a garden. It renmins to enquire, whether the land-
lord's security ia a full recompence for so much mischief.
But here it is proper to observe that, though the inter-
mediate man is geuerallj beltiar security than the Uttla-
occupier ; yet it is not from thenc« to be concluded, aa I;
have often heard it, that the latter is beyond all compariBoa,
benoath him in this respect : the contrary is often the cobol
and I have known the fact, that the landlord, disappointed;
of his rent, has drone (distrained) the undertenants for Ui
at a time whon they had actually paid it to the middle-man.,
If the profit rent is spent, as it very generally is, in claret
and hounds, the notion of good security will prove visionary,,
as many a landlord in Ireland has found it : several trtj
considerable ones have assured me, that the Uttle occu>
piers were the bett pay they had on their estates ; and ih&
intermediate genlhmen tenants by much the work.
By the minutes of the journey it appears, that a vetTi
considerable part of the kingdom, and the most enlightened^
landlords in it, have discarded this injurious system, andj
let their farms to none but the occupying tenantry ; thei;;
experience has proved that the apprehension of a want ot
security was merely idle, finding their rents much better
paid than ever. At the last extremity, it is the occupier's',
stock which is the real security of the landlord. It is that'
he distrains, and finds abundantly more valuable than thv
laced hat, hounds and pistols of the gentleman jobber, >
from whom he is more likely in such a case to receive a
metsage, than a remittance.
And here let me observe, that a defence of intenuediata
tenants has been founded upon the circumstance of lessen-
ing the remittance of absentee rents; the profit of the
middle-man was spent in Ireland, whereas upon his dis^
mission the whole is remitted to England. I admit this,
to be an evil, but it appears to be in no degree proportioned
to the mischiefs I have dwelt on. It is always to be re-
membered, that in the arrangement of landed property, tha
produce is the great object; the system of letting, whieli
encourages most the occupying tenant, will always be tha
most advantageous to the community. I think that I have
proved that the middle-man oppresses the cottar incom-
TEKASTRI. 29
y more than the priocipal landlord ; to tho one ho ia
illy tenant at will, or at least under abort t«rms, but
' under the other has the most advantageoua tenure. This
single point, that the person most favoured ia in one instance
an idle burthen, and in the other the indufitrious occupier,
sufficiently decidea the superiority. To look therefore at
B^be rent. aft«r it is paid, is to put the queetion on a wrong
; the payment of that rent, by means of ample pro-
, arising from animated industry, is the only point
serring attention ; and I had rather the vbole of it should
go to the antipodes than exact it in a manner that shall
cmmp that industry, and lessen those products.
When therefore it is considered, that no advantages to
the estate can arise from a non-resident tenant, and that a
reradent intermediate one improves no more than the poor
occupiers who are prevented by his oppressions, that the
l&udlord often gains little or nothing in security from
employing them, but that he suffers a prodigious deduc-
tion in his rental for mere expectations, which every hour's
experience proves to be delusive. When these facts are
duly weighed, it is presumed that the gentlemen in those
ts of the kingdom, which yet groan under such a
t«m ot absurdity, foUy and oppression, will follow tho
mple set by such a variety of intelligent landlords, and
e deaf to the deceitful asseverations with which their ears
s assailed, to treat the anecdotes retailed of the cottar's
torerty. with the contempt tliey deserve, when coming from
ihe mouth of a jobber ; when these bloodsuckers of the
poor tenantry boast of their own improvements, to open
their eyes and view the ruins which are dignified by such a
term, and finally determine, as friends to themselves, to
their posterity and their country, to lkt tbbib estates to
irOKE BCT THE OCCUPTINO TENANTBT,
Having thus described the tenants that ought to be
rejected, let me next mention the circumstances of the
^^^ecupiers. The variety of these is very great in Ireland,
^^^b the North, where the linen manufacture has spread,
^^■be tarata are so small, that ten acres in the occupation of
^^■Be person is a lai^ one, five or sis will be found a good
^^ntrm, and all the agriculture of the country so entirely sub-
serrient to the manufacture, that they no more deserve the
name of formers than the occupier of a mere cabbage
garden. In Limerick, Tipperarj, Clare, Meath and Water-
ford, there are to be found the greatest graziers and cow-
keepers perhaps in the world, eome vho rent and occupj
from d£3,000 to j61O,O0O a year : these of course are mea
of property, and are the only occupiers in the kingdom
who hare any considerable substance. The effects are not
BO beneficial as might be expected. Rich graziers in Eng-
land, who have a bttle tilkge, usually manage it well, and
are in other respects attentiTe to Tarions improvementa,
though it must be oonfessed not in the same proportioa
with great arable farmers ; but in Ireland these men are aa
arrant slovens as the most beggarly cottars. The rich
lands of Limerick are, in respect of fences, drains, build-
ings, weeds, &c. in as waste a state as the mountains of
Kerry ; the fertility of nature is so little seconded, that
few tracts yield less pleasure to the spectator. From what
I ohservod, I attributed this to the idleness and dissi-
pation so general in Ireland. These graziers are too apt
to attend to their claret as much as to their bullocks, li»8
expensively, and being enabled, from the nature of their
business, to pass nine tenths of the year without any exer-
tion of industry, contract such a habit of ease, that worka
of improvement would be mortifying to their sloth.
In the arable counties of Louth, jioxt of Meath, Kildare,
Kilkenny, Carlow, Queen's, and part of King's, and Tippe-
rary, they are much more industrious. It is the nature of til-
lage, to raise a more regular and animated attention to buai-
ness; but the farms ore toosmall, and the tenants too poor, to
erhibit any appearances that can strike an English traveller.
They have a great deal of corn, and many fine wheat crops ;
but being gained at the expeuce and loss of a fallow, as in
the open fields of England, they do not suggest the ideas'
of profit to the individual, or advantage to the state, whicli
worse crops in a well appointed rotation would do. Their',
manuring is trivial, their tackle and implemeut-s wretched,'
their teams weak, their profit small, and their living little
better than that of the cottars they employ. These circum-
stances are the necessary result of the smalluess of their
capitals, which even in these tillage counties do not usualljr
amount to a third of what an Engbsh farmer would have to
TENANTIty. 31
manage the same extent of land. The leasea of these men
are usually three lives to Protestants, and thirtjr-one years
to CathoUcka.
The tenantry in the more unimproved parts, such aa
Corke, Wicklow, Longford.and all the mountainous counties,
where it ia part tillage, and part pasturage, are generally
in a Tery backward state. Their capitals are amaller than
tho class I juat mentioned, and among' them ia chiefly
found the practice of many poor cottars hiring large farms
in partnership. They make their rents liy a little butter,
a Uttle wool. a. little com, and a, few young cattle and
lambs. Their lands, at extreme low rents, are the most unim-
proved, (mountain and bog excepted.) in the kingdom.
They have, however, more industry than capital ; and with
a very little management, might be brought greatly to im-
prove their husbandry. I think they hold more generally
from intermediate tenants than any other act ; one reason
why the land they occupy ia in ao waste a state. In the
mountainous tracts, I saw instances of greater iuduatry
than in any other part of Ireland. Little occupiers, who
can get leases of a mountain aide, make exertions in im-
provement, which, though far enough from being complete,
or accurate, yet prove clearly what great effects encourage-
ment would have among them.
In the King's county, and also in some other parta, I saw
many tracts of land, not large enough to bo relet, which
were occupied under leases for ever, very well planted and
improved by men of substance and industry.
Tho poverty, common among the small occupying tenantry,
may be pretty weU ascertained from their general conduct
iu hiring a farm. They will manage to take one with a
nim Burprizingly small ; they provide labour, which in
ttland ia so considerable an article, by assigning portions
bud to cottars for their potatoe gardens, and keeping
e or two cowB for each of them. Toilessen the live stock
ry, they will, whenever the neighbourhood enables
m. take in the cattle at so much per month, or season,
uy person that is deficient in pasturage at home, or of
f Iftoourers that have no land. Next, they will let out
•ome old Uy for gra«B potatoes to auch labourers ; and if
Uwjr are in a county where corn-acres are known, they will
7 meadow ^M
lay grows. ^M
32 A TOUR IN IREI.AXD.
do the same witli some corn land. If there is any
on their farm, they will sell a part of it oa the hay
By all theso meauB the necessity of a full stock is very
much leaaened ; and, by means of living themselves in the
very poorest manner, and converting every pig. fowl, and
even egg into cash, they will make Up tlieir rent, and get
by very slow degrees into somewhat better circumstam»«.
Where it is the custom to take in partnership, the diffi-
culties are easier got over ; for one man brings a few sheep,
another a uow, a third a horse, a fourth a car and some
seed potatoee, a fifth a few barrels of com, and bo on, until
the farm among them is tolerably stocked, and hands npoa
it in plenty for the labour.
But it is from the whole evident, that they are imcommoo
masters of the art of overcoming difficulties by patience and
contrivance. Travellers, who take a superficial view of
them, are apt to think their poverty and wretchedness,
viewed in the light of farmers, greater than they are. Per-
haps there is an impropriety in considering a man merely
ae the occupier of such a quantity of land ; and that, instead
of the land, his capital should be the object of contem*
plation. Give the farmer of twenty acres in England no
more capital than his brother in Ireland, and I will ven-
ture to say he will be much poorer, for he would be utterly
unable to go on at all.
I shall conclude what I have to say upon this subject,
with stating, in few words, what I think would prove a very
advantageous conduct in landlords towards the poortenajitrr
of the kingdom ; and I shall do this with the greater readi-
ness, as I speak, not only as a passing traveller, but from a
year's residence among several hundred tenants, whoa6
circumstances and situation I had particular opportunities
of observing.
Let me remark, that the power and influence of a resi-
dent landlord is so great in Ireland, that, whatever system
he adopts, be it well or ill imagined, he is much more abl
to introduce and accompUsh it than Englishmen can wel
have an idea of; consequently one may suppose him
determine more authoritatively than a person in a sii '
situation in this kii^dom could do. The first object is
settled determination, never to be departed from, to let '
I
to the immediat* occupier of the land, and, to
1 deceit, not to allow a cottar, herdsman, or steward.
to have more than three or four acres on any of his farmB.
By no means to reject the little occupier of a few acres
from being a tenant to himself, rather than annex his land
to a larger spot. Havinj-, hy this previous step, eased
these inferior tenantry of the- burthen of the intermediate
man, let Uim give out, and steadily adhere to it, that he
ahall insist on the regular and punctual payment of his
nt, but shall talfe no personal service whatever. The
meat occupier to have a lease, and none shorter than
laty-one years, which I am inclined also to believe is
loUgh for his advantage. There will arise, iu s]>itc
I lus tenderuess, a neeesBity of securing a regular payment
J rent : I would advise him to distrain without favour
P affection, at a certain period of deficiency. This will
r harsh only upon a superficial consideration. The
is to establish the system ; but it will fall before
a its legs, if founded on a landlord's forgiving arrears,
^permitting them to encreaae. He need not be appre-
* re, since they who can, under disadvantages, pay the
, can certainly pay the landlord himself, when freed
I those incumbrances. At all events, let him persist
I tfaie firmness, though it be the ruin of a few ; for he
t remember, that if he ruins five, he assuredly saves
; he will, it is true, know the fall of a few, but many,
i an intermediate tenant, might be destroyed without
I knowing it. Such a steady regular conduct would
hllibly have its effect, iu animating all the tenantry of
} eetate to exert every nerve to be puuctimlj whereas
r shewn now and then would make every one, the
' inclined to remissness, hope for its exertion towards
himself, and every partial good would be attended with a
diffusive evil; esceptions. however, to be made for very
^mt and unavoidable misfortunes, clearly and imdoubtedly
[:>roved. This stern administration on the one hand should
be accompanied on the other with every species of encouragc-
Biunt to those who showed the least disposition to improve ;
premitims should be given, rewards adjudged, difficulties
nnoothcd. and notice taken in the most flattering manner
of those whose conduct merited it. I shall in another part
k TOUR IN IRELAND.
noveltie* f
34
of these paperspotat out in detail the advantageous Bjstema:
it is here ouly requisite to observe, that whatever noveltie*
a landlord wishes to introduce, he should give seed gratia,
and be at a. part of the espence, promising to be at the whole
loss if he is well satisfied it is really incurred. From
various observations I am convinced tliat such a conduct
would verj rarely prove uasuccessful. The profit to ft .
landlord wotJd be immense ; he would in the course of a, j
lease find hia tsnantry paying a high rent, with greater '
ease to themselves, than they before yielded a low one.
A few considerable landlords, many years a^o, made the
experiment of fixing, at great eipeuce, colonies of Palatines
on their estates. Some of them I viewed, BJid made many
enquiries. The scheme did not appear to me to answer.
They had houses built for them ; plots of land assigned to 1
each at a rent of favour, assisted in stock, and all of them |
with leases for lives from the head landlord. The poor
Irish are very rarely treated in this manner j when they
are, they work much greater improvements than common
among these Germans ; witness Sir William. Osborne's
mountaineers ! ' a few beueficial practices were introduced,
but never travelled beyond their own farms j they were i
viewed vrith eyes too envious to allow them to be patterns,, |
and it was human naturo that it should be s
courage a few of your own poor, and if their procticea I
thrive they will spread. I am convinced no country, what- I
ever state it may be in, can be improved by colonies of I
foreigners ; and whatever foreigner, as a superintendent of |
any gt«at improvement, asks for colonies of his own country-
men to execute hia ideas, manifests a mean genius and but
little knowledge of tbo human heart ; if he has talents he
will find tools wherever he finds men, and make tlie natives
of the country the means of encreasing their own happi-
ness. Whatever he does then will Uve and take root; but
if effected by foreign bauds, it will prove a sickly and
short-lived exotic; brilliant perhaps, for a time, in the
eyes of the ignorant, but of no solid advantage to the
country that employs him.
' Sen above, vol. i., p. 30.o tj.
I
ST7CH is the weiglit of tho lower claeses in the great
Bcale of aatioQal importance, that a traveller can aever
give too much attention to every circumstance that con-
oeniB them ; their nelfare forms the broad basis of pubhc
proaperitj; it is they that feed, cloath, enrich, and fight
the battles of all the other ranks of a community ; it is their
being able to support these rariouH burthens without
oppression, which constitutes the general felicity ; in pro-
portion to their ease is the strength and wealth of nations,
as public debihty will be the certain attendant on their
misery. Convinced that to be ignorant of their state and
BitnatioD, in different countries, is to be deficient in the
firat rudiments of political knowledge, I have upon every
oocanou made the necessary enquiries, to get the best
information circumstances will allow me. What parses
daily, and even hourly, before our eyes, we are very apt
atirely to overlook ; hence the surpriaing inattention of
Tariooa people to the food, cloathing, possessions and state
at the poor, even in their own neighbourhood ; many a qiics-
tdon have I put U> gentlemen upon these points, which were
not anewn-ed without having recourse to the neit cabbin ;
k source of information the more necessary, as I found
3 various occasions that some gentlemen in Ireland are
1 with the rage of adopting tystems as well as those
t Ei^land : with one party the poor are all starving, with
s other they are deemed in a very tolerable situation,
d a third, who look with an evil eye on the admiuistra-
1 of the British Government, are fond of exclaiming at
iYerty and rags as proofs of the cruel treatment of Ireland.
Tben 'truth is likely to be thus warped, a traveller must be
y (arcumspect to believe, and very assiduous to gee,
A TOUR IS IKELAKD,
Places.
Rent of
cabbin and
garden.
Cow's grasB
rant.
Cows per
family.
DuUIn ....
1 8
Celbridec . . .
2
2
lora
SJaino ....
a
2
PickanhuD . .
1 10
Tullsmora. . .
2
Bhun Coatla , .
1 5
1 6
BallTnakiU . .
1 I)
I 10
Rilftklne . .
3 3
Bugj «ul Forth
3
MohuI KannBiy .
a 10
Kilrue ....
1 10
1 1(1
Hampton . . .
a 10
I 10
a
WarrenMown. .
1 10
I 10
Lecale ....
3 3
CssUe Caldwell .
1 11
1 10
S
Longfori . . .
1 10
1 10
aU
StrokeBtown . .
1
1 2
Mercra. . . .
1
1 10
Moniva. . . .
1 10
WoodlawD . .
3
Umerick . . .
Mallow. . . .
1 10
a a
•11
Dankeltle . . .
1 12 6
Coolmore . . .
1
Htdma. . . .
1 2 9
a
Adnir ....
3 5 6
Cutle Uliver . ,
3
2 3 6
"^ZU. : :
3 3
I 7
filcBta-. . . .
1 10
t 5
J
1
1
1
Derry ....
Mitchel'i Town .
1 10
1 10
'
1 10
1 10
Average . . .
I 13 10
1 11 3
From the minuteB of the joiirncv it will be found, that
there Ib no determinate quaiitity of kjid for the [>otatoe ,
rden J it is nauaily an acre ; aoinetimea half an acre, and '
""""km one acre and an half; bnt according to the soil,
atity whiuh ia understood (right or wrong) to be \
OF TUE LABOURING POOR.
87
'S§ary, is called the garden, The grass for a cow ia for
green food onlj', the cottar himself finds or buys hay.
From the blanks in the niuuber of cows it is not to be
implied that they have none, but that the information was
not received.
But it is necessary here to expkiu the common c ottar
"yatflP "f l">^"'' ■" TrplnjuT^ which much resenihlei~f^at of
Scotland until very lately; aJid which was probably the
same all over Eurojie before arta and commerce changed the
■* e oE it. If there are cabbins on a farm they are the
lidence of the cottars ; if there are none, the farmer
.rki out the iiotatoe gardens, and the labourers, who
_ _""_ t« him on hia Liring the land, raise lEeir own cabbiiia
on such spots ; in some places the farmer builds ; in others
he only assists them with the roof, Ac., a verbal compact is
then made, that the new cottar shall have his potatoe
garden at such a rent, and one or two cows kept him at the
price of the neighbourhood, he finding the cows. He tlien
works with the farmer at the rate of the place, usually six-
pence halfpeuny a day, a tally being kept (half by each
party) and a notch cut for every day's labour : at the end
of six months, or a year, they reckon, and the balance is
paid. The wittar works for himself us hia potatoes require.
^Beeid
^■url
^^pl;
There
-sof
. £1 13 10
V Fanning logathor .351
for milk and potatoes appear to be very reasonable ; if two
eows are kept, it is only .£4 16s. 4i},, from whence it is evi-
dent, as far merely as this char^ goes, there is no oppres-
n them which can ever amount to starving. In
r instances, where there is much inhumanity in the
T tenants, they are made to pay too high a rent for their
na ; and though the price at which their cows are eup-
I may not appear high, yet they may be so poorly
LS to make it very unreasonable. I believe, from what
', tliat such instances are
Potatoes,
I
I
/
Ills!
Dublin
Celbrldge
Dalleatown
Siimmerhill
Slaine Caitte ....
Headfort !
Packenham '
Uullengarto Tullospace .
TulUmore ....
Oeoerol WsUh ....
Near Athy
BallynakiU
KU&iD
Amuigh
Wairenatown . . . .
Shaen Castla . . . .
Lesl/Uill
Noriborditlo . . . .
NewlowQ Limaiuldy . .
Florence Court ....
Famham
Longfiird
Strokcatown
Mercra
WBBtport
Holymount
Woodlawn
Drumotand
AniueroTe
M»llow
Dunketlla
CtitleMartjT . . . .
Coolmoro
Cantle Oliver . . . .
Ilpperary
Balljeanvan
Furneu
Glostor
oi
02
S S
S
3 15
3 010 10 1
34 0,
30 2 4 10
I Is
016 o'a 9 I
OF THE LABOUmXG POOR.
1 F1>CCB.
Si
iiH' ^
1
1
}1
Derry
GUton
JtiubGliUwn . . . .
£ : d.
11 6
10 11 e
6 7
8. d.£ ,. d.
90 i 18
35 1
120 i 18
eO ,i 4,13
i 5
1 SI
2
£ 1. d.
7
4 fi
6
Cunningham Acre reduced.
W»rmi*town
Sbun CuLle
tte\j Hill .
Ditto . . .
Ihmluntle'
CteHkHartrr . . . .
Oooln«te. . . : . .
lisliAc
9 18
re re
67
BO
11!
80
duced.
3 16 18
•!■•
7 IS
AveragM
10 4 9
82
i 9 16 13
.;-.
6 10 S
Areragei per Englisb acre
6 7 G
5i
' '1'° '
oa 7l|3 8 «
Tliese tables together will enable the reader to have a
wettj accurate idea of the expences at which the poor in
relaiid are fed. The first column is the total exponce of an
re of potatoes, the third is the price at which potatoes
e bought and sold, for seed or food. The prime cost ia
3 price formed by the first and second columns, being
3 rate at which they are eaten by those who raise them.
_ Sie last column requires rather more eiplanatiou to those
wio were never in that country. There are a great
maoy cabbins, usually by the roadside, or in the ditch,
whidi have no potatoe gardens at all. Ireland being free
Erom the curse of English poor-laws, the people move
about the country and settle where they will. A wandering
6ubUj will fix themselres under a diy bank, and with a
c
k TOUR IX IRELAyD.
few Bticke, furze, fem, &c., make up a hovel mucli worw
than an English pigatie, support theniBelvea how they can,
by work, beting and stiaJing ; if the neighbourhood
wants hands, or takes no notice of them, the hovel grows
into a eabbin. In my ridca about Mitchektown, I hare
passed places in the road one day without any appearance
of a habitation, and next momiug found a hovel, filled
with a man and woman, six or eight children, and a pig.
Theso people are not kept by anybody as cottars, but are
taken at busy seasons by the day or week, and paid in
money; consequently, having no potatoe garden, they are
necessitated eveiy year to hire a spot from some neigh-
bouring fanner; and, of the preeedmg table, the last column
is the rent per acre paid for it. Tlie cabbins in little towns
are in the same situation.
I think .£5 10*. 2d. for liberty to plant a crop so benefi*
cial to the land as polatoes a verj' extravagant rent, and by
no means upon a fair level with the other eircumst«Jic€8 of
the poor. The prime cost of two shillings and seven pence
halpenny per bjurel, generally of twenty stone, being equal
to about eight pence the bushel of seventy pounds, is not a
high price for the root, yet might it Iw much lower if they
gave up their lazy bad method of culture, and adopted
that of the plough, for the average produce of three hun-
dred twenty-eight bushels, or eighty-two barrels per acre,
compared with crops in England, is perfectly insignificant;
yet, to gain this miserable produce, much old lay, and nine-
teen twentieths of all the dung in the kingdom is employed,
A total alteration in this point is therefore much to be
wished.
Eelative to the cottar system, wherever it is found, it may
bo observed that the recompence for labour is (Ae meatig of
living. In England the-se are dispensed in money, but in
Ireland in land or commodities. In the former (^untry
paying the poor with anything but money has been found
BO oppressive, that various and repeated statutes have been
made to prohibit it. Is it to be considei'ed in the same
light in Ireland? this is a question which involves many
considerations. First let me remark that the two modes
of payment prohibited in England but common in Ireland,
are not exactly the same, though upon similar principles.
I
? THE LABOURIKO POOR. 41
England it is the paymuut of manufacturing labourers
necessariea, as bread, candles, soap, &c.. In Ireland it ia
a quantity of land for the support of a labourer a year.
"Hie former, it must strike every one, is more open to abuse,
iuTolviug more complex account-a than the latter. The
great question is, which system is most advantageous
to the poor family, the payment to be in land for potatoes
and muk, or in money, supposing the payment to be fairly
made: here lies the discussion.
On one hand, the Irish labourer, iu the very circumstance
which givee him any appearance of plenty, the possession
of cattle, ia subjected to chances which must be heavy in
proportion to his poverty ; ill-fed cattle, we know from the
exfierience of English commons, are very far from being so
advantageous to a man as they at first seem ; accidents
happen without a resource to supply the loss, and leave the
n much worse than liim who, being paid in money, is
[ependent of such events. But, to reverse the medal,
appear advantages, and very great ones, by being
a land ; he has plenty of articles of the utmost impor-
loe to the sustenance of a family, potatoes and milk.
Oflnerally speaking the Irish poor have a fair belly-full of 1
potatoes, and they have milk the greatest pari of the year. I
What I would particularly insist on here is the value of his '
labour being food not money ; food not for himself only,
but for his wife and children. An Irishman loves whisky
M well as an Engliamau diies strong beer ; but he canuot
m Saturday night to the whisky-house, and drink out
week's support of himself, bis wife, and his children,
uncommon in the ale-house of the Englishman. It may
!ed be said that we should not argue against a mode of
lyment because it may be abused, which is very true;
It we certainly may reason against that which carries in
■ery principles the seed of abuse. That the Irishman's
may be ill fed, ia admitted ; but, ill fed as it is, it is
er iban the no cow of the Englishman ; the children
the Irish cabbin are nourished with mil l.-, which, small
the quantity may be, is far preferable to the beer or vile
■ which ia the beverage of the Engliah infant; for
here but in a town is milk to be bought. Farther, in
coantry where bread, cheese or meat, are the i
nappt
^■fadep
Kidi
usee
42 A TOUR ly IBELAND.
food, it is consumed witli ^at ceconomy, and kept under
lock and key, where the ehildreii can have no resort; but
the case wiUi potatoes ie different, tbey are in greater
plenty, the children help themaelves ; tbey are scarce ever
seen about a calibin without being in the act of eating
them, it is their employment all day long. Another cir-
cumatauce not to be forgotten, is the regularity of the
supply. T[ie_crop of potatoes, and the milk of the^cow li
more regular in Ireland than the price at which _tha
EngTishman buys his food. In England complaints rise
even to riots when the rates of provisions are high ; but in
Ireland the poor have nothing to do with prices; they
depend not on prices, but crops of a vegetable very regular
in its produce. Attend the English labourer when he ii
in sickness, he must then have resort to his savings ; but
those will be nought among nine tenths of the poor of a
country that have a legal depeudence on the parish ; which
therefore is best ofE, the Englishman supported by the
parish, or the Irishman by his potato-bed and cow?
Money I am ready enough to grant has many a^van-
ta^s ; but they depend almost entirely on the prudence
with which it is eiponded. They know little ot the human
mind who suppose that the poor man with his aevan or
eight shillings on a Saturday night has not his temptatdonB
to be imprudent as well as his superior with as many hun-
dreds or thousands a year. He has his alehouse, his
brandy-shop, and skittle-ground, as much as the other hiB
ball, opera, or masquerade. Examine the state of the
English poor, and see if facts do not coincide here with
theory ; do we not see numbers of half -starved and half*
cloathed families owing to the superfluities of ale and
brandy, tea and sugar. Aji Irishman cannot do this in
any degree; he can neither drink whisky from his pota-
toes, nor milk it from his cow.
But after all that can be said on this subject, the custom
of both countries is consistent with their respective cir-
cumstances and situations. When great wealth from
immense branches of industry has brought on a rapid
circulation, and much of what is commonly called lusury,
the more simple mode of paying labour with land can
scarcely hold, It does not, liowever, follow that the poor
Food.
that reepeet better oft; other advantages of a
mt kind attend the evils of such a Bitiiation ; among
wbich, perhaps, the employment of the wife and all the
children, are the gi-eatest. In auch a. country, also, markets
aud shops will he established in every comer, wliere the
poor may buy their necessaries without difficulty ; but in
Ireland there are neither one nor the other ; the labourer
there with his pay in hia pocket would find nothing readily
but whisky.
I have gone into this enquiry in order to satisfy the
people of Ireland, that the mode there common of paying the
labouring poor is consistent with the situation of the king-
dooi ; whether it is good or bad, or better or worse than
that of England, it ia what will necessarily continue until
a great increase of national wealth has introduced a more
general circulation of money j they will then have the
^^■^Ush mode with its defects as well as its advantages,
The food of the common Irish, potatoes and milk, have
been produced more than once as an instance of the extreme
poverty of the country ; but this, I believe, is an opinion
embraced with more alacrity than reflection. I have heard
it stigmatized as being unhealthy, and not sufficiently
Dourishisg for the support of hard labour; but this
opinion is very amazing in a country, many of whose poor
people are as athletic in their form, as robust, and as capable
of enduring labour as any upon earth. The idleness seen
among many, when working for those who oppress them,
a ft very contrast to the vigour and activity with which
the auue people work when themselves alone reap the
hnielit of their labour. To what country must we have
reconree for a stronger instance than lime carried by httle
'aerable mountaineers thirty mUes on horse's bock to the
ttof their hills, and up the steeps on their own ? When I
Tie people of a country, in spite of political oppression,
well-formed vigorous bodies, and their cottages
ining with children ; when I see their men athletic,
tai their women beautiful, I know not how to believe
them subsisting on an unwholesome food.
At the Hame time, however, that both
T&tion coQvinee m« of the jiistipe of these romarks, I will
candidly allow that I have set'O Ruch an excess in the
laziness of preat numbers, eren when working for them-
selves, and such an apijorent weakness in their exertions
when eucouiagftd to work, that I have had my doubts of
the heartiness of their food. But here arise fresh diffi-
culties ; were their food ever so nourishing, I can easily
conceive an habitual inactivity of exertion would give
them an air of debility compared with a more industrious
people. Though my residence in Ireland was not long
ernough to become a jwrfect master of the question, yet I
have employed from twenty to fifty men for several
months, and found their habitual laziness or weakness bo
great, whether working by measure or by Jay, that I anij
absolutely convinced In. 6d. and even 2g. a day in Suffolti
or Hertfordshire much cheaper than sixpence halfpenny at
Mitchelstown : It would not be fair to consider this as a
representation of the kingdom, that place being remark-
ably backward in every species of industry and improve-
ment ; but I am afraid this observation would hold true in
a less degree for the whole. But is this owing to habit or
food ? Granting their food to be the cause, it decides veij
little against potatoes, uuless they were tr'
noarishing beer instead of their vile potations of whisky.
When they are encouraged, or animate themselves to wort]
hard, it is all by whisky, which, though it has a notabI»i
effect in giving a perpetual motion to their tongues,
have but little of that invigorating substance which iB
found in strong beer or porter ; probably it has an effect
as pernicious as the other is beneficial One circumstance
I should mention, which seems to confirm this ; I have
known the Irish reapers in Hertfordshire work as laboriouslr
as any of our own men, and living upon potatoes whiui
they procured from Tiondon, but drinking nothing but ale.
If their bodies arc weak I attribute it to whisky, not
potatoes ; but it is still a question with me whether their
misei^ble working arises from any such weakness, or from
an habitual laziness. A friend of mine always refused
Irishmen work in Surrey, saying his bailiff could do
nothing but settle their quarrels.
1
1
i
OF TUE LABOUMNO POOlt.
Bnt of this food there is one circumatance which must
evor recommend it, they have a, bellyful ; and that, let me
add, ie more than the anperfluities of an EughshniEUi leave
to his family ; let any jwraon examine minutely into the
receipt and expenditure of an English cottage, and he will
find that tea, suj^r, and strong liquors can come only from
pinched belliea. I will not assert that potatoes are a better
food than bread and cheese ; but I have no doubt of a
bellyful! of the one being much better than half a bellyf ull
of tie other ; still less have I that the milk of the Irish-
man is incomparably better than the small beer, gin, or tea
of the Englishman ; and this even for the father ; how much
better must it be for the poor infants ! milk to them is
nourishment, is health, is life.
If any one doubts the comparative plenty which attends
the board of the poor natives of England and Ireland, let
him attend to their meals ; the sparingnesB with which our
Ubourer eats his bread and cheese is well Imown ; mark the
Irishman's potatoe bowl placed on tlio floor, the whole
fcmily upon their bams around it, devouring a quantily
Et incredible, the beggar seating himself to it with a
r welcome, the pig taking his share as readily as the
the cocks, hens, tUrkies, geese, the cur, the cat, and
pa the cow — and all partaking of the same dish. No
■uui can often have been a witness of it without being con-
vinced of the plenty, and I will add the chearfulness, that
attends it.
Is it, or is it not a matter of consequence, for the great
body of the people of a country to subsist upon that
■pedes of food which is produced in the greatest quantity
knr the smallest space of land ? One need only to state, in
>>rder to answer the question. It certainly is an object of
;ij*-; highest cooseqnentre ; what in thia resjiect is the com-
;>iri3on between wheat or cheese, or meat and jwtatoes?
Tlie loinutea of the journey will enable us to shew
jElo. 1, At Sbaen Castle, Queen's county, a barrel of
potatoes lasts a family of sis persons a week.
At Shaen Castle, Antrim, sii people eat three
bushels, and twenty pounds of oatmeal Ijesides,
ill a week, twenty pounds of meal are equal
A TOUa IN IHELAKD.
to one bushel of potatocB ; tbis therefore ia
barrel also.
No. 3. Leslie Hill, a barrel of four bushels six persoi
a week.
No. 4. Near Giant's Causeway, a barrel sii people eight
days.
No, 5. Castle Caldwell, a barrel of eighteen etoae s
people a week.
No. 6. Gloster, a barrel five pereonH a week.
No. 7. DeiTj, live persona eat and Waste two borrela
No. 8. Cullen, two barrels six persons a week.
Days.
A barrel is twenty atones, or two hundred and eigh1_,
pounds, which is the weight of four English bushels ; tak
average of these accounts is nearly that quantity lasting a
family of sii people six days, which makes a year's food
sixty barrels. Now the average produce of the whole king-
dom being eighty-two barrels per acre, plantation measure,
one acre does rather more than suppoit eight persons tbs
year through, which is five persona to the English acr&
To feed on wheat those eight jieraons would require eight
quarters, or two Irish acres, which at present, imply two
more for fallow, or four in all.
When, however, I speak of potatoes and buttermilk
being the food of the poor, the tables already inserted'
shew, that in some jHirta of the north that root forms their
diet but for a part of the year, much oatmeal and some
meat being consumed. I need not dwell on this, as there
is nothing particular to attend to iu it ; whei-eas potatoes,
as the staple dependence, is a peculiarity met with in
country but the other parts of Ireland.
or THE LABOUaiNG POOR. 47
Cloatkiti^.
The common Irish are in general cloa.thed bo very in-
differently, that it impresses every straoger with a strong
iAtu of univei-sal jioverty. Shoes and stockings are scarcely
ever found on the feet of children of either sex ; and great
numbers of men and women are without tbem : a change
hDWever, in this reaiiect, as in most othera, is coming in ;
for there are many more of them with those articles of
cloathing now than tea years ago.
An Irishman and his wife are much more Bolicitous to
feed than to cloathe their thUdren : whereas in England it
is surjiriaing to see the exjience thoy put themselves to, to
dwk out children whose principal subsistence is tea. Very
many of them in Ireland are bo ragged that their oakednesa
is scarcely covered ; yet are they in health and active. As
tA the want of shoes and stockings, I consider it as no evil,
but a much more cleanly cuBtoni than the beastialityof stock-
ingB and feet that are washed no ofteuer than those of,our
own poor. Women ore oftener without shoes than men ; and
by washing their cloathes no where but in rivere and
streams, the cold, especially as they roast their legs in their
mlibins till they are fire spotted, must swell them to a
wonderful size, and horrid black and blue colour, always
mi't with both iu young and old. They stand in rivers and
beat the linen against the great stones found tJiere with a
beetle.
I remarked generally, that they were not ill-dressed of
Simdays and holidays, and that black or dark blue was
almost the universal hue.
MabilatlonK.
The cottages of the Irish, which are all called cabbins,
ue tbe most miserable looking hovels that can well be con-
wived: they generally consist of only one room: mud
l^Tieadud with straw is the common material of the walls;
ii\e*e are rarely above seven feet high, and not always
kbo*« fi»e or six; they are about two feet thick, and have
f a door, which lets in light instead of a window, and
i let the smoak out instead of a chimney, but they
A TOUH IK IRELAND.
had rather keep it in : these two convenienoes they hold b
cheap, that I have seen them both stopped up ia stonn
cottages, built bj improving landlords ; the smoak wan
them, but certainly ia as injurious to their eyes as it is
the complexions of the womea, which in general iu the ca
bins of Ireland has a near resemblance to that of a smoab
ham. The number of the blind poor I think greater then!
than in England, which is probably owing to this cause. *
The roofs of the cabbias are rafters, raised from the topf '
of the mud walls, and the covering varies ; some are
thatched with straw, potatoe stalks, or with heath, others
only covered with sods of turf cut from a grass field ; and
I have seen several that were partly composed of all three ;
the bad repair these roofs are kept in, a hole in the thatch
being often mended with tiirf, and weeds -sprouting from
every part, gives them the appearance of a weedy duughill,
especially when the cabbin is not built with regular walls,
but supported on one. or perhaps on both sides by th '
bankx of a broad dry ditch, the roof then seems a hillocl
upon which perhaps the pig grazes. Some of these cabbi
are much less and more miserable habitations than I have
ever seen in England. I was told they were the worst in
Connaught i but I found it an error j I saw many in Lein-
ster to the full as bad ; and in Wicklow, some worse than
any in Connaught. When they are well roofed, and built,
not of stones, ill put together, but of- mud, they are much
warmer, independently of smoak, than the clay, or lath and
mortar cottages of England, the walls of which are so thin,
that a rat hole l^s in the wind, to the annoyance of
whole family. The garniture of the cahbins is as bad
the architecture; in very many consisting only of a
for boiling their potatoes, a bit of a table, and one or two
broken stools ; beds are not found universally, the family
lying on straw, equally partook of by cows, calves and pigs j
though the luxury of sties is coming in in Ireland, which
excludes the poor pigs from the warmth of the bodies of
their master and miatress : I remarked little hovels of earth
thrown up near the cabbins ; and in some places they build
their turf stacks hollow, in order to affonl shelt«r to the
hogs, This is a general description, but the CKceptions an!
very numerous, I have been in a multitude of cabbins
Us,—
th^
bin.
OF TIIK LABOURING POOP.
had much useful furniture, and some even euperfluoue;
chairs, tables, boxes, chefita of drawers, earthen ware, and
in short most of the articles found in a nfiddling English
wttage; but, upon enquiry, I very generally found that
these acquisitions were all made within the last ten years ;
a sure sign of a rising national prosperity. I think the
bad cabbins and furniture the greatest instances of Irish
poverty ; and this must flow from the mode of payment
for labour, which makes cattle so valuable to the peasant,
that every farthing they can spore is saved for their pur-
duiae ; from hence also results another observation, which is,
that die apparent poverty of it is greater than the real ; for
Ibe boQse of a man that is master of four or five cows, will
have scarce any thing but deficiencies ; nay, I was in the cab-
bins of dairymen and fanners, not small once, whose cabbins
were not at all bett«r, nor better furnished than those of the
poorest labonrer : before, therefore, we can attribute it to
absolute poverty, we must take into the account the cus-
toms and inclinations of the people. In England a man's
cottage will be filled with superfluities before he possesses
& cow. I think the comparison much in favour of the
Irishman j a hog is a much more valuable piece of goods
than a set of tea things ; and though his snout in a crock '
of potatoes is an idea not go poetical as
Broken tea cups, wisely kept fur ■hew,
Itang'd o'er the chimney, gliateued in a row —
yet will the cottar and his family, at Christmas, find the
Bulidity of it an ample recompence for the ornament of the
Live Stock.
In every port of the kingdom the common Irish have all
ictrtM of live stock : the tables already inserted shew this in
nspect of cows. I should add here that pigs are yet more
gGoeral ; and poultry in many parts of the kingdom, especially
'- ' -, are in such quantities as amazed me, not only
d hens, but alse geese and turkiea ; this is owing
_r to three circumstances j first, to the plenty of
B with which they are fed ; secondly, to the warmth
ft cabbins ; and thirdly to the great quantity of spon-
' The iron pot of an Iri-^h cabbin.
50
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
taneous whit* clover (trifolium repeva) in almost all the I
fields, which much exci3eda any thing we know in England ; I
upon the seeds of this plant the vouug poultry rear them- 1
selves ; much is sold, but a considerable portion eaten bj I
the family, probably because they cannot find a market for 4
the whole. Manyoftheeock8,hena,turkiea and geese, have '
their legs tied together to prevent them from trespassing
on the farmers' grounds. Indeed aU the live stock of the
poor man in IreLmd is in this sort of thraldom ; the horsei
are aU bopping about, the pigs have a rope of straw from
around theiruecks to their hind lege. In the county of Down
they have an ingenious contrivance for a sheep just to feed
down the gross of a ditch, a rope with a stake at ea«h
end, and tho sheep tied to a ring, through which it passes } J
BO that the animal can move from one end of the rupM
Price of Labour.
Dublin . . . ,
Celbridgo . .
Kitcock . . . .
BIftine . . . .
EeidTorl . .
FBckenbun . . .
Tulkmore . .
BltMn Cutlr, Qum
Carlow , . .
Eiirain . . .
Taet"!"" ■ •
Forth , . .
Mount Kennedy
Batlybricgan .
Markel-liilJ . .
Ardmftgb . .
W«rrenat(nvn .
I 'ortaferrj . .
I Twopence in 30 years
Ver)- little.
One RUb in 30 years.
' One rourth in iO yenra.
I A little in 30 years.
Twofieiiue in 20 yean.
Ono Ihtrd in SO yeara.
ij One half in ao years.
I Near double in 30 yeais.
One Toiinh in 30 yeora.
I A little.
1
^■^^H
^^^^^H^^l^^"^"^*
1^^^^^ ^ — ^..^^3 m
OF THE LABOCBING POOR. 51 V
Placej.
Is
1
Riso in Lnbuur. 1
a-"
i
1
t. i
■
ShMD Cutle, CO. Anttiro
8i
OnolhirdinSO voan. ^H
loir Hill .....
1 a
9 Mmt double in SO yean. H
I
9 ■
eiNone. ■
U^mU^krlea. . . .
10'
One third in SO yeare.
One penny in ao yean.
CtoUeC^dwell . . .
OwtkCwl
Iklleblu
0' 1 6'
Flarencc Court . . .
6 8
Twopence n dny in 20 j-eara.
Ftnibam
I
6 ! G
StrokMlown ....
6 • 6
None.
B»llyn»
b
One Bixlli in 30 ypar*.
Mercn
e
FortUod
5}
Kl]hlA
4
Watport
5*
Ono third in ao years.
\Umiii
Une sixlh in SO yean.
Kone.
H
OnetWrdinaOyBar*.
C«Mle lUrtyr ....
One thiid in ditto.
K«I«n ......
6
One third in ditUi.
Ttrhat
Adair
6
One penny in ditto.
One Uiird in ditto.
L'«!le01i«.r ....
6
One penny a day in ditto.
Tippenu-y
s 1
Witerfoid
H' H ^
7 , lOnepennyartay. H
6 'One tliircf in SO years. ^1
GUter
Jiinslown
Iterrj
5 iNolie. ^M
twite Lioyd ....
M.iiirr»Town . . .
Sj Unepenny «dtty. ^1
Gi CJllJ. idflyioBjears. ■
6i GJ'IJeI. iaiOytu». ■
> And board. H
^^^The rise is very near a. fourth in twenty ypara ; and it is 1
^HLarkablv that, in mj Ea.stem Tour through Englao'I
^^■Tiw p. 338). I fouDd the rise of labour one fourth in
^HMIHH
52 A TOUR IN IRELAND. ^^1
eighteen years ; from which it appears, that the two Idnn
doms, in this respect, hare been nearly on a par. 4
rlacei.
Carpca.
ter,
Unton.
Thfttchsr.
>. d.
0. d.
Dublin
S 3
I^lreirs Town
3 3
Slftiius . . .
a
1 G
Packenhim
1 8
1 10
SbuDi Cull*,
Qu
Zo,
a
xyhin . .
1 3
Forth . .
S
8
Frospwt .
B
1
Mount Konned
'
2 3
Markflt Hill
B a
1 10
Armsgl. .
Sbaen Cutis
1 9
3 6
Limstaddy .
3
a
Clonkigh .
a
a 1
Mount Charles
s a
Cutle Caldwell
3
1 6
Florenoe Cuurl
1 9
1 I
Fanihara . .
a 3
1 B
StrokMloim
a
1
Ballynogh .
I 4
1 10
1
Msrcra . .
1 6
I H
FortlBDd .
Kilalla . .
1 6
I 4
Weslporl .
1 6
10
Moiiiva . .
1 7
1 4
Drumoland .
1 6
1
1 6
1
Corke . .
1 6
1 6
Nedeen . .
1 i
1
Tarbat . .
1 e
1
CmIb Oliver
1 G
1
Tipperarj .
1 6
Cnrragbmore
i 9
10
W.wrfmd .
a
6
Furneu . .
a
1 6
Gloilar . .
1 6
1 7i
lieTTj . .
Caatfe Lloyd
I 6
1 8
I
Mitchi-1-s Town
1 6
1
Avomj-e
1 9
1 9
1 3
^^^^^^H ^^^^^HM^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^&'M
OF THE LABOURIKQ POOR. 53
Tien it ia considered that common labour in Ireland is
t littlo more than a. third of what it is in Englanil, it
may appear eitraordinary that artizaas are paid nearly, if
not full, as high as in that kingdom.
OppreggUrn,
Before I conclude this article of the common labouring
poor in Ireland, I must observe, that their happiness de-
pends not merely upon the payment of their labour, their
doaths. or their food ; the subordination of the lower
classes, degenerating into oppresaion, is not to be overlooked.
The poor in all countries, and under all govemmeat-s, are
both paidandfed; jet is there aninfinite difference between
them in different ones. This enquiry will by no means turn
out so favourable as the preceding articles. It must be very
ftpparent to every traveller through that country, that the
labouring poor are treated with harshness, and are in all r«-
8pect« BO little considered, that their want of importance
leems a perfect contrast to their situation in England, of which
MUBliy, comparatively speaking, they reign the sovereigns.
The age has improved so much in humanity, that even the
poor £ish have ciperienced its influence, and are every day
treated better and better; but still the remnant of the old
aanners. the abominable distinction of religion, united
with the 0]>pre8sive conduct of the little coimtry gentlemen,
or rather vermin of the kingdom, who never were out of it,
lilogetber bear still very heavy on the poor people, and
subject them to situations more mortifying than we ever
Ik-hold in England. The landlord of an Irish estate, in-
ti^bited by Soman CathoUcks, is a sort of despot who
lii'Ids obedience, in whatever concerns the poor, to no law
bitt that of his will. To discover what the liberty of a
]">ple is. we must live among them, and not look for it in
tbo statutes of the realm : the language of written law may
Iw that of liberty, but the situation of the poor may speak
no language but that of slavery ; there is too much of this
(ODlradiction in Ireland ; a long series of oppressions, aided
bj many very ill-judged laws, have brought landlords into
% habit of exerting a very lofty superiority, and their vassals
into that of an almost unlimited submission : speaking a
A TOUR IN IRELAKD.
languaffe that is despiaed, professing a religion that i
abhorred, and being disarmed, the poor find tbeniselvee at
many cases slaveB even in the bosom of tcritten liber^,
Landlorda that hare resided much abroad, are usaallf
humane in their ideas ; but the habit of tyranny naturally
contracts the mind, so that even in this polished age, thenS
are instaneea of a severe carriage towards the poor, which
is quite unknown in Enghmd.
A landlord iu Ireland can scarcely invent an order whioll
a servant labourer or cottar dares to refuse to eiecutei
Nothii^ satisfieH him but an unlimited Bubmission. Dis-
respect or any thin^ tending towards sauciness he ma;
punish with his cane or his horsewhip with the most perfect
security; a poor man would have his bones broke if I '
offered to Mt his hand in his own defence. Knocking
down is spoken of in the country in a manner that makeM
an Englishman stare. Landlords of consequence haT«
assured me that many of their cottars would think them;-
selves honoured by having their wives and daughters seid
for to the bed of their master; a mark of slavery that'
proves the oppression under which such people must live,'
Nay, I have heard anecdotes of the hves of people being
made free with, without any apprehension of the justice of
a jury. But let it not be imagined that this ia common;
formerly it happened every day. but law gains ground. It
must strike the most careless traveller to ace vrhole strings
of cars whipt into a ditch by a gentleman's footman, to
make way for his carriage ; if Uiey are overturned (
broken in pieces, no matter, it is taken in patience ; 1
they to complain they would perhaps be horsewhipp*
The execution of the laws lies very much in the haadt
justices of the peace, many of whom are drawn from t
most illiberal class in the kingdom. If a poor man lodg
a complaint against a gentleman, or any animal that chni
' Thia, howeror, la altogether incredible; for, whatever i
been the faults of the poor Irish in other i-eapecta, io the i
domestic purilj Ihe lestimony to Iheir high standard la unoninu
young oust have been misli'dby the tioistfut langiiagt'of lonie of th
"laodlurds of conaequcnce " ; who, after all, stale no poeitiTo fa "
□nlj express their vpiuion as lo what the people, whom tbey d
would M ready to do under cer'--- ■
OF TDE LABOURIKU POOR. fi5
to call itself a gentleman, and the justice iBsuca out a
gumtuoiis for hia appearance, it La a fixed affront, and Lo
will infallibly be called ont. Where u&snbrs are in cou-
spiracy against law, to whom are the oppressed people to
have recourse? It is a fact that a poor man having a con-
test with a gentleman must— but I am talking nonsense,
they know tlieir situation too well to thini of it ; they can
hare no defence but by means of protection from one gentle-
man against another, who probably protects bjp vassal as
he would the abeep he intends to eat.
The colours of this picture are not charged. To assert
that all these cases are common would be an exaggera-
tion ) hut to say that an unfeeling landlord will do all
this with impunity is to keep strictly to truth : and
what is liberty but a farce and a jest if its blessings are
received as the favour of kindness and humanity, instead
of being the inheritance of right i'
Coneequeuces have flowed from these oppressions which
' Iffht long ago to have put a stop to them. In England
t have heard much of Whiteboys, Steelboys, Oakboys,
^M>f-da7-boyfl, &c. But these Tarious insurgents are
t to be confounded, for they are very different. The
yer disUnctiou in the discontents of the people is into
tant and CathoUck. All but the Wliifeboys were
J the manufacturing Protestants in the north : the
tuteboys Catholick labourers in the south. From the
I intelligence I could gain, the riots of the manufac-
JTS had no other foimdation, but such variations in the
maanfacture as all fabrics experience, and which they had
themselves known and submitted to before. The case,
however, was different with the Whiteboys; who, being
'x>uring Catholicks, met with all those oppressions I have
aribed, and would probably have continued in full sub-
imon, had not very severe treatment in respect of tythea,
bted with a great speculative rise of rents about the same
tne, blown up the flame of resistance ; the atrocious acts
they were guilty of made them the object of general indig-
nation. Acts were passed for their punishment which seemed
calculated for tlie meridian of Barbary ; this arose to such
a height that by one they were to be hanged under certain
drcumstancee without the common formalities of a, trial,
56 A TOUR IS IRELASD.
which, though repealed the following seaaions, ma>rkB thei
spirit of pimi3hm<>at ; while others remaJD ;et the law of the
land, that would, if eietutod, tend more to raise than quell
an inaurrection. From all which it is manlfeat tKat the
gentlemen of Ireland never thought of a radical cure, from
overlooking the real cause of the disease, which in fact laf
in themselves, and not in the wretchea they doomed to th«
gallows. Let them chauge their own conduct entirely, and
the poor will not long riot. Treat them like men who
ought to be as free aa youraelves : put an end to that system
of religious persecution which for seventy years has divided
the kingdom against itaelf ; in these two circumstancea lies
the cure of insurrection ; perform them completely, and
you. will have an affectionate poor, instead of oppressed and
diacon tented vassals.
A better treatment of the poor in Ireland is a very ma-
terial point to the welfare of the whole British Empire.
Events may happen which may convince us fatally of this
truth — ^If not, oppression must have broken all the spirit
and resentment of men. By what policy the Government
of England can for ao many years have jiermitted such an.
absurd system to be matured in Ireland, is beyond the
power of plain sense to discover.
Emtgralio7i8.
Before the American war broke out, the Irish and Scotch
emigrations were a constant subject of conversation in Eng-
land, and occasioned much discourse even in Parliament,
The common observation was, that if they were not stopped,
those countries would be ruined; and they were generallj
attributed to a great rise of rents. Upou going over to*:
Ireland I determined to omit no opportunities of discover-
ing the cause and extent of this emigration ; and my infor-
mation, as may be seen in the minutes of the journey, was
very regular. I have only a few genera! remarks to make
on it here.
The spirit of emigrating in Ireland appeared to be con-
fined to two circumstances, the Presbyterian religion, and
the linen manufacture. I heard of very few emigranta
OF THE LABOURING POOR. 5?
. unoiig manufacturors of that persuasion. The
tholicks ncTer went ; they seem not ouly tied to the
country but alinoat to the parish in which their ancestors
lived. As to the emigration in the north, it was an error
in England to euppoae it a. novelty which arose with the
increase in rents. The contrary weis the fact ; it had sub-
■isted, perhaps, forty years ; insomuch that at the ports of
Beirut, Derry, &c., the passenger trade as they called it,
had long been a regular branch of coromerce, which em-
ployed several ships, and consisted in carrying people to
America. The increasing population of the country made
it an increasing trade; but when the linen trade was low,
the paatenger trade was always high. At the time of
Lord Donegal's letting his estate in the north the linen
bnfiioeea suffered a, temporary decline, which sent great
noinbera to America, and gave rise to the error that it was
occadoned by the increase of his rents : the fact, however,
WM otherwise; for great numbers of those who vent
from his lands actually sold those leases for considerable
sums, the hardship of which was siipposed to have driven
ibem to America. Some emigration, therefore, always
eust«d. and its increase depended ou the fluctuations
of linen ; but as to the effeet there was as much error
in the conclusions drawn in England as before in the
cau»e.
It is the misfortune of all niauufiictures worked for a
foreign miartet to be uik>o an insecure footing ; periods of
declension will come, and when in consequence of them
great numbers of people are out of employment, the best
circumstance ia their enlisting in the army or navy ; and it
is the common result ; but unfortunately the manufacture
in Ireland (of which I shall have occasion to speak more
beiwaftcr) ia not confined, as it ought to be, to towns, but
spreads into all the cabbina of the country. Being half
farmers, half mauufacturers, they have too much property
in cattle, Ac., to enlist when idle ; if they convert it into
csab it will enable them to pay their passage to America,
Ui alternative always chosen iu preference to the military
life. The consequence is, that they must live without work
till their substance is quite consumed before they will en-
tistv Men who are in such a situation tbat from various
A TOUH IN IRELAJJD.
cattaea they cannot work and won't enlist, should eroigratflif
if thej stay at home thej muHt remain a. buTthen upon the 1
community; emigration ahoiUd not, therefore, be coa-'l
demned in atatea so ill-^ovemed as to posaess many people 9
willing to work, but without employment
HE Iiistorj- of the two religions in Ireland is too gene-
rally known to require any detail introdnctory to the
subject. The conflict for two centuries occasioned a scene
of dcTastation and bloodshed ; tiU at last, by the arms of
king William, the decision left the uncontroulcd power in
tbe hands of the Protestants. The landed property of the
kingdom had been greatly changed in the period of the
reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Still more under
Cromwell, who parcelled out an immense pro]xjrtion of
the kingdom to the officers of his army, the ancestors of
great nmnbers of the present possessors : the colonels of
his regiments left estates which are now eight and ten
thonsand a year; and I know several gentlemen of two
and three thousand pounds a year at jiresent, which they
inherited from captains in the same service. The last for-
feitures were incurred in that war which stripped and
banished James 11. Upon the whole, nineteen twentieths
of the kingdom changed hands from Catholic to Protestant.
The lineal descendants of great families, once poBsessed of
TMt property, are now to be found all over the kingdom in
the lowest situation, working as cottars for the great-great-
graudsoDs of men, many of whom were of no greater oc-
eoont in England than these poor labourers are at present,
" that property which was once their own. So entire an
rthrow, and change of landed possession, is, within the
iod, to be found in scarce any country in the world. In
b great revolutions of property the mined proprietors
hare UBually been extirpated or banished ; but in Ireland
the vase was otherwise : families were so numerous and so
grand
I eoont
^Htmthi
^■irertl
^■jperiot
^Enchi
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
UDited in dona, that the lieir of an CEtat« "was always
known ; and it is a fact that in moat parts of tlie kingdom
the descendants of the old land-owners regularly transmit
by testamentary deed the memorial of their ri^ht to those
estates which once belonged to their families. From hence
it results that the question of religion has alwavs in Ireland
been Intimately connected with the right to and possession .
of the landed property of the kingdom ; and has probably
received from this source a d^ree of acrimony, not at aU
wanting to influence the superstitious prejudices of the
human mind.
Flushed with success after tho viotory of tho Boyne, and
animated with the recollection of recent injuries, it would
not have been surprizing if the triumphant party had ex-
ceeded the bounds of moderation towards the Catholick t
but the amazing circumstance is that the great category of
persecuting laws was not framed during the life of tluit
monarch who wisely was a friend to toleration : if erer
such a system as would crush the minds of a conquered
people into a slarish submission was necessary, it must
haTe been under that new, and in many respects weak
establishment, when tho late conflict might have been an
apparent justification: but why such a system should be
embraced six or seven years after the death of king
William is not so easy to be accounted for.
By the laws of discovery, as they are called ;
1. The whole body of Roman Catholicks are absolutely
disarmed.
2. They are incapacitated from purchasing land.
3. The entails of their estates are broken, and they gavel
amoDg the children.
4. H one child abjures that religion he inherits the whole
estate, though he is the youngest.
5. If the son abjures the religion, the father has no
power over his estate, but becomes a pensioner on it in
favour of such sou.
6. No Catholick can take a lease for more than thirty-
one years.
7. If the rent of any Catholick is less than two thirds oE
the full improved value, whoever discovers takes the benefit
of the lease.
OF RELIGIOS.
61
8. PrieBts tIio celebrate mass to he transported, and if
tftbey return to be hanged.
9. A Catholick having a horac in hia poBseasion above
the value o£ five pound, to forfoit the same to the dis-
coverer.
10. Bjr a construction of Lord ECardwick's, they are in-
oapautated from lending monoj on mortgage.'
The preceding catalogue is very imperfect, but here is an
exhibition of oppression fully sufficient. The great national
objects in framing laws against the profession and practice
of any reUfpon, may bo reduced to three heads, lat. The
' For M, falUr scoonnl at the oppresaiun of the Irish C&tliolicB the
rekder may be referred to lIenr)[PameirB " History of the Venai Laws"
(1808); but tt paasttse Team SySnej Smith's Eawy on Irektid
(" Edinburgh Review," isau) gives a more gmp5ic aummary. " The
gnU. mufonaDe of Ireland is that the moss of the people hare been
Einn op for a century to a handful of Protestanta, by whom they bare
MM tTMted ai helots, and subjects d to every species of persecution And
dJagraoe: . . . During the reigns of George I. and George II. the Irish
Bcnun Catholics were disabled from holding any civil or military office,
a toting at elections, frpm adraission into corporations, froni prac-
MitituiE law or phyaic. A younger brother by tuToing Protestant might
^^ ire bis elder brother of his birtb-right; by Iho same process be
it force his lather, under the name of a liberal provision, to yield np
a pari of bis knded property ; nnd, if nn eldest son, be might
^^__ same wny reduce bis father's fee-simple to a tifc ealata. A
fapiit was disabled from purchasing freehold lands, and eren Grom
lins long leases, and any p^rsoa might Inke his Catholic neigbbour'a
le by paying £5 for it. If the child of a Catholic fnthur turned
PfutcMaiit, he was taken away from his father and put into the hands
of a Pn>ieslant relation. No Papist could purchase n freehold, or a
ktaac for more than thirty years, or inherit from an inteatatc Protestant,
HOT from an intestate Catholic, nor dwell in Limerick or Galway, nor
bold an adrowson, nor bay an annuity for life. £50 was given for dis-
eoTsring a Popish arcbbisbop, £30 for a Popish clergyman, and 10s. for
a •Ghoolmmster. No one was allowed to be trustee tor Catholics ; no
Catholic was allowed to take more than two apprentices; no Papist to
he solicitor or sherilT, or to serve on Grand Juries. Uoraea of Papists
night be aeiied for the militia ; for which militia Papists were to pay
jtFiible, and to lind Proieauint substitutes. Papists were prohibited
B being present at vestries, or from being high or petty conitables{
1, when resident in towns, they were compelled to find Protestant
. Rirrislers and sidicitors marrjinB C«tholios were exposed
b the penalties of Catholics. Persons plundered by privateers during
t war with any Popish prince were reimbursed by a levy on the
CithoHc inhaliilanis where they lived. All Popish priests reiebmtinil
mirriagea contrary to the George I. cap. 3, were la be banged.''
TOUR IS IRELASD.
propagation of the dominaDt faith. 2nd. Internal security.
Srd. National prosperity. The fairest way to judge of the
laws of Ireland will be to enquire how far they have an-
swered any or all of theae ends.
That it is a desirable object in some reapects to have a
people, if not all of one persuasion, at least in good Eriend-
ship and brotherhood as to religion, is undeniable. Though
I think there are reasons against wishing a whole kingdom
to possess only one similar faith. It excludes a Toriety of
disquiciitions which exercise and animate the talents of
mankind ; it encourages the priests of the national religion
to a relaxation of their studies, their activity, and even
their morals ; and tends to introduce a lazy, wretched,
viciouB, and ignorant clergy : it is opposition and contrast
that sharpen the wits of men.
But waving these objections, and considering the ques-
tion only in a political view, I admit that such a similarity
of worship, as is followed by laws equal to the whole com-
munity, to he an advantage ; let us therefore examine
whether the Irish intolerant laws have had the effect or
not.
That they have lessened the landed property in the handB
of the Catholicks is certain ; their violence could not have
had any other effect ; but not, however, to such a degree u
might have been imagined. There are principles of honour,
religion, and ties of blood, too powerful for tyrannic laws
to overcome, and which have prevented their full effect. I
am not convinced that the conversion of the land-owners,
while alt the rabble retained their religion, was an advan-
tage to the kingdom. Oreat possessions gave those land-
lords an interest in the public welfare, which in emergencies
of danger might induce them to use their influence to keep
their dependants quiet ; but when none are connected
with them richer than themselves, and the whole party
consisting of a poor and half-mined peasantry, and priests
almost as poor as themselves, what tie, or what call is there
upon them to restrain the dictates of resentment and re-
venge ? At this day the best subjects among the Catholicks,
— and many there are very much to be depended on, not-
withstanding all their oppressions, — are the men of landed
property ; how impolitick to wish to lessen the number I
H turn'
K&tt
OF RELIGIOS. 63
U) be d«siroua of cutting off two millioDs of pGasaatry from
every possible connection that can influence their eubmia-
sioQ. The same observation is applicable to mortgagee,
Utd in short to all inyeatmeiits of money ^tbiu the
kingdom. Surely the obedience of a man who has property
ia the realm is much securer than if all he is worth is in
the English or Dutch funds ! While property lay exposed
to the practices of power, the great body of the iwople.who
iud he&a stripped of their all, were more enraged than
tKmTerted ; they B,dhered to the persuasion of their fore-
' >thers with the steadiest and most determined zeal ; while
prieats, actuated by the spirit of a thousand induce-
memta, made proselytes among the common Protestants in
defiance of every danger. And the great glaring fact yet
remains, and is even admitted by the warmest advocates
for the laws of discovery, that the established religion has
not gained upon the CathoUck in point of numbers, but on
the contrary, that the latter have been rather on the in-
tsreaae. Public lists have been returned in the several
dioceses which confirm this fact ; and the intelligence I
received on my journey spoke the same language.
Now, as it is the great body of the common people that
form the strength of a country when willing subjects, and
its weakness when ill-aSected, this fact is a decision of the
question : after seventy years undisturbed operation, the
system adopted in Queen Anne's reign has failed in this
great end and aim, and meets at this day with a more
lUB and equally determined body of Catholicks as it
to oppose when it was first promulgated. Has not the
lenoe of every age and every nation proved that the
u invariable and universal r' Let a religion be what
under whatever circumstances, no system of
ever yet had any other effect than to confirm
ra in their tenets, and spread their doctrines
restraining them. Thus the great plea of the
Catholick priests, and their merit with their congre-
, are the dangers they hazard, and the persecutions
saffer for the sake of their faith ; arguments that
per had and ever will have weight, while human nature
continues formed of its present materials.
The question of internal security is decided almost as
64 A TOUR IM IRELAND.
aoon as named : the BubmiaBion of the Catholicks ia yi
felt to be BO much couBtmined, that do idea baa
formed that their being trusted with arms is conBiB
with the safety of the kingdom. Laws founded in
very spirit of persecution, and receiving aji edge in thi
operation from the unlimited power assumed by the Pi
t«Btant landlord, are strangely calculated to conciliate t
affection, or secure the loyalty of a people. All the em<
tions of the heart of mB.n revolt at such an idea. It wa*'
the opinion of a vast majority of the gentlemen I conversed
irith on the subject, that no people could be worse affected ;
all Ireland knowB and agrees in the fact; nay, the argu-
ments for a continuation of the lawa of discovery are
founded on the principle, that the lower classes of tli»
Catholicks are not to be trusted. Is not this declajin^j
that the disarmed, disgusted multitude, have not lost ia
their misfortunes the importance of their numbers F Ths
fears of an invasion speak the strength of the oppressedi
and the extent of the oppression.
The disturbances of the Whiteboys, which lasted ten
years, in spite of every exertion of legal power, were ii
many circumstances very remarkable ; and in none mors
BO than the surprizing intelligence among the insurgenti^
where ever found; it was universal, and almost
taneous : the numerous bodies of them, at whatever dift
tance from each other, seemed animated with one Bonl_
and not an instance was known in that long course of timtt
of a single individual betraying the cause; the aeverett
threats, and the most splendid promises of reward, had no
other effect but to draw closer the bands which connecteT
a multitude, to all appearance so desultory. It wa« thai
evident that the iron rod of oppression had been far enougl
from securing the obedience, or crushing the spirit of vm
people. And all reflecting men, who consider the value
religious liberty, will wish it never may have that effect;
will trust in the wisdom of Almighty God for teaching
man to respect even those prejudices of his brethren that
are imbibed as saertd rights from their earliest infancy,
that by dear-bought eiperience of the futility and ruin of
the attempt, the persecuting spirit may cease, and toleba^i
Tios establish that harmony aad security which fouracoi
OF RELIGIOA',
jrearB' *iperience has told uh ia not t« be puroliastMl at the
eipence of hcmamity !
But if these esertiouB of a Bucceaaion of ignorant legis-
latures haTe failed contintially in propagating the religion
of goTerament. or in adding to the internal security of the
kingdom, much more have they failed in the great object
of national proaperitj. The only considerable manufacture
in Irelaiid. which carries in all ita parts the appearance of
industry. la the linen ; and it ought never to be forgotten"
that thra is-soleiy confined to the Protestant parts of the
kingdom ; yet we may see from the example of France and
other (Mjuntries that there is nothing in the Roman Catho-
lick religion itself that is incompatible with manufacturing
industry. The poor Catholicka in the south of Ireland spin
wool verr generally, but the purchasers of their labour, and
the whole worsted trade, is in the hands of the Quakers of
Clonmell, Carriek, Bandon, &c. The fact is, the professors
of tJiat religion are under such discouragements that they
cannot engage in any trade which requires both industry
and i-apital. If they succeed and make a fortune, what
are they to do with it ? They can neither buy land, nor
take a mortgage, nor even fine down the rent of a lease.
Where is there a people in the world to be found indus-
Uioos under such a circumstance? But it seems to be the
meaning, wish, and intent of the discovery laws, that none
of them should ever be rich. It ia the principle of that
system that wealthy subjects would be nuisaneeH ; and
therefore every means is taken to reduce and keep them to
a state of poverty. If this is not the intejstion of the laws,
they are the most abominable heap of self-contradictions
that ever were issued in the world. They are framed in
such a manner that no Oatholick shall have the inducement
k> become rich. But if, in 8pit« of these laws, he should
BCJ^d«ntally gain wealth, that the whole kingdom should
not afford hima possibility of investing it. Take the laws
and their execution into one view, and this state of the case
is au true, that they actually do not seem to be so much
levelled at the religion, as at the property that is found in ^
il. By the law a priest ia to be transported and hanged
for reading maaa ; but the mass is very readily left to them
Tith inplioity. Let the same priest, however, make a
I thftH
A TOUn IN lHl!:LA^'D.
fortune by his masa; aad from that moment he is tbgtj
object of persecution. The domint'ermg anBtocracy of fiTO
hundred thousand ProtestantB feel the sweets of havii^
two QiillionB of slaves ; they have not the least objection
to the tenets of that rehgion which keeps them by the law
of the land in subjection ; but property and shivery
too incompatible to live together. Hence the special
taken that no such thing should arise among them.
I must be free to own that when I have heard gentlemea
who have favoured the laws as they now stand, urge th6
dangerous tenets of the Church of Borne, quote the cruelties
which have disgraced that religion in Ireland, and led them
into the common routine of declamation on that side the
question (I cannot call it argument, for I never yet heard
anything that deserved the name) ; when I have been a
witness to such conversations, I could not but smile to see
subscriptions handed about for building a maas-house. at,
the very time that the heaviest vengeance of the law f uU]fa
executed fell on those who possessed a landed property, <*j
ventured a mortgage upon it. -
It is no supei^cial view I have taken of this matter in
Ireland ; and being at Dublin at the time a very triSing
part of these laws was agitated in Parliament, I attended
the debates, with my mind open to conviction, and auditor
for the mere purpose of information : I have conversed
the subject with some of the most distinguished charad
in the kingdom, and I cannot after all but declare that
scope, purport, and aim of the laws of discovery, as
cuted, are not against the Catholick religion, which ii
creases under them, but against the industry, and pro] ~'
of whoever professes that religion. In vain has it
said that consequence and power follow property, and tht
the attack is made in order to wound the doctrine through
its property. If such was the intention. I reply, that
seventy years' experience prove the folly and futility of it.
Tliose laws have crushed all the industry, and wrestr''
most of the property from the Gatholicks ; but the religi<
triumphs ; it is thought to encrease. Those who nai
* handed about calculations to prove a decrease, aduiit
the face of them that it will require rouR thousand Tl
to make converts of the whole, supposing that work to
OF RELIGION. 67
I future, as it has in the past time. But the whole
mce is an a.Sront to commoa aeuae, for it impHea that
jOD will lessen a, religion bj persecuting it : all history and
experience condenm suuli a proposition.
The system pursued in Ireland has had no other ten-
dency but that of driving out of the kingdom all the per-
soual wealth of the Catholicks, and prohibiting their
industry within il. The ia,ce of the country, every object
in short which present* itself to the eye of a traveller, tells
ha how effectually this has been done. I urge it not as
% Brgument, the whole kingdom speaks it as a fa<;t. We
'Hre seen that this conduct has not converted the people to
B religion of government ; and instead of adding to the
rrtMX security of the realm, it has endangered it ; if
efore it does uot add to the national prosperity, for
nt purpose but that of private tyranny could it have
en embraced and persisted in ? Mistaken ideas of private
lutereet account for the actions of individuals; but what
' r'lild haye influenced the British Government to permit a
-vsiem which must inevitably prevent the island from ever
l..-.x)ming of the importance which nature intended?
Relative to the national welfare.it must appear extremely
■ 1 ident to the unprejudiced, that an iwistocraty of five
liuudred thousand Protestants, iTushing the industry of
two millions of poor Catholicks, can never advance the public
interest. Secure the industry of your people, and leave
their religion to itself. It is their hands, not their faith,
^■nn want ; but do not tie these behind them, and then ash
Thy they are uot better employed. How is agriculture to
^(■'luish. manufactures to be established, or commerce to
-ilend. in a dependant country labouring under great dis-
.<ivant»gcs. if the united capitals, industry, activity and
Lti^jitiou of the whole community be not employed for
-iii-h purposes? When the territory of an island hes in
ii'-li a. wretched state, that, though blessed with a better
Ida on comparison with England as only two to
Q manufactures are of so sickly a growth as to be
d almost to one province ; and when trade is known
it only by the ships of other countries appearing in
t harbours ; while a kingdom is in such a situation, is it
1 to persist in a system which has no other effect
A TOUR IX IBliLAKD.
than to clog, defeat, or eztenninate the capital and iiidustrtf
of four fifths of the inhabitants ! Surely the gentlemen o
that country, when they complain of restricted commerce
and the remittance of the rentals of the absentees to ] __
land, cannot be thought aerious in [ameuting the aituatioi
of their country, while they continue wedded to that intern
ruin which is the work of their own liands, and the farourit
child of their most aetive exertions. Complain not <
restrictions while you youryelves inforce the most enormou
restriction ; and what are the body of absentees wlu
compared with the absent-e of industry and wealth i
the immense mass of two miUions of subjects ? I should b
well founded in the assertion that both these evils, i
and acknowledged as they are, are trifles when comp
with the poverty and debility whicli results from I
oppression of the Roman Catholicks. Encourage ti
induetry of those two millions of idle people, and the weal
arising from it will make ample amends for most of th
evils complained of in Ireland. This remedy i|i i
hands; you have no rivals to fear; no ministers to oppc
Think of the loss to Ireland of so many CathoUcks (
small property, resorting to the armies of France, r_ '
Sardinia, and Austria, for employment. Can it be imagined
that they would be so ready to leave their own country, i
they could stay in it with any prospect of promotion, eiK
ueasful industry, or even liberal protection r It is knom
they would not ; and that under a different system
of adding strength to the enemies of this Empire, the
would be among the foremost to enrich and defend !'
Upon the whole it appears sufficiently clear that in thcH
three great objects, of making the reljpon of govemmeg
general, internal security, and national prosperity, the laii[&
of discovery have totally failed ; a long series of experience
enables us to discuss the subject by a reference to facts,
instead of a reliance on theory and ai^ument ; the langi
of those facts is so uniform, that private interest must u
with habitual prejudice, to permit it for a moment to I
m isunderstood .
Upon the general question it has been asserted by t
friends of the law, that gentlemen in England are apt n
OF RELIGION. 69
J mistake the jioint from being ignorant of Irish
__. whifh, from the ignorance of the people, is more
{oled than aajthjag known in the sister kingdom ; also
tluit the Papisfa iu England are not claimants of all tbo
lauded property, which is the ease in Ireland.
Both these observations are too shallow to bear the least
examination ; "pprnimifin ha^ r^'iv'^ the niajnr pit.rti of the
*™h Cp'^'nlii'*'" *" Hi p^K> r 'g""'''m t ™,hhlp ; you have made
the m iyno rant. and then if is cried, " Your ignorance" is a
r eaaon for keep inp^;ou jO ; jou' sha ll Eve and die , and
remain Jjig iiorance' for tou are f nf.~fffv;trhpij to lip pn-
ligEEeiiea." ^^Sc it as argument, or humanity, it is of a
mosF'pi^ious kind. In all other parts of Europe the
CM-holick religion has grown mild and even, tolerant ; a
softer humanit jTs 'seen ~3iffiifie3 in those countries, once
lie most bigoted ; Spain and Portugal are no longer what
they were. Had property taken its natural course in
In^liind. the religion of the Catholicfcs there would have
improved with that of tlieir neighbours. I gnorance ^ gthe
i ixvd of povert y ; and you cannot eipect tne m o dern im -
provenients, which have resulted from disseminated iu-
dostjy an3 wealth, should spread among a sect, whose
propt?rtj you have detached, and whose industry vou have
tniahed : t« stigmatize them with ignorance and bigotry,
therefore, is to reproach them with the evils which your
own conduct has entailed ; it is to bury them in darkness,
and vilify them because they are not enlightened,
Bnt they claim your estates ; they do so, as st«adily at
this moment as they did fourscore years ago ; your system
therefore has utterly failed even in this respect. Has the
rod o foppircs"'"" fihlitjjra,tjvl the memory or tradition of
i KftteT ^Ha^aP Has severity conciliated the foi^veness of
}53rr~i>erhapa . necessary, injuries Y Would protection,
favour, and encouragement add fresh stings to their re-
'j-niiiicntsi' None can assert it. Ample eiperience ought
tw^ve convinced you, that the harshness of the law has
aot annihilated a single claim ; if claims could have re-
stored their estates, they would have regained them before
uirw : bnt here, as I shewed before, the laws have weakened
tuatead of strengthening the Protestant interest ; had a
milder system encouraged their industry and property,
70 A rOL'R IS IRELAND.
tliey would have had something to lone, and would, witki
on enemy in the laud, have thought twice before thei
joined him ; in such a case whatever they had got w(
be endangered, and the hope of being reinstated iuant
posseasioDs. being distant and hazardous, present advant
might have induced them not only to be quiet, but to I
defended the government, under whose humanity they
found protection and happiness. Compare such a situation
with the present, and theu determine whether the system,
you have persisted in has added a jot to the security trf'
your possessions.
But, let me ask, if these CathoUck claims on the landed'
property were not full as strong an argument in the reign
of King William as they are at present ? The moment of i
conflict was then but just decided ; if ever rancour and,
danger could arise from them, that certainly was thei
season of apprehension : but it is curious to observe thai
that wise monarch would permit few Acts to pass to oppress
the Catholicke. It was not until the reign of Anne that
the great system of oppression was opened : if therefore
these laws were not necessary from the Revolution to the
death of Kiug William. — and the experience of that reign,
tells us they were not, — most certainly they cannot be
at present.
The enlightened spirit of tolebation. so well understood
and practised in the greatest paH^oniurope, is mal "
progress every day, save in Ireland alone : while ttti
Protestant religion enjoys peace and protection in GathoUcI
countries, why should a nation, in all other respects
generous and liberal as the Irish, refuse at homi
thev receive and enjoy abroad ?
As the absurdity of the present system can no longei
doubted, the question is, in what degree it should imi
diately be changed ? Would it be prudent directly to
and put upon a level with the rest of the community, M
]ax^ and necessarily so disgusted a body of the people!
Great sudden changes are rarely prudent ; old habits wn
not immediately laid aside; and the temper of men'
minds, nursed in ignorance, should have time to open an<
expand, that they may clearly comprehend their true U^^
tereets : for this reason the alteration of the laws flhotdj
OF RELIGION
be gndual, lutber t^ian by one or two repealing clauses at
onca to overthrow the whole. But, all things considered,
tiiere ought uot to be a single sessions without doing some-
thing in BO neeessary a work. For instance, in one seBeions
to give them a power of taking mortgages ; in another of
purchaung lands ; in a third, to repeal the abominable
premiumB on the division of a, fanuly against itself, by
reetoring to parents their rights ; in a fourth, mass to be
rendered legal ; in a fifth, a seminary to be estabJiBhed by
law for the education of priestB, and a bishop to be allowed,
with those powers which are nei-essary for the exercise of
the reUgion ; by which means the foreign interest from a
priesthood, entirely educat«d abroad, would be at once cut
gfl. Thus far the most zealous friends to the Protestant
religion could not object upon any well-founded principles.
When once the operations of the new system had raised a
spirit of industry and attendant wealth among the lower
^■ptsses of them, no evil consequences would flow from
^^Mrmittiiig them the use of arms. Give them an interest
^^K the Icingdom. and they will use their arms, not to over-
^Kim, but to defend it. Upon first principles, it is a
miserable government, which acknowledges itself incapable
of retaining men to their obedience that have arms in their
bands ; and such an one as is to be found in Ireland alone.
Id like manner I should apprehend that it might be proper
to pve them a voice in the election of members of Parlia-
ment. There is great reason to believe that they will not
be treat«d by gentlemen in the country in the manner they
ought to be until this sort of importance is given them.
Let it in general be remembered, that no country in the
world has felt any inconveniences from the moat liberal
(pint of toleration ; that, on the contrary, those are uni-
versaUy acknowledged to be the most prosperous, and the
most flourishing, which have governed their subjects on
the most tolerating principles. That other countries, which
fakre been actuated by the spirit of bigotry, have continued
poor, weak, and helpless : these are circumBtances which
Mv so immediately upon the question, that we may de-
termine, without any hazard of extravagance, that Ireland
vill never prosper to any great degree until she profits
by the example of her neighbours. Let her dismiss her
72 A TOUR IS IHELAND,
illiberal feara and uppreheiiBioua ; let lier keep pace with I
th<; improvemeiit of the age, and with the mild spirit oi
European nmnnera ; let her transfer her ansiety from the 1
faith to the industry of her subjects ; let her embrace, I
cherish, and protect the Catholicks as good Bubjects, and I
they will become such ; let her, despising and detesting J
every species of rehgious persecution, consider all religions
as brethren, employed in one great aim, the wealth, power,
and happiness of the general community ; let these be the j
maxims of her policy, and she will no longer complain of ]
poverty and debility ; she wiD be at home prosperous, and I
abroad formidable.
m
1
■
■
^H
■
^^^^P SECTION VIII.
■
^^^^^^ PRICE OF PROVieiONB. 1
^|bN the gpec-ulatiouB of modern politicians, so mutiy cou-
^BL dusioos havG been drawn from the prices of provisions
in different couDtries, and some of them with so much
reajson, that every one must readily admit a eonaiderable
de^T^e of importance to be annexed to such information :
^^ritb this view, I was as particular in these enquiries, as I
^BiMJ been before in my English joumies. The following
^^p>le shews the result.
^M PlMM.
m
^
.1
^^F
d.
d.
d.
d.
d. ,. d.
^~d.
rr
^KltMo^' '.:'.'.
'A
3
3
?
8 ,1
8 '
2 6
1 6
^E^ ::::;:
3
31
!'
6i Si
I
lU
SI'
^^^If ■ ■ :
a
^
3
n
6 3
1
] I
^KnOuiIei Qiieen'.'Co!
3
a 3
Si
51 2i
I 1
31
»
3
3
6 2
B
H
3
a
fli a
e
ei
3
a
a
a
a
s
7i
3
a
ai
a
n
3
6 'o a
6
I
nCnsi Eeaoeifv . . .
f
6
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" SfkAet KiU
H
6 n
1 B
i™»gl>
n
3*
H
5S n
WtuTCDiuwa ....
n
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Poruf«rrf >jf
Si 3
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1 I
1 1
SbkFD CuUe, >». Antrim. 1 SJ
n 3J ai
I 1
Btlfut ai a 3^ \ 2^1 & 2i\i
H
L
■
■
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^^^^^1
1
^V 74 A TOCE IN IRELAND. ^^^H
1 - lit
i^!,-^
P^i
It
It
s
i
r
H 1
rf.
d.
d.
fi.
rf.
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■ LealfHill
9
3
H
H
a
1
1 n
■ Linu'iddy .
aj
3J
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1 n
■ Inniibwi.
H
4
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a
■ Clonleigb. .
2*
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n
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H Mount CbarlM
H
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8
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■ Cutle Caldwell
H
3
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a
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a
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H Belle lale. .
3
a
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li
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B
^1 Flurence Court
H
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■ Ftmhtm , .
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8
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s
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4
11
♦i
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a
9
7i
ft
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■ Mercn . .
21
H
If
5
8
r
■ ForUand . .
3
li
B
6
■ KU.IU . .
^t
3i
a
*i
a
a
^1 Westporl . .
4
3
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li
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■ Honio . .
3
3
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6
3
10
9
n
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1
D 6
s
■ Llmariek . .
aj
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a
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■ Dunenile
Si
A
a
a
4i
■ Corke. . .
'. 3
3
3
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e
■ Nade«n . -
■ Arbcll. . .
Jl
a
6
a
li
101
i
■ T*rb«t . .
H
H
a4
■ Cutla OlWer
n
■ Tipperyy .
a|
Si
I
3
3|
at
6
■ Walerrbrd .
3
3
3i
a|
1 T
3
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■ Kunieu . .
«I
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3i
3
1
I 1
H QkntRT . .
»»
a*
9i
a Si
aj
1
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3
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11
H O^ LloVd'
^1 Uitcluir> Tom,
'1
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ai
91
6
3 G
i SI
D 10
1 1
■ Arentga
■ll H
1 8j lo m
o~i
1
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^^B^^^^ ^M
the J
^^^^^^^^^M
PWOE OF PROVISIONS
In onter for a eompariaon, I §liall ad
JftgiwhTouTB.
ri»e«
.fmy
i
1
li^
1
i
The Southern Tour, 1767 . . .
TheNonbern Tom, 1768. . .
The Eutern Tour, 17T0 . . .
Ararageortbe three ....
^nUnitiulTTe
d.
d.
SI
d.
d.
»1
d.
'A
H
3i 1 n
H
31
>l
n 1 H
H
Si
^B AveneeofthsfbnriMUaiiiBnclud . Sid.
^B Ditto In Ireland Wd.
■ iKlnndioEnglandasUtoH.
HI I should remark, that there has been very little variatioii
Bfai the prii.«s of meat ia England since the dates of thost'
joamies ; the rates in Ireland are hij^her than I conceived
them, tuid do not from cheapness afford anj reaaou to con-
dude that country, aa far ae cattle extends, to be in a state
of backwardness. The whole of these minutea, however,
concerns the home consumption only; for, as to the iui-
mense trade in beef and pork, (of which hereafter) their
rates are considerably under these, as may be supposed
from the greatneas of the scale ; in like manner as the con-
sumption prices in England are near double those of the
Victualling Office.
Poultry being so eitremely cheap is owing to several
are few. small, and poor; and all gentlemen's families
raise a quantity for themselves. Second, The plenty of
potatoes, upon which they are fed, being vastly greater,
and JLspensed with less ceconomy than the com in England.
upon which poultry te there reared. Third, The extreme
warmth of the cabbins, in which the young broods are
which is much greater than in Enghind, aad mwu tho
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
seeds of which young turkiea ia particular are advan-
tageously fed. I know a. gentleman in Englajid, who reared '
an amazing number of turkies and pea-chicks the yeaj- his
lawn waa sown with white clover, but, the soil being im-
proper, it lasted but one year ; and he neither before nor
after bad such success wim those broods.
SECTION IX,
BOAD8 CA£8.
^OR a oountiy so very far behind us as Ireland, to have
got suddeoly bo much the start of us in the articlu of
roads, is a spectacle that cannot fail to strike the English
traveller eiceedingly. But from this commendation the
tompikes in general muat be excluded ; they are as bad as
the bye-roads are admirable. It is a common complaint
that the tolls of the turnpikes are bo many jobs, and the
roads left in a state that disgraces the kingdom.
The following is the system on which the cross-roads
are made. Any person wishing to make or mend a road
has it measured by two persons, who swear to the measui-e-
ment before a justice of the peace. It is described us
leading from one market town to another (it matters not
in what direction) that it will be a public good, and that it
will require such a sum, per perch of twenty-one feet, to
r repair the same ; a certificate to this purpose (of
ti printed forma are sold) with the blanks filled up, is
1 by the measurers, and also by two persons called
jers, one of whom is usually the person applying for
'. the other the labourer he intends to employ as
r of the work, which overseer swears also before
e the truth of the valuation. The certificate, thus
id. is given by any person to some one of the Grand
', at either of the assizes, but usually in the spring.
a all the common business of trials is over, the jury
) on that of roads; the chairman reads the certifi-
, and they are all put to the vote, whether to bo
i or not. If rejected, they are torn in pieces and no
T notice taken, tt granted, they are put on the file
A TOUR IS IRKLAND,
This vote of approbation, without any farther fonii»
enables the person, who applied for the presentment, im-
medioitely to uonetruut or repair the road in question,
which he muBt do at his own expence; he must finish it
by the following assizes, when he is to send a certificate of
his having expended the money pursuant to the applica-
tion; this certificate is signed by the foreman, who also
signs on order on the treasurer of the county to pay him,,
which is done immediately. In like manner are bridges,
houses of correction, gaols, &c. Ac. built and repaired. 1£
a, bridge over a river, which parts two counties, half is
done by one, and the other half by the other county.
The expence of these works is raised by a tax on the
lands, paid by the tenant; in some counties it is acreable,
but in others it is on the plough land; and, as no two
plough lands are of the same size, is a very unequal tax.
In the county of Mcath it is acreable, and amounts to ods
shilling per acre, being the highest in Ireland ; but is
general it is from threepence to sixpence per acre, and
amounts of late years, throuj^h the whole kingdom, to ons
hundred and forty thousand pounds a year.
The juries will very rarely grant a presentment for »
road, which amounts to above fifty [>ounds, or for mon
than six or seven shillings a perch ; so that if a perB<HE
wants more to be made than such a sum will do. he divide^
it into two or three different measurements or present-'
mcnts. By the Act of Parliament all presentment roadl;
must be twenty-one feet wide at least from fence to fences
and fourteen feet of it formi^ with stone or gravel.
As the power of the Grand Jury extends in this m
tu the cutting new roads, where none ever were before, a
well as to the repairing and widening old ones, exclusive^
however, of parks, gardens, Jtc. it was necessary to put ■
restriction against the wanton expence of it Any present
ment may be traversed that is opjK)sed, by denying th«
all^^tions of the certificate ; this is sure of delaying it
until another assizes ; and in the mean time persons arS
ap]>ointed to view the line of road demanded, and reporfe
on the necessity or hardship of the case. The payment of^
the money may also be traversed after the certificate of hi
being laid out ; for, if any person views, and finds it I
HO ADS — CARS. 79
tnuiifeBt impoaition and job, he has that power to delay
pftjtnent until the cause is cleared up and proved. But
this traverse is not common. Any persons axe eligible for
asking prcsentmcnta ; but it ia uBually done only by resi-
lient gentlemen, agents, clergy, or respectable tenantry.
It follows necessarily, that every person is desirous of
making the roads leading to his own house, and that pri-
vate interest alone is considered in it, which I have heard
-.bjett«d to the measure; but this I must own apjiearfi to
me the great merit of it. Whenever individuals act for
the public alone, the public is very badly served ; but when
ihe purauit of their own interest is the way to benefit the
public, then is the public good sure to be promoted ; such
is tlie ca«e of presentment of roads ; for a few years the
good roads were all found leading from houses like rays
^m a center, with a surrounding apace, without any (»ni-
munication ; but every year brought the remedy, until in
a short time, those rays, pointing from so many centers,
met ; and then the communication was complete. The
original Act passed but seventeen years ago, and the effect
of it in all parts of the kingdom is so great, that I found
it jit'rfectlj practicable to travel upon wheels by a map. I
will go here ; I will go there ; I could trace a route upon
paper aa wild as fancy c«uid dictate, and everywhere I
" kd iMsautiful roads without break or hindrance, to eu-
le to realize my design. What a figure would a
make in England, who should attempt tj> move in
_ manner ; where the roads, aa Dr. Bum has very well
ibserved, are almost in as bad a state as in the time of
PhiLp and Mary. In a few years there will not be a piece
of bad road, except turnpikes, in all Ireland. The money
raised for this first and most important of all national pur-
j>oeea, is expended among the people who pay it, employs
themselves and their teams, encourages their agriculture,
and facilitates so greatly the improvement of waste lands,
that it ought always to be considered as the first step to
.my undertaking of that sort.
At first, roads, iu common with bridges, were paid out
■ >t the general treasure of the county; but by a aubae-
•juent Act, the road tax is now on baronies; each barony
[■ays for its own roads. By another Act, juries were
A TOUR IK IRELAKD.
enabled to grant preseutments of narrow mountain roads, i
t.wo shillings and siipeoce a percli. By another, they we«
empowered to grant preaentmentH of footpaths, by th
side of roads, to one shilling a peruh. By a very late Actj
they are also enabled to contract, at three halfpence j
perch per annum, from the first making of a road. I
keeping it in repair, which before could not be done with;
out a fresli presentment. Arthur French, Esq., of Monivi^
whose agriculture ia duscribed in the preceding minutely
and who at that time represented the county of Qalwa;
was the worthy citizen who first brought this escellea'
measure into Parliament ; Ireland, and every traTeller thf
ever visits it, ought, to the latest time, to revere tl
memory of such a distinguished benefactflr to the publiOi
Before that time the roads, like those of England, i
mained impassable, under the miserable police of the s
days labour. Similar good effects would here flow froa
adopting the measure, which would ease the kingdom of i
great burthen, in its public effect absolutely contemptible'-
and the tax here, as in Ireland, ought to be so laid aa to b
borne by the t«nant, whose basiness it ia at present ti
repair.
Upon the imperfeetions of the Irish system I have onl^
to remark, that juries should, in some cases, Iw more read]
than they are to grant these presentments. In genera
they are extremely liberal, biit sometimes they take silli
freaks of giving none, or very few. Experience h&vi
proved from the general goodness of the nmds that abuM
oannot be very great, they should go on with spirit to peU
feet the great work throughout the kingdom ; and, as t
check upon those who lay out the money, it might perhajM
be adviacable to print county maps of the presentmeii
roads, with corresponding lists and tables of the names O^^
all persons who have obtained presentments, the sums the]>
received, and forwhat roads. These should be given freelj
by the jurymen to all their acquaintance, that every n
might know to whose carelessness or jobbing the pablii
was indebted for bad roads, when they had paid for gooi
ones. Such a practice would certainly deter many.
At 11,042,642 acres in the kingdom, one hundred a
forty thousand pounds a year amounts to just threepenotf
ROADS— CARS.
^^■ftcre for the whole territory, a, very trifling tax for auch
^Hb improTemeat, and whicli almost raaks in publit: eaae
and benefit with that of the poet-office.
It is not to this system singly, that Irelund is indebted
for the goodness of her roads ; another circumEtance calls
materially for obaervatiou, which is the Tehicle of carriage :
all laud- carriage in that Jdngdora is perfonued vrith one-
horse cars or carta. Those of the poor people are wretvhed
things, formed with a view to cheapness alone; and the
' 'a they carry on them, when working by the day, are
1 Englishman would be ashamed to take in a
Belbarrow ; yet they suffer their horses to walk ho alow
h these burthens, that I am confident, work of this sort,
I by hire, ia five hundred per cent, dearer than in
^land. Even when they work for theiuselves, their
V contemptible, and not equal to what their garreat,
rable as they are, would draw. Gars, however, which
Irk regularly for mills in carrjing flour to Dublin, do
the common load is from six to ten hundred
_,^t, which, considering the horses, ia very well ; eighteen
kndred weight has been oft«n carried thither from Slane
The lowness of the wheels suits a mountainous
intry ; hut, if there is truth in the mechanic powers, is
a great disadvantage to the animal. Great
mbers of these cars consist only of a flat bottom over
B axletree, on which a few sacks, logs, or stones, may be
1. or a little heap of gravel in the center. Others have
e-boorde, and some baskets fixed. But such an im-
rfect and miserable machine deserves not a, moment's
intion ; the object of importance arising only from one
ae for draught.
'Some gentlemen have carts very well made in respect of
strength, but so heavy as to be almost as faulty as the
common car. Others have larger and heavier two-horse
carta ; and a few have been absurd enough to introduce
English waggons. The well-made roads preserving them-
lelTes for BO many years, is owing to this practice of using
urte-horse carriages, which is worthy of universal imitation.
Notwithstanding the eipeuce bestowed on the turnpikes in
England, great numbers of them are in a most wretched
state, which will continue while the legislature penuite so
TOUR IN IRELAND.
many horsee to he hamesaeil in one carriage. A proof hom
little one-horse carriages wear roads, is the metliod used ii
Ireland to construct them ; they throw up a foundation a
earth in the middle of the space from the outsides, c
they immediat«ly form a layer of limestone, broken to t
size of a turkey's egg ; on this u thin scattering ot ear
to bind the stones together, and over that a coat of gravel,
where it is to be had. Their carriages considered, no faul^
is to be found with this mode, for the road is beautiful and
durable ; but, being all finished at once, with very little o
no time tor settling, an English waggon would presently
cut through the whole, and demolish the road as soon a
made, yet it is perfectly durable under cars and coadies.
I have weighed common cars iu Ireland, and find th
lightest weigh 2cwt. 2qra. 14. lb. good carta for one bora
at Mr. O'l^eil's, 4<;wt. 2qr8. 21 lb. and Lord Kin gsborough
had larger carts from Dublin, with 6ve-feet wheels, which
weighed 7 cwt. but these are much too heavy ; in the lighb
nesB of the machine consists a great part of the merit. A
common English waggon with nine-inch wheels fron
55 cwt. to three tons. I built a narrow- wheeled one a|
SufEolk for four horses, the weight of which was 25 cwt
Cut. qn. lb,
£>erj borsc in tbeirish curdriwa, weight of curies 2 3 14
In Mr. ONeil's cam 4 a 81
In Lord Kingsborough'i 7
In t, broad trbeeled waggon 7 1
The extreme lightness of the common car is not to 1
taken into tbe question, as it is inapplicable to a profitab
load ot anything, except a single block, or sacks. It
absolutely necessary a cart should be capacious enough fi
a very light but bulky load, such as malt dust, bran, dri
ashes. &c. as well as for hay and straw. The Suffol]
waggon for four horses is twelve feet long, four broad, &
two deep in the sides and ends ; consequently, the bodj
of it contains just 96 cubical feet ; the end ladders er^^
tended for hay or straw four feet more, and there wu
fixed side one, which added two feet to the breadtli, ooi
sequently the surface on which hay was built, exteade
juflt ninety-aix square feet. In a great variety of uses. I
ROADS — CARS. 83
I applied that wag^n. I found four middling
_ i, worth about twelve poundH ea*;li, would draw a fuU
load of everything in it; viz. from fifty to sixty hundred
weight of hay, twelve quarters of wheat, or fifty-five
hundred weight, and the eullage of Bury streets, by com-
putation, judging by the labour of the horses, to a much
jrreater weight, perhaps above three tons. I have more
than once taken these measures as a guide for a one-horse
cart. To give one horse an exact proportion of what four
did in tliat waggon, the dimensions of the lurt must be
iM follow : the body of it must be just four feet long, three
feet broad, and two feet deep ; the end ladders each one
foot, and the side ones six inches. This will be upon a
f-jiT with the wa^on ; but I gave the carts the advantage,
iiv end ladders being each eighteen inches, and the side
lines twelve, which made the whole surface thirty-five
■'luare feet, four times which is one hundred and forty
iustead of ninety-aix. The weight of these carts complete
were from four to five hundred ; the wheels five feet high,
and the axle-tree iron, which is essential to a light draft;
■'ii''h i^arts cost, in England, complete and painted, from
i;iiio pounds to ten guineas. Whoever tries them will find
^ horse will draw in them far more than the fourth of the
I (id of a four-horse team, or than the eighth of an eight-
iiurse one ; for he will, in a tolerably level country, draw
I Ion.
I have often converseil with the drivers of carriers'
waggons, aa well as with intelligent carters in the service
iif formers, and their accounts have united with my own
obserration, to prove that one horse in eight, and to the
amoant of half a horse in four, are always absolutely idle,
moring on without drawing any weight ; a most unremit-
tiDK attention is necessary even for a partial remedy of
tiUa; bat with careless drivers the evil is greater; hence,
IIm caperiority of horses drawing single, in which mode
" IT cannot fail of performing their share of the work.
t expence, trouble and disappointment of an accident.
' proportion to the size of the team j with a bi-oad-
] wu^gon and eight horses, they are very great ; but
haght carts they are very trifling; if one breaks down,
t load and cart are easily distributed among the other
A TOUR IN I
AKD.
seven, and little time lost. When business ie carried ott
by means of aingle-horse carta, every horse in a. stable h
employed ; but with waggons, he who keeps one, two, <
three horses, must stand still ; and what is to be done witlt
five, six, or seveu ? It is only four or eight horses t
form an eiad team ; but the great object is the presei
tion of the roads ; to save these the legislature has pre
scribed wheels, even siiteen inches broad; but all suob
machiues are so enormously heavy, that they are ruinon*
to those who use thera ; Iwaides, they form such t
paths for the following teams to walk in, that the hardesfe
road is presently cut into ruts, the most solid materl
ground into dust, and every exertion in rejtairing baffle^
as fast as tried. Roads, which are made annually at a vb«I
expenc«, are found almost impassable from the weighli
carried in wagons. It may be asserted, without exag)
ration, that if there were nothing but one-horse oarriaf,
in England, half the present highway eipeuce might I
saved, and the roads at the same, time incomparab^
better.
It must he admitted tliat the expence of drivers woul
at first he greater, for a man would not drive above thn
of them ; a man and two boys would do for nine : but wh
they should not be as well managed here as in Irelaa
I cannot see ; a man there will often drive five, six, <
even eight cars. I have myself seen a single girl driT
six. Even in this respect there is an advantage whiol
does not attend waggons. — a boy could anywhere mai
one or two. but twenty boys would not be trusted to driii
a waggon. Granting, however, that the expence i
this head was something greater, still is it vastly I
than counterbalanced by the superior advantages at
above, which render it an equal object to individuals a
the public.
hHEOOGH every part of Iretaad, in whkb I have beuii,
: ttimdred contiguous acres are iiot to be found
withoat. evident signa that thej were once wood, or at
least very well wooded. Trees, and the roots of trees of
the lar)^-8t size, are dug up in all the bogs ; and, in the
cultiTut«d countries, the stumps of treea destroyed shew
that the destruction has not been of any antieut date. A
ijuit number of the Iriah names for bills, mountains.
lollies and plains, have forests, woods, groves, or trees
for the signi£cation ; Ijord Kingsborough has an hundred
thousand acres about Mitchelstown, in which you must
t&ke a breathiu)^ gallop to find a stick large enough Ut
beat a dog ; yet is there not an enclosure witLout the
remnants of trees, many of them large ; nor is it a pecu-
liarity to that estate: in a word, the greatest part of the
kingdom eihibits a naked, bleak, dreary view for want of
wood, which has been destroyed for a centuiy past, with
the most thoughtless prodigality, and still continues to be
cut and wasted, as if it was not worth the preservation.
The Baltic fir supplies all the uses of the kingdom, even
tho«« fur which nothing is proper but oak ; and the distance
uf all the porta of Ireland from that aea, makes the supply
much dearer than it is in England,
In conversation with gentlemen. I found they very
({enerally laid the destruction of timber to the common
)>popIe. who, they say, have an aversion to a tree ; at the
earlient age they at^ it for a walldng-atick ; afterwards
for a spade handle ; later for a cor shaft ; and later still
tor a cabin mfter. That the poor do steal it is certain,
but I am clear the geatlemeu of the country may thank
themgelveB. Is it tlte consumptiou of sticks and baodloB
that has destroyed millions of acres ? Absurdity ! Th«
profligate, prodigal, worthless landowner cuts down his
acrea, and leaves them iinfeuued against cattle, and then
he has the impudence to charge the scarcity of trees to the
walking-sticks of the poor, goes into the House of Commotut
and votea for an Act, which lays a penally of forty Bhillingi^
on any poor man having a twig in his {KtsseBsiun whiok
he cannot account for. This Act, and twenty more in th^
same spirit, stands at present a monument of their self-
condemnation aud oppression. They have made wood so
scarce, that the wretched cottars cannot procure enou^
for their necessary consumption ; and then they pass penal
laws ou their steAling, or eren poascssing, what it is
impossible for them to buy. If by another Act you wouU'
hang up all the landlords who cut woods without fencing,
and destroy trees without planting, you would lay your &M
to the root of the evil, aud rid the kingdom of some of
the greatest pests in it ; hut, in the name of humanity and
common sense, let the poov alone, for whose stealing ia
this, as in most other cases, uobody ought to be answetabli
but yourselves. I was an eye-witness, in various parts
the kingdom, of woods cut down and not copsed.
honest«Bt poor upon earth, if in the same situation a
Irish, would be stealers of wood ; for they must ^thtf
steal or gu without what is an absolute necessary of lifK
Instead of being the destroyers of trees, I am co: " '
they may be made preservers of them ; recollect Sir V
Osborne's mountaineers, to whom he gave a few Lomb(u4
|>oplars; they cherished them witb as much care aa h^^™
own gardener coiUd have done. At Mitchelstown I hi
opportunities of making observations which convinced i
of the same thing ; I saw in every respect, indeed all or
Ireland, the greatest readiness to do whatever wt
recommend them to their landloi-d's favour, I had t
plans relative to wood, which I have reason
would answer in any part of the kingdom : Firtl. To g
premiums to the cottars who planted and preeeretd trtM
and not \a let it depend on the preminm alone, but 1
keep a list of thoee who appeared as candidates, and apo
TTIIBER-— PLANTINti. 87
' other occasion to let them be objects of favour.
', To force all the tenantry to plant under the
Ooirmg clause in their leases :
And also, that Ihe gaid A. B. his heirg and Ofsigna, shall
*d will, etterg year, during the couihiuance. ofthU demise,
weit and truly jtlani, and thoroughly secure until the end
^ Ike »aid tenn, from all injury or da/mage by cattle, or
otA^rvue, one tinker tree for every acres that are
^ eontained in the herein demised, premises, provided that
" meh trees shall be supplied gratis, on demand, by the said
" C. D. hie heirs and. awigns ; a.nd in case any trees shall
" die or fail, that in such ease the said A. B. shall and will
" plaTtt in Ike year next after auch death or failure, an equal
" immber of tinAer trees tn (A< said demited premises, in the
" place or stead of such tree or trees so dying or failing as
"foresaid; and in case, at the expiration of the said
I, the propernwmher of trees, of a due age, according
to the meaning and intent of these premises, be not left
ifrtnnng and standing upon the said demised premises, or
part thereof, that then the said A. B. his heirs or
" aangnt, shall forfeit and pay unto the said 0. D. his heirs
" mi4 assigns, the sum of five shillings for every tree so
" deficient by death, failure, injury, or negligence"
^■Tbe proportion of atres per tree to be according to
^HciuiiatBiicee. It should always Kt remembered, that the
^bas«« of a lease rarely execute themselves; it is the
^ttndlord's. or hia agent's attention that must make them
efficient. A tenantry everywhere is very much dependent,
noksB leases tor lives are given ; but I suppose them for
tweDty-onc years. In Ireland their poverty makes this
*' _ md&uce still greater. They ask time for the payment
C their rent ; they run in arrears ; they are threatened or
if they pay well, still they have some favour to
. or expect; in a word, they are in such a situation.
tliat attejUion would secure the most entire compliance
vith eucb a clause. If once, or twice, npon an estate,
a man was drove for his rent, who neglected the trees,
> another in the same circumstances had time given
i. because he preserved them, the effect would presently
f
88 A TOUR IK IBKLAND.
be seen. Thir^, To have a magazine of aticlcB, spade handles,
pieces for cars, and uabbina, etc. laid in at the cheapest
rate, and kept for selling at prime cost to whoever would
buy them. These would want to be puri'haaed but for
a few years ; as small plantations of tbe timber willow
would in four years fumish bjj ample supply.
That these three circumstances united, would presently
plant a country, I am convinced ; I saw a wiUinimess
among Iiord Kiugsborough's little tenants to do it ; aonifl
even who made a beginning the very first year; and
himdreda assured mo of their most assiduous compliance
Such a plan most certainly should not preclude lat^
annual jilantatious on the land which a gentleman keeps-
in hand ; but the beauty of the country depends on trees*
scattered over the whole face of it. What a figure would
Ireland make on a comparison with its present Btat«, if
one tree now stood by each cabbin ! but it is the spirit oE
the Irish nation to attempt everything by laws, and UieB
leave those laws to execute themselves ; which indeed
with many of them is not at all amiss. It is by no n
clear, whether the Act which gives to the tenant a property
in tbe trees he plants, to be ascertained by a jury at tlw
end of the lease, and paid by the landlord, has any great
tendency to increase the quantity of wood.
fortunately raised an undecided question of taw. whether
thtj Act goes to trees, which were originally furnished from
the landlord's nursery, or planted in consequence of a cla.us4
in a lease. If it should so interfere with such plontationsa
it would be highly mischievous; Also, for a man to W
forced either to buy or to sell hie property, at the phot
fixed by a jury, is a harsh circumstance. To this
is probably owing, that the plantations made i
quence of that Act. are perfecUy insignificant.
I have made many very minute calculations of thi
expence, growth, and value of plantations in Ireland, aiatl
am convinced from them that there is no apphcation qI
the beet land in that kingdom will equal the profit a(
planting tbe worst in it. A regard for the interest vi
posterity calls for the oak and otJier trees which i
more than an age to come to maturity ; but with other ti
the quick growing ones are for profit much i
TIMBKR— PLANTINC;. 89
• oome to perfection bo apeeiJilj' that three fourths
r the landlords of the kingdom might expect to cut
woere they planted, and reap those great profits, wtiich
most certaintj attend it. There are timber willovs (§allies
as tbej are called in Ireliuid) which rise with incredible
rapidity. I have measured them at Mr. Bolton's, near
Waterford, twenty-one feet high in the third year from
the planting, and as straight as a. larch. With this willow,
woods would arise as it were by enchantment, and all
sorts of farm offices and cabbiua might be built of it in
sevea years from planting. Is it not inexcusable to com-
plain of a want of wood, when it is to l>e had with ao much
«aae? I^rch and beech thrive wonderfully wherever I
feen them planted ; and the Lombardy poplar makes
to umeltuuriant shoots for whichit is famous in England;
id, though a soft wood, yet it is applicable to such a
'tiplicity of purposes, and so easily propagated, that it
fl the greatest attention.
I to oak, they are always planted in Ireland from a
I have seen very handsome trees as old as fifteen
me perhaps older ; but even at that age they run
meomparably more into head than plants in Enghuid
which have qever been transplanted. It is a great mis-
fortune that a century at least is necessary to prove
the mischief of the practice : We know by most ample
experieoce that the noble oaks in England, applicable to
the use of the large ships of war, were all soiim where they
remained. That tree pushes its tap root so powerfully
that I have the greatest reason to believe the future
IfTXiwth suffers essentially from its being injured, and I
drfr the most skilful nuTBeryman to take them up upon a
lai^ scale without breaking; if it is broke in the part
whvi« it is an almost imperceptible thread, it is just
ihe same as cutting it off in a larger part, the st^dy
[«rpend)cular power is lost, and the surface roots must
fwd the plant; these may do for a certain growth and
to a certain period; but the tree will never become the
!K)vereign of the forest, or the waves. I know several
pUntdtiuns of sown oak in England from twelve to thirty,
•ind some forty years growth, which are truly beautiful,
.aid infinitely lieyond anything I have seen in Ireland.
TOUR IN- IRELAND.
The woods yet remaining in that kingdom are what
in England would be called copses. Thej are cut down at
variouB ^owtbs, some being permitted to stand forty
years. Attentive landlords fenc* when they cut, to preserre-
the future shoots ; others do not. But this is by no means
the system with a view to which I recommend planting,
timber of any kind cut hs such will pay double and treble-
what the shoots from any stubs in the world will do.
They may come to a tolerable size, and yield a large value ;
but the profit is not to be compared with. To explain
this, permit me one or two remarks.
If willow, poplars, ash, etc. are planted for timber, to b»
cut at whatever age, ten, twenty or thirty years j when
cut, the Btoola will throw out many shoots ; but let it not
be imagined that these shoota will ever again becom»
timber; they will never be any thing but copse wood, and
attended in future with no more than the copse profit^
which is not half that of timber ; in such a case the land
should be new planted, and the old stools either grubbed
up for fewel, or else the growth from them cut very often
for faggots, till the new timber gets up enough to dri»
on and destroy it. The common practice in Ireland u
cutting yonng trees down when they do not shoot well ;
this is converting timber to copse wood; attention to
cutting off all the shoots but one will train up a stem,
but I question whether it will ever make a capital tree;
if the other shoots are not annually cut, it will never be
any tree at all ; and yet it ia certainly a fact that the new
shoot is much finer than the old one, which perhaps
would have come to nothing ; but better remove it entirely
than depend on new shoots for making timber. Th^
gentlemen in that kingdom are much too apt to think
they have got timber, when in fact they have nothing bat
fine large copse wood. A strong proof of this is the gmfc
double ditches made thirty or forty years ago, and planted
with double rows of trees, generally ash ; these for twa
reasons are usually (for the age) not half so good as
trees of the same growth in England ; one is, many of
them were cut when young, and arose from stools ; ths
other is their growing out of a high dry bank, full ot
the roots of four rows of white thorn or apple quick.
TIMBER— PLASTISO.
besides thotie of the trees themselvea. It is a fitct tliat I
uerer saw a single uapttal tree growing on thette banks:
all hedge trees are difficult to preserve, und therefore
must have been cut when young. AbIi in England, growing
from a level, are generally worth in forty yeurs from
forty BhilliugB to three pouads. And I linow luauy trees
of fifty to sixty years growth that would fell readily at
from four to eight pounds; yet the price in Ireland is
higher. Another practice, which is common in that king-
dom, is pruning timber trees, aad even oaks. I was
petrified at seeing oaks of ton and fifteen feet high with all
the eide shoots cut off. There are treatises upon planting
which recommend this practice, as well as cutting down
young trees to make the better timber. There are no
follies which are not countenanced, and even prescribed in
some book or other ; but unhappy is it for a kingdom
when they are listened to. Bum your books, and attend
to nj&tnre ; come to England, and view our oak, our ash,
and our beech, all self-sown, and never cursed with the
exertions of art. Shew me such trees from the hands of
nurserymen and prunera before you waste your breath
with shallow reasoning to prove that the most common of
the operations of nature must be assisted by the axe or
pruning hook.
One reason why both fences and trees in Ireland, which
have once been made, are now neglected and in niin, is
owing to the first planting being all that is thought of ;
the hedges are suffered to grow for thirty or forty years
without cutting ; the consequence of which is their being
rugged, and o|jen at bottom, and full of gaps whole
perches long. But all fences should be cut periodically,
f<>r the same reason that trees ought never to be touched,
rii., their pushing out many shoots for every one that is
taken off; this should bo repeated every fifteen years; a
proper portion of the thorns should be plashed down to
f<>rm an impenetrable live hedge, and the rest cut off, and
made into fagots. But in the Irish way the fences yield
uo fewcl at all. To jiermit a hedge to grow too long
without cutting, not only ruins it for a fence, but spoils
the trees that are planted with it.
tftetly let me observe, that the amazing neglect in not
A TOUR IN IRELAKD.
plantjng osier grounds for makiiig baskets and i
hoops, is unpardonable throt^hout the kin^om; they I
no vhere thrive better ; a smaU one I plajit«d in tha 1
county of Corke grew sis feet the first year ; yet at that 1
port there is a considerable importation of them from J
Portugal.
SECTION XL
i commonly used In Ireland is lime ; in-
exhaustible qaarrieB of the finest limestone are found
t p&rts of that island, with either turf, or culm at a
>deratie price to bum it. To do the gentlemen of that
mtiy justice, they understand this branch of husbandry
J well, and practice it with uncommon spirit. Their
e the best I have anywhere seen, and great numbers
B kept burning the whole year through, without a thought
B stopping on account of the winter. Their draw-kilna
im up to forty barrels a day ; and what they call French
biB, which burn the stone without breaking, have been
ide even to five thousand barrels in a kiln. Mr. LesUe
g ten thousand barrels on his land in one year, and
p. Aldworth as much, are instauces which I never heard
The following table will show the general
BarrelB i Price
e. . BarrcL
Mr. M'FarlMi '. . .
Hndfon
[WkeDhom ....
Mr. Marley ....
Kilbine
Ur. Keunedy ....
Ld. Cb. B«ron Forster .
Barrels
Price
per
acre.
bCu
.. i
30
1 6
140
I 1.
115
ISO
.Mr. Leslie
Newtown Limava»Jj , . . .
1
CoMle Ctldwel
InniakiUfng
80
8
KoreneeCoun
B'&mham
160
Mr. Mahon
5
Mr. Brown
3
Mr. Frencli
4
Wo«U.wn
4
AnnBgrove
8
Mr. Aldworlh
ISO
Lord Donnenile
BO
4
Mallow
100
Mr. Gordon
60
H
40
r
Niideen
t 0-'
Slucnifl
TO
■ T'
100
Mr. B>ien..n
60
•
40
900
tord Tyrow
Xnimge . . . .
.»
»■
These quantities are upon tlie whole eonaideraWe.
|'ric« shews tlie plenty of this uiaDuiv in Iivliuid. Tc
ttiiy place where it am be biirut for three pence and (on
peace is truly wonderful, bnt can only he from the n
of turf and limestone at the sanif> place.
I no where heard of any land that had been over li
or on which the repetition of it had piwed ao disadn
tagvous as it has sometimes been found in Ehi^land.'
Limestone gravel is a tnauare peculiar t« Ireland i
is moat excellent. It is a blue puvel, mixed with sto
' Sw a loiter fran tlw late &rl of Rolde«Kn w m^ iiu
HviMd «iiili<w of tbp " Northtm Tout ' —{A^J^'i Jfttfi.]
WASTE LANDS.
95
&8 large as a man's fist, and sometimes with a clay loam ; but
the whole mass has a. very stixiDg effervescence with acid.
Oq uiicultivated lands it has the same wonderful effect as
lime, and on cU.y arable, a much (greater ; but it is bene-
ficial to all soils. In tJie isle of Augleaea, a country which
very much resembles Ireland, there is a gravel much like
il. which has also some effervescence; but I never met with
ii in any other part of England.
Marie in Ireland is not so common as these manures.
That which is oftenest found is white, and remarkably
light ; it lies generally under bogs. Shell marie is dredged
up in the Shaonoo, and in the harbour of Waterford.
In the catalogue of manures, I wish X conld add the
'imposts formed in well-littered farm yards ; but there is
:. it any part of husbandry in the kingdom more neglected
Mian this; indeed I have scarce anywhere seen the least
■. '.'stige of such a. convenience as a yard surrounded with
• iffices for the winter shelter and feeding of cattle. All
sorts of animals range about the field in winter, by which
means tJie quantity of dung raised is contemptible. To dwell
upon a |>ointof such acknowledged importance is needless.
Time it is to be hoped will introduce a better system.
Although the proportion of waste territory is not, I
»l>prehend, so great in Ireland as it is in England, certainly
'iwing to the rights of commons^ in the latter country,
»liich fortunately have no existence in Ireland ; yet are the
Tnkctfl of desart mountains and bogs very considerable.
Cjjon these lauds is to be practised the most profitable
hiisbandrj in the King's dominions ; for so I am persuaded
^fte improvemeDt of mountain land to be. By that expres-
^Itn ta not to be understood only very high lands ; all waste
iL Ireland that is not bog they call Tnowiitain ; so that you
' » of land under that denomination where even a hillock
1^ not to be seen. The largest tracts, however, are adjoin-
f to real mountains, especially where they slope off, to a
e extent gradually to the south. Of this sort Lord
^boTot^ has a rery extensive and most unprofitable
In examining it, with many other mountains, and
in about five months experience of the beginning only ■
an improvement under my direction there, I had i
opportunity of ascertaining a few poiatB which made 1
better acquainted with the practicabihty of those improf
menta than if I had only piissed as a traveller through ^
kingdom. By Btating a few of the circumstanceB of tb
attempt, others who have mountains under similar circui
stances may judge of the propriety of undertaking tin
improvement. The land has a. very gentle declivi^ fro
the Galty monntaiitB towards the south, and to a, new ra
Lord Kingaborough made, leading from Mitchelstoi
towards Cahir. which road he very wisely judged was t
first step to the improvement of the waste parts of 1
estate, as well as a great publick benefit. Chi the son
side of this road limestone is found, and on the north ail
the improvement was begun, in a spot that included aoi
tolerable good land, some exceeding rough and stoney.ai
a wet bottom where there was a bog two, three, or fo
feet deep ; the land yielded no other profit than bein{|
commons^ to the adjoining farm, in which way it mig
pay the rent possibly of a shilling an avre ; Twenty thooH
acres by estimation joined it in the same situation, wl
did not yield the fourth of that rent. In June I buitt
lime-kiln which burnt twenty barrels a day, and cut, '
and stacked turf enough to keep it bumiug a
twelvemonth, sketched the fences of four inclosurea.
thirty-four acres, and finished the first work of the
leaving the rest and planting till winter.' I cleared t
inclosures of stones ; pared and burnt them ; burnt eif
hundred barrels of lime ; limed one inclosure, and son
one third with wheat, a third with rye, and the other w
liere, as an experiment j the other field with tuniepi
' Where Fences louit be done by the dnf and not Ibp perch,
will generallr be Ihe aae in the beginniDg of an improTemeiit in
wild Munu-}', from the latiourerB beini; latHlly ignurant of taking
by meHaure; all that is posBlblegfaoaldbeexetaKdinBUiiiiner.eapei..,^^
in 90 wet s clim&te as Ireland, and wheni no moru is naid for ft d^
July than in December. Some of my banks fell with (be antomn xm
owing to two L-kUMS ; lirat, tbe men. instead of knowing how to
ditch, wero monntaineera. who scarcely knvw the ri|;ht and a! a
and «eeondlf , it proved the drye^l season thai ever was known
from tlie cuntiDuuJ drought, failed. Two cabbius were
built. And the whole enpeuce in live months, including
ihe price of all plaughiug, and carri^e. (the Iatt«r from
the misemble cars and garrena at a most extrav^ant mte)
buying timber, steward's wagea, etc., amounted to one
hundred and fifty pounds. The moment the neighbourH
understood the works were at an end, some of them offered
ne ten shillings an acre for the land to take it as it was.
which is just eleven per ceut. for the money ; but I could
have got more. The following were the oaly data gained ;
time burnt for fivepence a barrel ; paring with the gi-aSan
ID stony land, 3O0. to ^». an acre, and done by the plough at
eight Hbillings much better ; burning and spreading the ashes
depends ou weather; one piece coat above twenty shillings
Ka aciv. the other not five ; but on an average I should
aLliiilat« it at t«n shillings. The whole operation may
lie very well done with the plough at twenty sbilliugs.
Clearing from stones and carting away, various ; I found
;i Yia-v stouey piece could Ije cleared at twelve shiUinga an
.KK-. A single ditch, seven feel broad, and from three to
^Te deep, the bank nine feet high from the bottom of the
•btch, oost one shilling and sixpence ; but this expence
'''\>iLld have lessened when they were more accustomed to it :
' ouaequentlv, a double fence with a space between left for
lilauting, three shillings.
My design was to purchase a stock of mountaiu sheep
:iL tho following spring, and keep them through the summer
lu the mountains, but folding them every night in the im-
wnt.inwhichwork I could have instructed the people;
•M ouce they had seen the benefit, I do not think
tice would ever have been lost. To have provided
f turneps for their winter support, and improved
d by giving them some better tupa, but to have
a gii^ually in proportion as their food ijuproved,
lepB to be for some years the only crop, except small
M by way of trial. To have laid down the land to
■ after a proper course of turneps in tlie manner and
, the seeds I practised in Hertfordshire, which would
« ihewD what that operation ia. There is not a complete
t in the whole country. To have proportioned
~ r to the turneps at the rate of from twenty li>
98 A TOUK IS IRELAND.
thirty an acre iiccoi-ding to the ^(oodiiess of the crop : ther*
is a power in §uch vaete tracts of keepinj^ any number ii
Bummer ; the common (teople keep them ajl the year roui
on the mountains. The annual product of the inipron
land it in this system very eaBily ascertained. Sup
only twenty sheep ' per acre, and no more than fif
lambs from them, worth two ahillujga and sixpence each,
ia thirty eoven shillings and sixpence, and the twenty fleeo
at one shilling make tifty-seTen shillings and sixpence
about three pound therefore may be reckoned the lowei
value of an acre of turueps at first; but as successive croj
on the same land improve greatly, they would winU
more than twenty, and l)oth lambs and wool be moi
valuable ; so that from a variety of circumstances I hai
attended to in that country, I am clear the common vain
of the turneps might Iw carried to four pounds, aa
in the twurse of a few years perhaps to five pounds an i
And to state the expeni-e of such an improvement compI<
finished at ten pounds an acre, including every artii
whatever; three crops of tumeps amply repay the
and the future produce or rent of the land, neat
This would be twenty shilUngs an acre ; twenty-fil
shillings are commonly paid for much worse land. Tl
real fact of such improvemeutB is a landlord's accepting a
estate gratis, or at least paying nothing but trouble for it
Nearly such conclusions must be drawn from Lord Alla-
mont's mountain works, of which an account is given ia
the minutes. I should remark that the people I employed,
though as ignorant as any in the kingdom, and had never
seen a luruep-hoe, hoed the tumeps, when I shew*
thoni the manner, very r«adily, and, though not skilfi "
well enough to prove their docility would not l>e wanti
it was the same with the poring mattock, and the Norfi
tumep-sower. They very readily execute orders, and
io f^ve their inclination to it.
There are several reasons which make these im^
menta more profitable and easy in Irvland than they are
' ll ii to U' iHilpd that>lock->li«vp ai
hoi) wfatlKr. Tbe winters in Ireluid ar
WASTE t^'DS.
EagUnd. There are no common rijfhta to encounter, which
an the curse of our moors. BuildingB, which in England
form one of the heaviest articles, are but a trifling expenee ;
make the land good, and you will let Jt readily without
any at all ; or at least with an allowance of a roof towards
a cabbin ; and lastly, the proportionate value of improved
land compared with that of unimproTed is much higher
than it is with us, owing to the want of capital, reudering
all improTemente so rare, and tu the common people so
difficult. Three hundred pounds a year, steadily employed
in each an undertaking, would in a few years create an
estate sufficient for the greatest undertakings : but success
depends on a regular unbroken exertion, a point I found
'..■ry few persons in Ireland thoroughly understood, owing
' their not being accuHtomed to lai^ flocks of sheep
' jiilarlv depending on tumeps. At the same time that
■Ins work was carrying on, his Lordship, by my advice,
'■iicouraged the peasantry to take in smijl parts of these
mounlaius themselves. The adjoining farms being out of
Ituse, he had a power of doing what he pleased ; I marked
s road, and assigned portions of the waste on each side to
ncfa as were willing to form the fences in the manner
[nambed, to cultivate and inhabit the laud, allowing ea^h
kgoiiMa towards his cabbin. and promising the best land
natfree for three years. and the worst for live ; the eagerness
litfa which the poor people came into this scheme, convinced
Be diat they wanted nothing but a little encour^^ment
to enter with all their might and spirit into the great work
of improvement. They trusted to my assurance enough to
^ to work upon the ditches, and actually made a consider-
■hle progress. In all undertakingB of this sort in Ireland
it ia the poor cottars, and the very little farmers, who are
the besA tools to employ, and the best tiinaats to let the
luid to ; but this drcumstance raises many enemies to the
MoA i the better sort, who have been used to tread upon
xud oppress, are ill pleased to see any importance or
I'tependancy given to them: and the whole race of jobbing
j-utlemen, whose conversation for ever takes the turn of
ridiculing the poverty of the cottar tenants, will always be
rvady with an equal cargo of falsehood and ignorance to
dt-cTT and depreciate any undertaking which is not to
I IN mt:i.A.\[t.
conduce to their own benefit: if a landlord does i
steadily resolve to laugh at all this trash, he had bettet
never think of improvements.
Triftin); as the^ have been on the Irish mountains jet a
the bogs still more neglected. The minutes of the joiimn
shew that a few gentlemen have executed very meritorion^
works even iu tlieae ; but as thej, unfortunately for f
pnblick, do not live upon any of the very extensive t
the inhabitants nearthe latter deny the applii^tion of tbetd
remarks. Bo^ are of two sorts, black and red. ~
black bo^ is generally very good, it is solid almost tu tba
surface, yields uiauy ashes in burning, and generall]
admitted to be improveable, though at a heavy expends
The red sort has usually a reddish substance five or ail
feet deep from the siirfat^^e, whiih holds water like <
spunge, yields no ashes in burning, and is supposed to b
utterly irreclaimable.
In the variety of theories which have been started to ■
account fur the formation of bogs, difSculties occur which
are not easily solved : yet are there many circumstances
which assist in tracing the cause. Various sorts of trees.
some of them of a great size, are very generally found in
them, and usually at the bottom, oak. fir, and yew tlii'
most common; the roots of these trees are fast iu tlir
earth ; some of the trees seem broken off, others appear ti>
be cut, but more with the marks of fire on them. Uudei-
some Ik^s of a considerable depth there are yet to l>e seen
the furrows of land once ploughed. The black bog is a
solid weighty mass, which cuts almost Uke butter, ;
upon examination appears to resemble rotten wood,
the rod liogs there is always a stratum, if not equally m
with the black bog, nearly so, and makes as good f
There is upon the black as well as the rod ones a s
i>f tliat spungy vegetable mass which is cleared av
get at the bc^ for fuel ; but it is shallow on these. •
trees are found equally in both sorts. Both differ extrem
from the bogs I have seen in England, in the inequali^^
the Biirface ; the Irish ones are rarely level, bnt rise inH
BOGS. 101
I have seen one in Donegal nhich in a [terfe<;t
ter)' of hill and dale. The §pontaueDnH growth moet
imoti is heath, with some bo^-myrtle, rushes and a
little sedgy grass. As far as I can judge bv roads, laying
gravel of any sort, (.-lay, earth, etc., improves the Iwg, and
hriitgs good grass. The depth of them is various ; they
have been fathomed to that of fifty feet, and some are said
to be still deeper.
From these circumstantes it appears, that a forest, cut,
burot, or broken down, is jirobably the origin of a bog. In
all cotuitries where wood is so common as to be a weed, it
is destroyed by burning ; it in so around the Baltiek, and in
Amerii^a at present. The native Irish might cut and burn
their woods enough for the tree to fall, and in the interim
between such an operation, and successive culture, wars
and other intestine divisions might prevent it in those
spots, which so neglected afterwards became bogs. Trees
lying vi?ry thick on the ground would become an imjwdi-
lui-nt to all streams and currents ; and, gathering in their
lirancfaes whatever rubbish such waters brought with them.
fi-riD a mass of a substance which time might putrify, and
,-ive that acid quality to, which would preserve some of the
r nmks. though not the branches of the trees. The eircum-
-laoce »l red l>ogs i>eiiig black and solid at the bottom,
would sevm to indicate that a black bog has received less
ua-essiun from the growth and putrefaction of vegetal.>les
.-iftrr the formation than the red ones, which from some
•-iraintstances of soil or water might yield a more lujcuriuut
Kiir£ai-e vegetation, till it produced that mass of spunge
which is now found on the surface. That this siip|>osition
14 quite aatis&ctory I caunot assert ; but the effect appears
to hr- at least possible, and accounts for the distinction
l-fwe<-ii the two kinds. That they receive their form and
uiretuie from a constant v^^tatiou apiwar from their
rising into hills; if they did not vegetate the quantity of
vater they contain would keep them on a level. The places
where the traces of ploughing are found, I should supiwse
w«n> once fields adjoining to the woods, and when the bog
ro«e lo a certain height it flowed gradually over the
•iirmiuidiug land.
But the means of improving them is the most impor-
tant conaidemtioQ at preaent. Various metlioda have b
preecribed, and some small improvements hare beei^
effected by a few gentlemen, but at so larf^e an eipenoA'
that it is a question how far tbeir operations answered.
Here, therefore, one must call in theory to our aid from ft
deficiency of practice. Fortunately for a bog-improTer,
drains are cut at so small an eipence in them, that thjA
neoeaaary work is done at a, very moderate cost. But in
spungy ones it must be repeated annually, according .to
the substance of the bog; and no other work attended tit
but sinking the drains lower and lower, by nn means till
jou come to the bottom, (the necessity of which i
vulgar error) but till the spaces between them will bear an
ox in boots. Then the surface should be levelled and
burnt ; and I would advise nothing to be done for a
or two, but rollers, as heavy as might be. kept repeatedly
going over it, in order to press and consolidate the surface.
Before anything else was attempted I would see "
of this ; probably the draining and rolling would bring a
a fresh surface of vegetables not seen before ; in that cai
I should have very few doubts of finishing the work witi)
the feeding, treading, and fold of sheep, which would eiv*
courage the white clover and grasses to vegetate stronglyj
fortunately for any operation with sheeji, they can be kept
safely, as they never rot in a drained bog. A verj in<
genious friend of mine thinks the whole might be doM
with sheep, with little or no draining, but from viewiog
the bogs 1 am clear that is impossible. During the timi
of rolling and sheep-feeding, the drains I would have kep
clean and open, the labour of which woiild regularly n
less and less. When the surface was so liard as to h
cars, marie, clay, gravel, or earth, might be carried
according to distance, which with the sheep feeding
convert it into good meadow. But as carting in a Inn
improvement would probably be too expensive, I shotl]
think it worth while to try the experiment whether
would not be practicable to sink a shaft through the I _^^
into the gravel or earth beneath it, boarding or wallinj
and plastering with tcrrass or cement, in order to be aU
to draw up the under stratum, as all the chalk in Hertford
shire is raised, that is, wound up in buckets ; ehaJk i
i and wheeled on to tlie land for the price of eight-
aice the load of twentj bushels, and is found a cheap
Improvement at that price ; yet the chalk drawers, aa they
call themselTea, earn two ehillingB and two aud sixpence
each day. Whatever the means used, certain it is that no
mcfidows are equal to those gained by improving a bog j
they are of a vaJue which scarcely any other lands rise to :
in Ireland I should sup[>ose it would not fall short of
forty shillings an acre, and rise in many cases to three
p 1
i
a
■
^H
^M
^^^^^sJ
SECTION XII. ^^^H
CiTTLB — WOOL — WINTER POOD,
'■pHE (.-attk in Ireland are much better than the tilla^f
1 in the inauagemeut of the arable ground the Irish an
five centarieB behind the best cultivated of the Englisfc!
eoimtiea ; but the moiBture of the climate, aiid the ricki
nesB of the soil, have reared, aaaiated with importation
from Englaod.abi-eedof cattle and sheep, though not equa
to ours, yet not so many degrees below them as might b
expeoted from other circumstances. The following tabl)
will ahew the prices and profit on fattening bullocb
and cows.
Fat Bullocks and Cows.
I'luocii.
Price Ball.
l-rofit.
PriwiCow.
ProHi.
£ .. d.
£ «. rf.
£ >. d.
£ s. i.
Gibbtowii . . .
10
S 10
1 i» a
Lonl Bcclive .
4 5 6
1 IT fi
4 (1
3 fr
Tullomure .
3 7 B
i 9
Silken Cuille
4 10
1 16 1
Ballynakill .
5 10 n
2 5
Mr Buller .
S
3 5
Brlle Isle
1 11 «
LnnKTord
1 15 S
MtKm. . .
4 10
S 10
3 10
1 10
Hulymount .
2 16
1 10 a
Drumoland .
3 10
a
Clare . . .
6
*
a 10
8 n
Cuile Oihtr
5
ixr. :
6
4 6
4 10
a tt
ArelBgc . .
6
3 7 6
3 16
■ IS ■
^^^^^^^1
C.VnXE — WOOL^WINTEB FOOD,
105
!he system pursued in fatting theee beasts is explained
r in the minutes of the journey. I think the profit
remarkably small. The eiportation o£ beef, and its prices,
will be given undur the article Trade, as it forms a
principal branch of the commerce of Ireland.
Sheep.
FlaoM.
Flee™.
Profit.
lb
gr,.
3
;
3
3
^ d.
SbienlWlB
StrokeiWwn
i;
Monilr. ....■..■.;::
lortDonneniile
Miicbell's Town
Awiges of tlie Tour Ihro.igh the
North of EngiHid
Ditto East of Eng]BD<l
10
A<r«i«g«ofEngIaii[|
Ivmge of Ireland
S
IQ io
11
106
i TOCR ly IRELAND.
From hence the remark I often made in Ireland is
firmed, that their sheep are on au average better I
those in England ; the weight of the fleece ia nearly equi
to it, and profit rather higher, notwithstanding mutton i
dearer in England; this is owing to the price of woo
being ao much higher in Ireland than it is with us.
following table will shew the price of it for fourteen yea
in both kingdoms.
Wool in the Fleece. Ireland.
Average lU S
47 per cout. higher iu Ireland than iu England.
From hence it appears, that wool has been amaziiiglT
higher in Ireland, which accounts for the superiority id
the profit of sheep. There are several reasons for their
height of price, but the principal are a decrease in the
quajitity produced, and at the same time an increase in the
eonsumptiou. The bounty on the inland carriage of com,
' I'maitM bui itry high.
* I'ummanimMcl bv Mr. Joshm Pinp in ih« wuolltD tnde, Dublin.
* CommuiiintKl by Mr. Junn Onki in the wooUea tnde. Ban.
Suff^k.
CATTLE — WOOL — WIXTER FOOD. 107
as I shall shew ht'i'eafter. lias ocuasioned the ploughiud; up
t tnwiB of shefp-walk ; and at the same time the poor
sople have improved ia their eloathiog very luueh : these
~ ions are fully sufficient to account for that rise in the
e of wool, which has brought it to be higher ttian the
iglish rate. There is, however, another very powerful
laon. which has had a constant operation, and which is
the cheapneas of spinning; in Ireland this is twopence
half[ieDuy and threepence, but iu England fivepence and
sixpence. Great quantities are therefore spun into yarn in
Ireland, and in that state eiported to England ; for the
price of the labour is so low, that a yam manufacturer can
afford to give a much higher price for wool than an
English one, and yet sell the yiirn itself, after the expence
of freight is added, as cheap as English yam. The
quantities of yarn, etc. exported, will be seen hereafter.
Many gentlemen have made very spirited attempts in
improving the cattle and sheep in Ireland, so that the
mixture of the English breed of cattle lias spread all over
the Idogdom ) English sbe«p are also extending. The
minutes of the journey shew that the size of the bullocks
is much increased in the last twenty years.
But, profitable as sheep are in Ireland, they are not near
BO as they might be. if turnepa were properly attended to ;
and the reason why osen and cows yield still less is the
same deficiency. The mildness of the climate enables the
stock-master to do with but little winter food ; and this
natural advantage proves an artificial evil, for it prevents
those eiertions, which the farmers in other countries are
obliged to make, in order to support their flocks and herds.
Mild as the Irish climate is, the graziers in Tipperary, that
(ia the south of the kingdom, find nothing more profit-
|e than tumeps, though hoeing them ia quite unknown ;
A by means of that root, so very imperfectly managed,
pply Dublin with mutton in the spring, to their very
eat emolument. But the wont of winter food is more
apparent in black cattle, which, U[>on such very rich land,
ought to rise to a size which ia scarce ever met with in
Ireland, the usual weight being from four to eight hundred ;
but from four bimdred and a half to five and six hundred
weight, the common size on the rich grounds of Limerick ;
106
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
such land iu England U cofered vith berda that weigU
from t«n to fittecu hundred weiglit ea^h ; this vast di&J
rence is owing to their being reared the two first wiutenl
with Buch a deficiency of food, that their growth is Btinted*!
so tha.t when they come upon the fine bullock-land, the^l
ftrc of a size which can never be fattened to the weight titm
English oien. The deficiency in tumeps, etc. reuders hayl
Tery valuable in Ireland, which occasions its being given
sparingly to cattle ; hut if they had while young as manjB
turneps as they would eat, in addition to their preseaq
■quantity of hay, and were protected iu warm yards BgainBt^
the wind and rain, they would rise to a size unknown a "
present in that kingdom. Upon tliis and a variety of oth
aecDunts, there is scarcely any object in its agriculture a
so much importance as the introduction of that ]
under the right cultivation.
^H
1
m
^H
^^Hfe
^^^^H
^^^V ^^^H
^^^^^r TYTHBS — CBDBCH ^^^^^H
^BvUB sister kingdom Uboura under this ht^avy burthen 1
^^K &S well as her neighbuurs, to which is ver^- muuh ■
^Hlog tlie uncultivated state o£ so great a, part of her 1
^^utory. The EolloTing are the minuteB of the joumejr : 1
^r
i
si-
. i\ i
^
piftM.
1
J_
J_i_!J_
1
t. d.
,. d.
». d.
*. d. «. rf. 1 s. d.
a. rf.
7
lloUwlwn .
5
3
Sbim . .
;
b
3 6
PidKDliam
7
7
5
S
3
Tullimore .
b
3
3
5
3
Hi
Sian OaOe
5
3 6
6 1
a
Bn»DshiJl .
6
a 6
4
Kilhiiu- . .
B
7
1 iWni Kctined
r
10
MSS" ;
B G
8
fi
5
3
4 6
a a ui avre for the Whole crop. ■
7
5
S U S ' ■
3
8 ' 1
8
3
1
5
2
ID
St 1
8
6 6
OS 1
6
5
3
1 J
5 6
5 6
S 6
5 «
1
6
3 a
6 16
■
a 6
S 5
2 ■
^Bin . .
8
7
4 6
7 11
a s 1
^^1 Aniii^
6 9
5 *
3 8
6 11 7 2
... 1
p
^^^^^B
^^^^^^^^^^^^^1
^^^^^^^^
pp
mm
H
1
Wheal.
Barley, Oats.
i
^B Arenwe of (he Tour through
■ tbaKoOh of England . . .
*. d.
6 a
A 8
3 H
4
.. 4
3 4
S 8
1 10 H
^M ^
4 II
3 Hi 1 3
,,.|
^M IreUnd, per EnglUh acre . . .
< aj 1 3 * 1 K 3i
•1
^f This table does not cootaja uny proof that tythea il^|
Ireluad are imreaBomiblj rated ; but that there are altuBC^H
in the modes of levying them is undoubted : the greatei^|
thit I beard of were the notes and bonds taken in soinW
parts of that kingdom by the proctors for the payment i^M
tithes, which bear iuterest, and which are sometimes ooifiH
tinned for several years, principal and interest beii^H
consolidated, until the sum becomes too great for the po^^|
H man to pay, when great estorttona are complained of, aaJ^
L formed the grieTauce which seemed most to raise the
■ resentment of the rioters, called Whiteboys. The great
F power of the Protestant gentlemen render' their composi-
tions very light, while the poor Catholic is made in tOB
many cases to pay severely for the deficiencies of hi
betters. This is a great abuse, but not to be remedie
till the whole kingdom is animated with a differei
spirit.
The House of Commons some years ago passed a Toft
declaring every lawyer an enemy to his country, who {
_ any way whatever was concerned in any case of tythe fa
L fat bullocks and cows ; and. without its becoming a laii
■ was so completely obeyed, that it has regulated the biui
V ness ever since; it was certainly a reproach to thi
" Parliament, that potatoes and turf were not the objects
for if anything called for so violent an exemption, i
was certainly the potatoe garden and fuel of the po«
cottar.
■ No object in both the kingdoms can well be of greatg
■ importance than a fixed composition for tythe. It is
TTTHES. Ill
s of payment ao disagreeable in every respect to the
_y, and so rumoiia to tbe laity, that a general public
improvement would follow such a measure. In Ireland
there can be no doubt but the i^compence should be laud,
were it for no other reason but having in every parish a
glebe sufficient for the ample and agreeable residence of a
rector. Force, by the most express penalties by statute
law, the residence of the clei^y ; after which, eatend that
most excellent law, which enables any Bishop to expend,
in a palace, offices, or domain wall, two years' revenues of
the see, with a power of charging, by his last will, his
successor with the payment of the whole of tbe sum to
wh&tever uses he leaves it, who in like manner is enabled to
charge his successor with three fourths, and so on. This
law should be extended to parsonage houses, with this
assistance, that wherever the rector or vicar proved the
expenditure of two years' revenue in a house, he should
receive a permit from the Grand Jury, for expending half
■i3 much more for offices, walling, etc. and, when in like
manner he brought his certificate of so doing, the money
lo be paid him by the county treasurer, in like manner as
■" e presentment roads are done at present, not however to
! it at the option of the Jury. A resident clci^y,
, . ding in the parish the whole of their receipts, would
' n nil respects be so advantageous and desirable, that it is
fair the county should assist in enabling tbem to do it in a
liberal manner. The expente would I>e gradual, and never
imount very high, if churches, when greatly wanted, were
ult at the same time. If the expenee was for a time
iderable, still it would be laid out in a manner amply
Decent edifices rising in all parts of the
gdora. would alone, in tbe great liusiness of civilization,
b advantageous ; it would ornament the country, as well
! minds, accustomed to nothing better than
.s of mud ; and securing one resident gentleman of
e teaming and ideas in every parish of tbe kingdom,
imng on a. property in which be had an interest for life,
Liald scarcely fail of introducing improvements in agricul-
ture and plantii^ ; the whole country would profit by such
piuniinataiices. and ought to assist in the expenee. I must
!, however, that sueh plana should depend entirely
112 A TOLH IS tltELAND.
on the clergiy accepting a perpetual recompence in lien O
tythcB ; for, as to a public expenee, to introduce residen
rectors, whose business, when fixed, would be an
and severity in that tax. ajid prove a, premium t
them in kind, to the ruin of agriculture, comn:
would certainly dictate a very different expenditure of th
public money. So burtheneome is this mode of payment
that, where their residence is followed by tythes beuig pai
in kind, the clergyman, who ought to be an object beloved
and revered, lives really upon the ruin of all liia [
rishionerB ; bo that, instead of giving public money to bring
bim into a parish, no apphuation of those funds would bi
more beneficial in such a (.fise. than to purchase hit
absence. If ever such plana came in agitation, it woulj
certainly be right to establisli a provision for paridt
clerks, to teach the children of all religions to read an4!
write.
The revenues of the clei^fy in Ireland are very consider
rable. Here is a list of the bishopricks with the s '
value, which I have had corrected so often in the neigb
bourhood of each, that I believe it wilt be found nearly
exact.
Tfae Frimacy per annam . 8,000
Dnhlin :>.ooo
TaAin . . .
Cuhel . . .
Derry . . .
4,000
. . . 7,000
LiinencK ;i,5i10
Corke i.TOO
Cloyne a,500
Ouory a.OOO
WiteHbrd ^,500
Dromore a.OOO
£41) ,5 00
Brouglil
Clonfert >,«
Clogher 4,0
Eilmora 1,6
ElphiQ 3,T
KilhUa 3,91
Kildarc ifil
Itaphof S,«
Metfh 3,«
KilBlloo 3,9
Leigfalin tnd Femn , . 8,8
£74,9
. AbfiV
This total does not, however, mark the extent or value a
the land which yields it. I was informed i
that the lands of the Primacy would, if lett as a.
estate, be worth near one hundred thousand a year,
of Derry half as much, and those of Casbel near thii^
thousand a year. These circumstances taken into the a
TYTHES.
113:
count will shew that seyenty-four thousand pounds a year
indude no inconsiderable portion of the kingdom. I hare
been also informed, but not on any certain authority, that
these sees hare the patronage of an ecclesiastical reyenue
of aboTe one hundi^ and fifty thousand pounds a year
more.
n.
ABBE NTH Ea.
THEBE arc very few uouutries in the world that do uot
eiperience th« diaadvaatage of remitting a part of
their rents to landlords who reside elsewhere ; and it must
ever be ho while there is any liberty left to maiikiud of
living where they please. In Ireland the amount propor-
tioned to the territory is greater probably than in most
other instances ; and, nut haying [a free trade with the
kingdom iu which such absentees spend their fortunes, it
is cut off from that return which Scotland eiperiencea for
the loss of her rente.
Some years ago Mr. Morris published a list of the Irish
absentees, and their rentals ; but, as every day makes con-
siderable alterations, it is of course grown obsolete ; this
induced me to fonn a new one, which I got corrected by a
variety of persons living in the neighbourhood of many of
the respective estates : in such a detail, however, of private
property there must necessarily be many mistakes.
Lord Donaegal . . £31,000 i Eiirl of Milton . . . t:iS,V(Ki
Lord Courtenay . . . 30,000 Enrl of Shelburne . . . IH.OOO
Duke of Devonnlilre . . 18,000 | Lady Shelbumo . . . l.i.liiN)
' prior's List of the A UrotMit of Ireland (ind Miitinn, Dublin, 1T3MI,
FHtimalm the Inlal sum remilted ;tiarl;aiil of Ireland at about £6!;,(t00.
A later lisl, token in Janunrj, I7<j9, by including a variety u( lAber
out-goinga, misss this sum to over a million nnd s hutf, Itie pinixirlioa
lulueorthii iBnil, v
dunng tlio preceding lorly yea
II Vol. ILofAColltt-cion of Tra.
reprinled in Vol. ILofACollci-lion of Tru;lKandTreatU«iillnsttM
of the Natuial Uislory, Anliquiciea, and the Foliliral and Social 8
of Irelaad," Dablin (Thom), 1861.
Iriiril Hertforil . . .
Mari|uiHHof Ruckingii
IxH-d BnrryiiKire
Lord Montnth
l»rd Besliurough
I^ni Middleton
l.ord Hubon>ut;li
Mr, Stack pool e
Lord Damley .
Lurtl AViercorn .
Mr. Dntlon . .
Mr. B&mar.l .
lA>mlnn Society
i>ord Conyngliaiii
Lord Caliir . .
Karl of Antrim
Mr. Bagiiall
Mr. LciDKfield .
Lord Keniuare .
Iioni Nugent .
Ixtd Kinj^ton .
I.oril Valontift .
I»rd (imtidi*isoii
]»rd CliHonl .
Mr. Sloone . .
Litrd Egniont ,
ImtA Upper Onsory
Mr. Silver Oliver
Mr. Dunbar
.Mr. Henry OBrieu
Mr. Matliew .
Lnnl Irnhani
Lord Sanilwicli
^—Xord Vane . .
^El^l Dartrv
^KnlFane . .
^■wd ClareiiiDnt
^KkiI Carbury .
lord Kamhani .
Lord Dillon
Sir W. Rowley
Mr. Palmer . .
Lord CtanbrHssil
Lord Masnareen
Lord Corke . .
Lord PortAinoutli
Lord Afhbrook
Lnrd Villiem
l»rd Bellew
.\liSKNTEli8.
U,000 '
14,000 {
10,000 i
10.000 ;
IO,(K» ,
IftOC
10,000 {
10,000
10,000
3,000
8,000
K,OQO
8,000
H.000
S,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
7.000
7.000
6,000
0,000
U.00O
6,000
6.000
6,000
«,ouo
fi.000
5,000
5,000
.^.OOO
5,000
fi.OOO
*.000
4.000
Sir Lanranoe Dunda>H . £4.01
Allen family .... 4.0(
Mr. (>"CnllaB«n . . . i.Ot
(leneml Monts),ii . . , 4.0(
Mr. Fitzinaurice . . . 4.0C
Mr. Needliatn .... 4,0(
Mr. r,H.k 4,0(
Mr. AniiBsley .... 4,01
Lord Kerrj' .... 4,0(
Iiorcl Fjlzwilliam ... 4,01
VUcuiint Fitzwilliam 4.0(
Engliith Corporation . . H.til
Lord Bingly . . . . 3,fi(
Lord Daore 3,01
Mr. Miirrayof Brougbton 3,01
l^rd Lnillow . . . . 3,0(
Lor.1 Weviii-nitli . . . 3,0(
I»rd DigV 3,0<
Lord FortcHcue . . . 3,0(
Lonl Derbv . . . . 3.a
Lord Fini^ll .... 3,0<
Btnnden VieireHses . . 3,01
Laily CliarlBvilte . , . 3,01
Mr. Warren . . , . 3,0(
Mr. Bt. George . . . 3,0<
Mr. Jobn Barry . . . .1,01
Mr. Edwardn .... 3,01
Mr, Freeman .... .1,0(
Luril Ne«'liaveu . . . 3,01
Mr. Welflb (Kerry) . . 3,a
Lonl Palmetstown . . 2,51
I.onI Beniilieu .... 2.3
Ixinl Veniey .... 2.SI
Mr. Bunbnry .... 2,91
Sir Uenn^ Saville . . 2.0(
Mrs. Newman .... 2.0(
CoL SbirW .... 2,0
Mr. CaiJipbell .... 3.01
Mr. Mincbin .... 2.0
Mr. Bnrton .... 2,0
Duke of Dorset . . . 2,0
Lont Powb. 2.0
Mr. WbitAheod . , . 2,0
Sir EjTC Coot« ... 2,0
Mr. Tplon 2,0
Mr. John Baker Holroyd 2.0
Sir N. Bftvley .... 2.0
Dnke of (^handoia . . 2,0
Mr. S. Campbell ... 2,0
Mr. Aihroby .... 2.0
Mr. Darner' 2,0
I
Mr. Whitehead .
Mr. Welbore EIUb
Mr. Kolliot . .
Mr. Donellan .
Mrs. Wilson
Mr. Funiard .
Lord Miildlesex
Mr. Supple . .
Mr. NagW . ,
Lady iMneteigli
Mr. Addair . .
Lord Seftun . .
Lord Tyrawley
Mr. Wo™lciR:k
Sir John Millar
Mr Baldwyn .
Dr. Morelon
Dr. Delany . .
Sir WUtiani Yorke
Mr, Arthur Barry
Lord DvKart
UldOlVB . .
Mr. Briilgei'
Mr. Cavanagh .
Mr. Coperden .
Lady Cunnigby
Mr. Annesley .
Mr. Hauren
Mr. Long . .
Mr. Oliver Tilaon.
Mr. Planilree .
Mr. Pen . . .
Mr. Katlicortnuc .
Mr. Worthington .
Mr. Hice . .
Mr. Ponsonby .
General Sanaford .
Mr. Ba«il . .
Mr. Dodwelt .
Mr. Li>ck . .
Mr. Cnuiier
Mr. W. Ung ,
Mr. Kowley
Miss Mac Artney .
. £2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2.000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2,000
. 2.000
. 2,D00
. !,»
1.600
1,600
1,500
1,600
1,500
1,400
1,400
Mr. Sabine . .
Mr. Carr . . .
Mr. Howard .
Sir F. and Lady Luni
Lord Albemarle .
Mr. Butler . . .
Mr. J. Pleydell .
Mrs. Clayton . .
Mr. Obins . . .
LorJ M'Cartney .
Mr. Chichester
Mr. Shepherd . .
Sir P, Itennis . .
Ladv Dean . . .
Lonl Lishnme . .
Mr. Ralph Smith .
Mr. UrmBhy . .
Ijinl Stanho|ie
Lord Tilnev . .
Lord Vere ' . . .
Mr. HiMir , . .
Mrs. llrevill . .
Mr. Nappier . .
Mr. EchRn . . .
Mr. Taaf . . .
Mr. Alexander
Mr. Hamilton . .
Mr. Hamilton (Lungfiinll
Mr. William Barnard
Sir P. Leicealer
Mr. Moreland .
Mr. Cam . .
Mr. Jonathan Lovett
Mr. Hull . . .
Mr. Staunton . .
Mr. Ricliard Barry
Colonel Barrt . .
Mr. Anbon . . ,
Lady St. Leger .
Sir John Hort . .
Mr, Eduinnd Burke .
Mr. Aml>rose
Total .
£732,!
This total, though not equal to what lias been reported
is certainly an amazing drain upon a kingdom cut off froi
the re-action of a free trade ; and suck an one as must hat
a, very considerable effect in preveutin); the natural coui
of its proapijrity. It is not the simple amount of th
AB8EKTE:es. 117
ital being remitUil into another country, l>itt the damp
all sorts of improvemeatB, aud the total want of coun-
t^iance and eneouragement which the lower tenantry labour
under. The landlord at such a great distance is out of the
way of all complaiuta, or, whii.'h is the aame thing, of ex-
amining into, or remedying evils ; miseries of which he
can see nothing, and probably hear as little of, can make
no ioipression. All that is required of the agent is to be
paaetual in Ms remittances ; and, as to the people who pay
him. they are too often, weluome to go to the devil, provided
their rents could Iw paid from his territories. This is the
general picture. God forbid it should be universally true !
there are absentees who expend large sums upon their
estates in Ireland ; the earl of Shelhurne has made great
eiertious for the introduction of English apiculture. Mr.
Fitzmaurice has taken every means to establish a manufac-
ture. The bridge at Lisniore is an instance of liberal
magiii6c-euce iu the Duke of Devoushire. The church and
other buildings at Belfast do honour to Lord Donnegall.
The church and town of Hilsborough, are striking monu-
itsof what that nobleman performs. Lord Couyngham's
■nditure, in his absence, in building and planting, merits
highest praise ; nor are many other instances wanting,
&Uy to the advantage of the kingdom, and the honour
«f the individuals.
It will not be improper here to add that the amount of
the pension list of Ireland, the 29th of September 1779,
innted to ^£84,591 per annum ; probably therefore ab-
pensions, offices, and interest of money, amount to
'e A Hnxios.
K«nU
I
POPDLATION.
understood in most couatries ; uvea in Bnj^Iand, whicb'
noa given birth tx) so many treutiaea on the stat«, causes
and conaequenees of it. ao little ia known, that those whij-
have the beat means of information, confess their ignoranOd'
in the variety of their opinions. Those puliticftl principles
which should long, ere this time, have iKteu fixed and ac-
knowledged, are disputed ; erroneous theories started, and
even the evidence of fa^ts denied. But these mischieroiu
errors usually proceed from the ra^e of conJemuation, and.
the croaking jaundiced spirit, which determines to deduoSi
publiuk ruin from something : if not from a king, a mini»-
ter, a war, a debt, or a pestilence, from dejiopulation. I
short, if it waa not to be attributed to any tJoing, manja
calculator would b<- in Bedlam with disappointment. We
have seen these absurdities i-arried to such a length, aa ti
see grave treatises published, and with ivspectable nama
to them, which have declared the dt; population of Englau
itself to take place, even in the moat pi-oductive period
her industry and her wealth. This is not surprising, itxc
there are no follies too ridiculous for wise men sometime)
to patronize; but the amazing circumstance is that autj
tracts are believed, and that harmless politicians sigh It ^^
the very hey day of propagation, leat another a^ should
see a fertile land without people to eat the fruits of it. '
population alone, and there is no fear of its taking c
of itself ; but when such fooleries are made a pretence «
recommending laws for the regulation of landed propertyi
which has been the case, such speculations should be treat«al
POPULATION, 119
1 contempt and detestation ; while merely speculittiye
y are perfectly harmleBS ; but let them bewsiae actiTe in
irliameDt, and common B^nse should exert her power to
kick the absurdity out of doors. To do justice to the Irish,
I found none of this folly in that kingdom ; many a violent
opposer of Government is to be found in that country, ready
enough to confess that population increases greatly ; the
general tenour of the information in the minutes declare
the same thing.
There are several circumstances in Ireland extremely
favourable to jwpulation. to which must be attributed that
country being bo much more populous than the state of
manufacturing industry would seem to imply. There are
five causes, which may be jiarticularized among others of
le*s consequence. First, There being no Poor Laws. Second.
The habitations. Third.Thegeneralityof marriage. Fourth.
Children not being burthensome. Fifth, Potatoes the food.
The laws of settlement in England, which confine the
poor people to what is called their legal settlements, one
vonld think framed with no other view than to l>e a cheek
upon the national industry ; it was, however, a branch of,
and arose from those monuments of barbarity and mischief,
oar poor rates ; for. when once the jwor were made, what
they ought never to be considered, a, burthen, it was in-
^^gunbent ou every parish to lessen as much as possible
^^■kit numbers ; these laws were therefore framed in the
^^■Bj spirit of depopulation, and most certainly have for
^Htar two centuries proved a bar to the kingdom's becoming
^TtS populous as it would otherwise have done. Fortunately
for Ireland, it has hitherto kept free from these evils ; and
from thence results a great degree of her present popula-
tion. Whole families in that eountiy will move from one
place to another with freedom, filing according to the
demand for their labour, and the encouragement they
receive to settle. The liberty of doing this is certainly a
premium on their industry, and consequently to their in-
crease.
The cabbins of the poor Irish, being such apparently
miaerable habitations, is another very evident encourage-
rt to population. In Fnglaud, where the poor are in
y respects in such a superior state, a couple will not
120 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
niajTv uuless they I'lvii get a houae, to build which, take the
kingdom throuf[h,will cost from twenty-five to sixty pounds j
half the life, and all the vi^ur and youth of a man and
woman are passed, before they can save such a sum ; and
when they have got it, bo burthensome are poor to a parisli,
that it IB twenty to one if they get permission to erect their
cottage. But in Ireland the cabbin is not an object of a
moment's consideration ; to possess a cow and a pig ia ui
earlier aim ; the cabbin begins with a. hovel, that is erected
with two days' labour ; and the young couple pass not
their youth in celibacy for want of a neat to produce their
young in. If it comes to a matter of calculation, it will
then be but as four pounds to thirty.
Marriage is certainly more general in Ireland than in
Bnglaud : I scarce ever found an unmarried farmer or
cottar ; but it is seen more in other classeB, which with ua
do not marry at all ; such as servants ; the generality of'
footmeu and maids, in gentlemen's families, are married,
a circumstance we very rarely see in Elnglaud.
Another point of importance is their children not being
burthensome. In all the enquiries I made into the state
of the poor, I found their happiucBB and ease generally
relative to the number of their children, and nothing coa>
sidered as such a misfortune as having none : whenever
this is the fact, or the general idea, it must uecesBarily have
a considerable effect in promoting early marria^s, and
consequently population.
The food of the people being potatoes is a point not of'
leas importance : for when the common food of the poor ili
BO dear as to be an object of attentive raconomy, the childreS-i
will want that plenty which is essential to rearing them {,
the article of milk, so general in the Iriah uabbins, is »!
matter of the first consequence in rearing infants. Tba
Irish poor in the Gathulick parts of that country are sub- ,
sisted entirely upon land ; whereas the poor in England-
have so little to do with it, that they subsist almost entirelj'
from shops, by a purchase of their necessaries ; in thift
former case it must be a matter of prodigious consequence^
that the product should be yielded by as small a space ol
land as possible ; this is the case with potatoes more '*^ —
with any other crop whatever.
POPfLATlOS.
^■l Ai to the num):>er of people in Iruland, I do not pretend
^^Ro compute them, beca-use there are ao satisfactory data
■whereon to found any computation. I have seen several
formed on the hearth-tax, but all coraputatious by taxes
must be erruneouB ; they may be below, but they cannot be
above the truth. This is the case of calculating the uumber
in England from the house and window-tax. lu Ireland
it is etill more so, from the greater carelessness and abuses
in collecting taxes. There is. however, another reason, the
exemptions from the hearth-money, which in the words of
the Act are as follow ; '• Those who live upon alms and are
not able to get their livelihood by work, and widows, who
shall procure a certificate of two justices of the peace in
wriUng yearly, that the house which they inhabit is not of
greater value than eight shillings by the year, and that
they do not occupy lands of the value of eight shillings by
the year, and tha.t they have not goods or chattels to the
T&lue of four pounds." ' It must Iw very manifest from
hence, that this tax can be no rule whereby to judge of the
population of the kingdom. Captain South's account is
drawn from this source in the last century, which made the
people 1,034,102 in the year 1695 '' ; the number was com-
puted by Sir W. Petty, in the year 1657 to 850.000 ; in
1688 at 1.200,000; and in 1767 the houses taxed were
424,046. If the number of houses in a kingdom were
known, we should be very far from knowing that of the
people, for the computation of four or five per house, drawn
from only a thousandth part of the total, and perhaps de-
duced from that of a family rather than a. house, can never
gpeak the real fact. I cannot conclude this subject, with-
out earnestly recommending to the Legislature of Ireland
to order an actual enumeration of the whole i>eoplc, for
which purpose I should apprehend a vote of the House of
Commons would be sufficient. Such a measure would be
attended with a variety of beneficial effects, would prevent
the rise of those errors which have been mischievous in
England, and would place the great importance of Ireland
I A TfeWiM of Ibe Eicheqiier and Kevenue of Ireltnd. By G. E.
Uowud, Eaq i Vol. i. p, 90.
' Abridgement of I'hil. Trans. Vol. iii. p. 663.
122
A TOUR IN IBSLANO.
to the British Empire, in that tmlj oonsmonouB light in
which it ought ever to be riewed, and in whioh it oovddnot
fail to be considered, while we have theoriBts, who insist
that the people of England do not amount to five millions.
The common idea is, that there are something under
three millions in Ireland.
SECTION XVI
TJBLICK WORKS — COALS — TH;
ABOUT tweuty years ago, IrelaJid. instead of being bur-
theoed with a national debt, had at the end of eTery
sessions of Parliament from fifty to sixty thousand ]K)UQds
surphis revenue in the Exchequer, at the disposition of
Parliament : this money was voted for public works. The
members of the House of Commons, at the conclusion of
the sessions, met for the purpose of voting the uses to
which this money should be applied ; the greater part of
it was among themselves, their friends, or dependants ; and
though some work, of apparent use to the publii; at large,
was always the plea, yet under that sanctiou, there were a
great number of very scandalous private jobs, which by
degrees brought such a discredit on this mode of applying
public money, that the coacluaion of it, from the iucrease
of the real expences of the publick, was not much regretted.
It must, however, be acknowledged, that during this period,
tliere were some excellent works of acknowledged utility
executed, such as harbours, piers, churches, schools, bridges,
et<:, built and executed by some gentlemen, if not with tecu
nomy. at least without any dishonourable misapplieation
anil, as the whole was spent within the kingdom, it cer-
tainly was far from being auy great national evil.
But of all publick works, none have been so much
faroured as inhind navigations ; a Navigation Board was
established many years ago for directing the expenditure
of the sums, granted by Parliament for those purposes,
and even regular funds fixed for their support. Under the
administration of this Board, which consists of many of
the most considerable persons in the kingdom, very great
attempts have been made, but I am sorry to observe, very
little completed. In order to examine this matter the
more regularly, it will be proper to lay before the reader
124 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
the suma which Imvc, from time to time, beeii j^nted for
these objects.
An lU'Cinint of money, granted for pulilic works bj I
ment, or the Navigation Board, from
1753 to 1767. indusive.'
Ne«ry river .... £B,000 I'ubUck RwonU
Druni^laes colliery aii'I
Tinvigatioi) . '
Droiiireagh
l-Agnn River
Shannon Kiver
Urnnd Cfisat .
Blarkwater Hit
River Lee . .
River Bnmnv
" a' Sure
f»r.l .
id WM
112,218
3,000
40,304
31,500
73.648
11,000
2,000
10,500
l.riOO
Anairdact Dnn^iunroa.
Soldiera' Cliildren'a
HoHpitnl . .
Lying-in Hospital .
Mercer's HoHpital .
Shannon bridge .
Kilkenny ditto .
(Jorke brid^ .
Kildare bndcea .
St. Mark's church .
St. Thomas's chnrcli ,
St. Catlierlne'ti church
St. John's church
Cftshel church .
Wo\fiird clntrch
Quay at Dingle
Minsterkenrj' collimed
Marine nuraar\- . .
Itoai) round U'uhlin
UiiudiUk ....
Wliale-Hsliery
Dry dock ....
MilUatNaul . .
River Nore . .
River Boyne . .
Pier at Skerries .
Pier at Envir
I'ier at nnnlearj'
Pieral BalbriK^'tn
Pier at llan^ir .
I^er at.Killy1ea;:1i
Pier at 8Uki> ■ '
Anbini River
Ballaat-ofliee Wall
Widen ing Dublin Ht reel ■
Trinity Collese . .
BuI'b BMjfe Liiiier
qu»>T ....
CurkeChannel HurUiiir Ii,.'i00
Corke Wnrkbonw; . . 1.300
Dem-Qnav .... 2.900
Shandon Ntreet, I'orke LriOO
Wicklow Hsj-Uiiir
SI. Patricks H.»pital,
Thia period of fifteen years, I believe was that of d
surplus of the revenue, during which the objects were j
various aa the inclinations of those individuals who t'
any interest ill Farliameut. It appears from the list, I
the article of navigation swallows up the greatest pm
tion of it.
PlBLIf WOHKS.
Sums paid out of the revenues at large for certain public
works, purauaut to the several bills of aupplj',
from 1703 to 1771, inclusive.
N»vigittiaiu>, collieries, docks, &e £379,388
To build churches I7."0ft
Parliament Homte 16,270
Dnblio Worklionxe, Soutli Wall jiassaf^eH, New Hoail an<l
Maishakea 140,.^72
Hospitak 44,2.il
Trinity College 45,000
Uio. for the following purposes during the eame period.
trdn and lioantiex to nianafactnrerN 20,829
_.ii manntactare 160,54«
inbrick ditto 4,000
Whale tisherj' 1 , 500
incoiporated Society 96,000
Dnhlin Society 64,000
■Ulo.fc
^Knrda.
^^^fanbrick
i:i,oi8,s
It is to be noted, liowever. tliat this account includes
the disbursements neither of the Navigation, nor the Linen
lioard, for it is upon record, that the Grand Canal alone
i:iu eost above three hundred thousand pounds ; by some
i^'txtunts, lialf a million.
QfUted hj the Navigation Board only, from 1768 to 1771.
1T6S. I 1760. I 17
Bamiw Navigs*
ShanDiiD Navign-
tintid Canal . .
BufoeNsvigati^'n
pOTgm Naviga-
2,216
l,97f
2,860 ' 2,000
H 126
^1 Iiicomplete a.s these data are, we find from tliem t
^M (^reat Huma of money hava been granted for inland n
^M tions. aud are to tluB day given for the same purjMse ; 1
^H us therefore enquire how this money has been expeudc
^H and what has been the effect of it.
^1 I made some enquiries, and travelled many miles to v:
^H some of the navigations ; and the only one which appeared
^M to me really completed is the uanal from the town of Newrj'
^P to the Bea, on which I saw a brig of eighty or one hundred
H tons burthen. The same eanal is extended farther than that
town, but stops short of the great object for which it won
begun and made, viz. the Drmnglaas and Dungaunon col-
lieries ; this may therefore be classed as incomplete relative
to the object ; but, as Newry is a place of considerable tirade,
finishing it so far has merit. The great design was to fur<
nish Dublin with Irish coals, which was probably feasible,
for the seams of coals in those collieries are asserted to he
of such a thickness, and goodness, as proved them more
than equal to the consumption of half a dozen such cities
a^B Dublin ; but two great diffieulties were to be ovcK-ome :
first, to make the navigation, so that all land carriage
might be saved, which was properly a publick work ; and
secondly, to work the collieries, which was properly private
business ; but from the utter deficiency of capital in the
hands of the individuals concerned, could never have been
done without public assistance. To get over these difficulties
Parliament went very eagerly into the business ; they
granted so liberally to the canal, that I think it has been
finished to within two or three miles of the collieries ; at
tie same time a private company was formed for working'
the mines, to whom considerable grants were made to en-
able them to proceed. The property in the works changed
bonds several times ; among others, the late Arcbbial
of Tuam (Eyder) was deeply concerned in them, enterii
with great spirit into the design; but, what with i'
impositions of the people employed, the loss of some ti
were able and honest, the ignorance of others, and t
jobbing spirit of some proprietors, Parliament, after graj
ing euorraous sums, both to the canal and collieries, h
the mortification, instead of seeing coals come to DaU
nothing but gold sent from Dublin, to do that which f
127
^^^^^^ COALS.
^^kmed determined ebould never be doue.and bo in despair
^^Plftiiduiied the design to the Navigatioa Board, to see if
^^leir lesser eiertiooa would effect what the uiiglitier ones
failed in. A Mr. Dularte. an Italian engineer, and very
ingenious architect, has had for a few )'ears the auperin-
t endanee of the work ; but the temper of the nation has
o soured by disappointments, that he haa not the sup-
t which he thinks necessary to do any thing effectual.
e following Table of the Import of Coal to Ireland, will
shew the importance of the object.
Tons.
161,970 In the year 1771
I7B5
185,927
1766
. 186,612
1767
172,276
1768 .
l8.'i,5M
1789
171,323
1770
197,135
Tons.
1771
, 183,973
1772 -
- 211,438
1773 -
186.057
1774
, 189.237
1775
. 203,403
1776 .
. 217,938
1777
240.893
Average of neven yeftre 304,666
mm this table it apiwars, that not only the quantity
t is great, but that it is a very rising imjxirt. owing to
e increase of Dublin, which has arose with the increasing
|n^i>erity of the kingdom.
The little effect of aU attempte to supply Dublin with
Irish coab will be seen by the following table of the
Imuoties paid for that purpose.
In
lie year 1761
11107 15 8
In the
ear 1770 .
16S 11 4
1762
220 3 10
1771 .
105 4 10
1763
125 14 9
1772 .
113 11
1764
218 19 3
1773 .
209 11 8
n&i
135 13 3
1774 .
30* 7 2
1766
81 13
1775 .
213 14 4
1767
75 4
..
1776 .
86
1768
150 18 4
1777 .
88
■
1769
164 15 4
re I entirely dismiss this undertaking, I eannot but
. that nothing can more clearly prove the amazing
f uapital in Ireland than the present state of these
The navigation is complete except two or three
A Toi'R IN irii;land,
W 128
H miles; I will ventun: to assert, that Parliament woul
f grant the monej for finishing it without hesitation, pro
Tided men of undoubted substance engaged for workini
the collieries at their own expence : we maj therefore asseri
there is water carriage from some of the finest seams o
coal in the world, and at a very slight depth, directly int
the heart of the second marlcet in the British donuniou
with the advantage of a Parliamentary bomity per cbaldrol
on their import into Dublin. Yet. with all these a ~
to^B, nobody has capital enough to undertake the wor)(
This fart seems to <.-afl also for another observation,
remember in the English House of Commons, in the seBsio
1777-8, when the friends of the Irish trade bills ur
that the want of capital in Ireland was such that she c<
never rival tlie manufactures of Great Brit^u: it
replied, that English i^pitala would go over to do it fa
them i but what I just recited proves that this remark i
perfectly unfounded. If capitals were so readily move
from one country to another, the Drumglass colleries woul
have attracted them, especially as an interest for ever is t
be purchased in them ; but the fact is that remoreabi
capitals are in the hands of men who have been educatec
and perhaps have made them locally in some trade o;
taking which they will not venture to remove. Prejudid
and habit govern mankind as much even as their interest
BO that no apprehension can be so little founded as that e
a countrj- losing the capital she has made, by transferrii)
it into another for greater seeming advantages in trad)
But this point I shall have occasion hereafter to dwel
more particularly on.
The Grand Canal, as it has been ridiculously termed, wi
another inland navigation which has cost the publick sti
greater sums. The design, as the maps of Ireland she*
was to form a communication by water between DnUi
and the Shannon by this cut, most of the way through tl
immense bog of Allen. The former plan of bringing coa
to Dublin was a very wise one. but this of the Grand Caai
had searcely any object that seemed to call for such i
exertion. If the country is examined, through which tl
intended canal was to pass, and also that through whia
the Shaunou runs, it will be found, considering its exteW
I be the least productive for the Dublin market, jterbapa
K the nhote kiDgdom. EiamiDe Leitrim, BoBcommon,
Tiongford, GaJway, Clare, Limerick, and those parts of
Weal Meath and Kings, which the line of the uanal aud
the Shannon lead through, there are scarwly any com-
modities in them for Dublin. Nay, the preaent bounty on
the inland carriage of corn to Dubliu provea to a demoQ'
stration that the quantity of corn raised in all these counties
for the market is contemptible, What other products are
there ? Raw wool tabes another direction, it goes at present
from Hoecommon to Corfce. Manufactures in that line are
very insignificant [ there are some in Oalway ; but the
ports of Limerick and Gtalway are perfectly sulficient for
the small exportation of them. There remains nothing but
turf; and who at Dublin would bum that, while White-
haven coals are at the present price ?
Most of the inland navigations in England have been
executed with private funds ; the interest paid by the tolls.
One strong reason for this mode is the prevention of
unnecessary and idle schemes ; the manufactures must be
wrought, or the products raised, and feel the clog of an
expensive carri^e. before private persons will subscribe
their money towards a cheaper conveyance ; in which ease,
the very application to Parliament is generally proof suffi-
cient that a canal ought to be cut. Have something to
carry, before you seek the means of carriage. I will ven-
ture to say that if the Grand Canal was entirety complete,
the navigation of it, including whatever the country towns
took from Dublin, would prove of such a beggarly account,
that it would then remain a greater monument of folly, if
possible, than at present, sisme gentlemen I have talked
with on this subject, have replied t( is a job ; 'twiu mewai at
(w n job ; you are not to eemgideT it ag a canal of tradf, bui as
a eatialfoT publick money ; but even this, though advanced
in Ireland, is not upon principle. I answer that some-
thing has been done ; fourteen miles with innumerable
locks, quays, bridges, &c. are absolutely finished, though
only for the benefit of eels aud skating : Why throw this
money away ? Half what these fourteen miles have cost
would have finished the Newry canal, and perfected the
DuDgannoD collieries, Admit your argument of the job ;
130 A TOUB IN IBELAHD.
I feel its weight ; I see ita force ; but tliat doea not account
for the sums a<:tually expended. Might not the a:
sous have plundered the pubhc to the same amount i
executing some work of real utility ; from which aomethi
else might have resulted than disgrace and igiiyminj to thf
nation :' '
Ab to the other navigations, there is in general this
objection to be made to them all, — however necessary they
might be, the; are useless for want of being completed :
three fourths are only begun. The gentlemen in the neig'
bourhood of them have had interest enough in the Navi
tion Board to get a part only voted i and, from the v
of undertakings going on at the same time, and all for t
the same reason iucomplete, the pubhc utility has \
more trifling from all than from a single one finished. Sorry
I am to say that a history of public works in Ireland woald
be a history of jobs, which has and will prove of much
worse consequence than may be at first apparent : it has
given a considerable check to permitting grants of money.
Administration, seeing the uses to which it has been applied,
have viewed these misapplications, as they term them, of
the public money with a very jealous eye. They have cur-
tailed much : until another very questionable measure, the
bounty on the inland carriage of com to Dublin, demanded
so much as to leave nothing for jobs of another sort ; that
measure may be repealed, and the money applied to it will
be at the disposal of Parliament, either for the common pur-
pose of government, or applicable to some national im-
provement of a more decisive nature ; the latter may, after
so many instances, be rejected for fear of jobs: how melan-
choly a consideration is it, that in a kingdom which from
various causes had been so fortunate as to see a great por-
tion of public treasure annually voted for public purposes,
so abominably misapplied, and pocketed by individuals, as
to bring a ridicide and reproach upon the very idea of such
grants. There is such a want of public spirit, of candour and
of care for the interests of posterity in such a conduct, that
it cannot be branded with an expression too harsh, or a con-
demnation too pointed : nor less deserving of severity is it.
if flowing from political and secret motives of burthening the
jpublick revenues to make private factions the more important.
THE DUBLIN SOCIETY. 131
SOCIKTT.
Great honour U due to Ireland for having given birth to
(hu IhiBLiN Society, whiob hae the undiaputed merit of
' ~-ing the father of all the similar societies now eiiBting
ir Europe. It vax established in 1731, and owed its
ri}pn t« one of the most patriotic individuals which an^
ountrv has produced, Dr. Samcel Madan.' For some
■ '■iiTB it waa supported only by the voluntary Bubs<.Tiptron8
■ I the meml>erB, forming a fund much under a thousand
loiinds a year ; yet was there such a liberality of sentiment
in their conduct, and bo pure a love of the public interest
apparent in all their tranaactioua, as enabled them with that
utoaM sum to effect much greater things than they have
^>^ne in later times since Parliament has granted them
:'-;;Hlarly ten thousand pounds a sessions. A well written
■ i.-Iory of their transactions would be a work extremely
cH'ful to Ireland; for it would explain much better than
.iijv reasoning could do, the proper objects for the jiatro.
i.iire both of the Society and Parliament. I shall confine
uivself to a few general observations. It was instituted,
jj their charter expresses, for the improvement of agricul-
Um ; and for many years that material object possessed
bf far the greatest amount of their attention ; but, when
Ibeir fiitids by the aid of Parliament grew more consider'
Me, they deviated so far into nianu^tures, (in which
tmuih they have been continually increasing their efforts),
that Bit present agriculture seems to be but a secondary
obi«N!t with them. Ihiring the life-time of that ingenious
but Dnfortuoate man, ilfr. John Wtpui Baker, his support
draw ao many friends of a^culture to their meetings,
that the premiums in its favour were very numerous ; since
his death, the nobility and gentry, not having the same
inducement to atteud the transactions of the Society, they
' Dr, Samnel Mkdden, bom in Uublin, I6SS, died 17C5. wmx
kiiuwn us " Premium Madden '' on account of a syBlem of
..J premtnniii wbich be prunKiled at Trinity College about the
ITaSi when be tbo published his " ReFtectionn and lieaolntiom
fer the Gentlemen of Ireland." He gave oiil of hi» private pune
£130 and later £300 per annum in premiunii for the encourase-
,1 art* and maoaractures. Dr. Johnson said hia name was one
!b Ireland ought to honour."
132 A TOUR IV IRELAND.
were chiefly directed by aoroe gentlemen of Dublin, who
luderHtand fabrics much better than lands ; and, bwag
more interested in them, they are attended to, perhaps, il
too exclusive a manner. It would be tedious to enter iota
an eKaminatiou of many of their mea^uree ; there are aomi^
however, which demand a, few remarks.
In order to encourage the manufacture of Irish wooUau
cloths and Irish ailka, the Society have two warehouses,' ia
one of which silk is sold on their account, wholesale and'
retail, and in the other cloth ; both are sent to them bj
the weaver, whose name is writtea on the piece, and tw
price per yard on it ; nothing but ready money is tatcoj
the Btock of silks ^nerally amounts to the value of tweliQ
or thirteen thousand pounda in hand ; and of wooUena V
ten or eleven thousand more ; and the expences in res
and salaries of these warehouses amount to five hundm
poimds a year each. Call the stock twenty-five thousaaA
pounda at aii per ceat., the total espenee of this d
is juat two thousand five hundred pounda a year; or fouf
times over the whole revenue of the Society for the F
ragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce at Loudoii
I have examined their sales from the weekly returns pidnj
lished. and find that from June 23, 1777, to Pebruary 7,
1778, their average weekly receipt was
Silk £I5U
Wool ... 339
Or |>er annum, Silk .. T.SOO
Wool ... 17,628
As the Society give a premium of £3 per cent, on oil d
Irith KTOwykl eilk bought in Ike kingdom by wkoleacUefor U
purpote of retailing, that is cthove four tkillings a yard, i
will help us to form an idea of the silk mantifacttBi
Prom the first of June, 1776, to the first of June, X77!
the amount was j£34,023 8». id., including Corke, tJaa
erick, Belfast, &c., and they paid six hundred and fif^
pounds premium on it; from hence we find that their OKI
silk sales must be a large proportion of the wholesale 1
Dublin. This has been the greatest exertion of the DnUi
Society of iate years.
' Th* wooUeo ■■nhous« wma opriml M>v i9. IT73 ; tliBt for d
THE DLBtlN SOCIET1-. 138
%e intentiou of tbe measure is evideutly to take tlie
ftRTers. both of silk and wool, out of the haude of the
nierceTB and drapers, and let their manufactures come
to market without auj iutermediat« profit od them. There
is one eCFect certain to result from thia, which ia, taking a
great part of the ready money custom from the draper and
mercer, which, Ijcing the most beneficial part of their
trade, is to all intents and jiurposes laying a heavy tax on
Ihem : now, upon every priuiiiple of common aenae as well
as commerce, it will appear a strange mode of encouraging
a manufacture to lay taxes upon the master- manufacturera.
But all ta:ies laid upon a tradeaman in consequence of his
tjrade, must he drawn back in the sale of his comnioditiea j
and this tax must be so as well ae othera ; whatever he
does sell muBt be so much the dearer, or he can carry on
DO trade at all ; here therefore is a fresh tax, that of
enhancing the prices paid by all who do not buy with
ready money, a very great majority of the whole : the
dearer a commodity is, the leas is consumed of it ; so the
consumption on credit ia undoubtedly leasened, in order
that those who have ready money in their hands may be
served something the cheaper: here is a manifest and self-
evident mischief, in order to attain a very doubtful and
questionable benefit.
Ia there under the sun an instance of a manu(a<.'ture
made to flourish by auch measures? Maeter-manufac-
Inrers, with that vigour, attention, skill and invention,
which are the result of a profitable business, are, in all
parts of the world, the very soul of prosperous fabricks.
It is tlieir profit which animates them to thoae apirited
exertions, upon which the advance of manufactures de-
pends. If the Dublin Society's conduct is right in part, it
is right in the whole, which would be attracting ali the
demand to their own warehouses ; in which case there
would not be a mercer or draper left in Dublin. Their
committees, and gentlemen, and weavers, may choose and
pay clerks, and discharge their rent; but where are the
oirectors of finer fabricks to come from ? Wliere the men
of taste who are to invent ? Where the quickuesa and
sagai^ty to mark and follow the caprice of faahion P Are
these to come from weavers V Absurd the idea ! It is the
active and intelligent master that is to do all this. Oo to
the weavera in Spitalfields, and see them mere tools
directed by their masterB. Go to any other fabrick upou
earth, and see what would become o£ it. if the heads were
considered as useless, and rivalled in their profits witli
pubtick money. If the manufacture is of such a sickly
growth that it will not support the master as well aa the
man. it is not worth a country's notice. What is it that
induces individuals to embark in a fabrick their lapital
and industry ? Profit. Tlie greater this is, the greater
the capital that will be attracted ; but, establish a system
that shall rival, lessen, and destroy this profit, who will
bring their capital to sueh a trade ? And can any people
be BO senseless as to imagine that a manufacture is to be
encouraged by banishing capital from it ?
There is another effect, which I should suppose must
flow from this extraordinary idea, which is, that of raising
great heart-burnings and jealousies among the trade;
the drapers and mercers are not probably at all pleased
with the weavers who work for the Society's warehousec :
this must be very detrimental to the business at large. I
may also observe that master- manufacturers have more
ways of encouraging skilful and industrious workmen
than the mere buying their goods and employing them ;
there are a thousand little points of favour in their power,
which the Society cannot practice ; but how can they be in-
clined to such things while steps are taken to deprive them
of every workman that can do without their assistance'^
Fortunately for the kingdom, it is at Dublin aa in other
cities, the ready-money trade is by no means equal to that
of credit ; consequently the pernicious tendency of this
measure cannot fully be seen. The drapers and mercers
do and will support their trade, in spite of this formidable
rival, backed with a premium of two thousand five hun-
dred pounds a year, appropriated to their ruin, in order t<>
encour^^ their trade ! The tendency of the measure is
evidently the destruction of both the manufactures.
This is a fact which appears so obvious, that I shoulJ
apprehend it must have done mischief in direct proportion
to the amount of the operation. It is ertremely difficult to ■
discover facts that can prove this from the nature of t'
^^H
■^^H
^H|^^^B
^■^^^^^^^1
^^^^^m THE SOCIETY. 13S^^^|
^^^^^^Bmiider if the import of foreign silk &ud woollens 1
^^HHHBiTe encreased from audi a measure. Let us exa- 1
^■wtms point. ■
^Hponnt of SUk Imported into Ireland in Twent;-Bix Yeara.' 1
^M ^^»"- turecl.
Raw. Kibband. 1
^H
lb.
■
^H
I4,SM
63,705 160 ■
^m 1753
13,360
60,155 1S4 ■
■ 1T54
15.*4I
42,665 .Wl ■
H_ 1756
9,874
43,»47 265 ■
^fc^^ 17M
13.715
32,948 140 fl
7,709
41,354 1 17 H
17,292
51.303
271 ■
I3,S36
44.493
118 ■
21,878
55,905
see ■
14.815
51,348
1811 ■
31.054
70,292
306 ■
17.741
41,021
480 ■
23,611
36.681
746 ■
^^^^n»s
21,583
54.655
l,l»3 ■
17.260
54,418
1.721 ■
18,104
46,067
1.5-27 ■
^^^^E TM
23,446
52,062
1.648 ■
^^^^K 769
17,522
57,001
1.401 H
20,581
44,273
i.m ■
14,095
38,107 650 H
16,804
33,611 1 644 ■
17,379
53,662 378 ■
^^^^^Fm*
14,665
3B.8U 553 ■
^^^^ 775
13,858
29,578 355 ■
I 776
17,326
41.594 717 ■
1777
Average .
24,187
54,043 1,574 H
16,980 1 47,061 1 671 fl
1 CoDfiideriog the extent of the period, I will not assert 1
I that this table is very decisive ; whatever cOQclnBiDQs, how- |
1 CTer. that are to be drawn from it. are, a
s f&r as they ^. ■
1 agiiiut the hit« meaaures that respect the
Irish silk manu. ■
1 &eture; for the imported fabricks have enereated, while ■
I fte raw material, worked up in Ireland, has decreaaed; 1
a. proof that the manufacture has not been of any rory
health J growth.
All Account of the Import of Woollen Goods for Fourteen
Tears.'
Yeare.
New Drapery.
Old Drapery,
Yards.
YarO^.
1764
248,062
220,828
1785
239,365
176.161
1766
313,216
197.316
1767
325,585
189.882
1768
337,558
198,664
1769
394,S63
207.117
1770
462,499
249,666
1771
362,096
1773
314.703
153,566
1773
387.143
210.065
1774
461,407
282,317
1775
465.611
281.370
177e
678.486
290,215
1777
73l.81»
381,330
Average . . .
408.57S
232.564
LMt7ye*rB - .
485.609
2.i0,466
Fonner ditto . .
331.548
20.^.662
Ine««e . . .
154,061
53,804
The increase is so great that it might justify conclusion
against all the late measures, none of which are near ■
much to be condemned aa tbe establishment of tlie Socie^'
varehouae.
Import of Linen, Ootton, and Silk, British Manufacture.',
1766
1767
1768
15.557
12.710
10.021
In the year 1771
1773
1773
177*
1776
> Pmrl. Her. of Exp. Biid Imp. MS.
TOE DUBLIN SOCIETY.
Vihic.
Valut.
-,m
.. £13,402
In tlie yen
r 1776
.- £30,371
770
20.907
1777
.. 45,411
:e of seven yean £16,784 Average (if seven years £35,208
rhen it is cousidercd tiiat tlie uudoubted mischief of
b ajTBtem is not Bubmitted to as an unaToidable evil, but
cbased with great eipence, attention, and anxiety ; and
It the two thousand five hundred a year thus bestowed,
me price uf so much harm might be expended in objects
eat consequence to the publick, it will surely seem
rdonable in Parliament to appear so little aolicitous
^\he welfare of their manufaetiires as to give ten thou-
d pounds a session, at large, and not limit the applica,-
iof such a liberal grant to purposes of certain advan-
). And it surely behoves the Society itself to re-
mit this matter; to extend their views; to consider
inciples upon which all the manufactures in the
I ore carried on, supported, and increased; and, if
lo vestige of such a policy as they patronize and
a any country that has pushed her fabricks to a
A height, at least to be dubious of this favourite mea-
f, and not persist in forcing it at such a considerable
T measure of the Society, which I hinted at before,
9 pve three per cent, to the wholesale purchasers of
i silts for retailing; and this costs them above six
i pounds a year. Upon what sound principles this
I I cannot discover; if the mercers have not a
|od for these Irish silks, five times the Society's pre-
■ will not make them purchasers ; on the contrarv,
y have a demand for them, they moat undoubtedly
Ibay them without any premium for so doing. It
9 therefore to me, that the only end which such a
e could answer, was to discover the absolute insig-
p of the whole Irish silk manufacture, which is
d through the whole kingdom to be to the amount
if thirty-four thousand pounds a year, of four shillings
i and upwards ; but the repetition of the premium
B that this was not the design. Of all other fabricks
'hiB is the most improper for Ireland, and for any depen-
A. TOUB ly ibblahd.
dant c-oimtry ; it is an abaolutt' manufacture of taste. tan<
and fashion ; the Beat of empire will always
these, and if Dublin made superior silks, they woi
despised on comparison with thoite of London ; n
something of this in England from France being the
of most of the fa.ahions in Europe. To force a silk muti
facture in Ireland is therefore to strive against wbi:
caprice, fashion, and all the prejudices of mankind; i
stead of whicb, it is these that become a solid support
fabrirks when wisely set on foot. There are no line
fashionable in England, but the Irish people will not we
any other ; and yet guhc hollanda are asserted to be mu
stronRer. Should not the Irish, therefore, Iwnd their foi
to drive the nail that will go, instead of pla^^ug the
selves with one which never will. This is a general ol
vattun ; but the particular measure of the Society, gi
posing the object valuable, is perfectly iuaignifiuant ; i
throwing away six hundred pounds a year to answer no i
purpose whatever.
The Society offers a great number of other premiuma
manufactures, many of which are very eiceptionable ; birt
would take up too much room to be particular in an ei
mination of them. In agriculture they have a great nul
ber offered to poor renters separately.
Upon the general spirit of these I have to remark. Hi
the design of encouraging poor renters is very mentorioi
and does honour to the humanity of the Society ; bi
from a great variety of inatancea which were pointed <
to me. as I travelled through the kingdom, I have t
much reason to believe that abuses and deceptions i
numerous ; that the Society has actually paid premiui
per acre to great numbers of claimants, who have, as
as they received the money, let the land run waste ai
so that no person could distinguish it from the adjoi
bog or moor. There are two reasons why these premiu]
must very much fail of their wished-for success ; the t
treme difficulty, not to say im possibility, of ascert^ni
the merit of the candidates, or the facts alleged ; and t
utt£r impossibility that such very poor fellows should m
any improvements worthy the Society's patronage. T
London Society have found, by rejjeat^ experience, thi
TKE DUBLIN SOCIKTY.
incapacity of doing anything by weiglit uf mouey, in
■ties per acre for any object ; I am convinced the same
f«H will hold true with that of Dublin ; the funds even of
the latter are much too incansideTable for this mode. The
object ought to be to inspire those men who have the
neceasary capital to employ it in the way the Society
thiota for the publick good : the premiums aUould be
honorary but considerable, with that degree of variety
and novelty that should atttairt the attention of men of
fortune.
But nothing was ever better imagined than the plan of
fixing au English farmer in the kingdom, so much at the
Society's eipence as to give them a power over a part of
his management. This was the case with Mr. Baker ; and
it was also a very wise measure to enable him to establish
a manufactory of husbandry implementa. The only errors
iu the execution of this acheme were : First, Not support-
ing him much more liberally, when it was found that his
private fortune was too inconsiderable to support himself
and &mily ; had he been easy in his privat« circumstances.
his husbandry would have been perfect. Second, Tlie not
directing him in the choice of hia farm, which waa not a
proper one for an example to the kingdom, it should have
been in some moiintainoua track, where there waa bog,
and tolerable soil. Third, In permitting him to make and
publish small and trifling experiments, objects of cunoaity
to a private apeculatiat, but quite unworthy of the Dublin
Society; besides, such a person should be brought to
Wtkblisii what & previous experience has convinced him
IB right, not to gain his own knowledge at the Society's
•tpence.
The scheme, had it, in the case of Mr. Baker, been
Oecated in this manner, or was such an one now to be
■d<^>tecl, would tend more to spreading a true practical
knowledge of agriculture than any other that could be
esecuted ; and the union of a manufactory of implements
mites with it perfectly. To inform a backward i^ountrj-
of right systems has its uae, but it is very weak compared
tbe actual practice and exhibition of it before their
J such an object, in full perfection of mauagemeut,
an annmil pablication of the result, simply relat«tl.
140 A. TOUR IN IRELAND.
would tend more to th^ impruTement of the oataon
husbandt; than any other Hjatem. The farm shoold a
lie lesB than five himdred acres, it should have a tract o
bog and another 'of mountain; one thousand ]>ouitd
should be applied in the uecessary buildings ; five hundre
pouiida immediately in fences ; one thousand pounds
year for five years in stocking it ; one thousand pounds fa
establishing a manufactory of implements, not to be »oI
but giveu away by the Sodety as promiums ; five huudre
pounds a year allowed to the superintendant fur his pri
rate emolument, that no distressea of his own migh
interfere with the pubUck views ; and, in addition, t
animate his attention, ten per cent, upon the gross prodoo
of the farm. The Society to delegate their power orer i
to a select committee, and no member to be eligible
that committee, who had not in his own occupation
hundred acres of laud, or more. The first espence ^
be seven thousand five hundred pounds, and the annua
eharge five hundred pounds ; this would be an effectiv
establishment that could not fail, if the manager wi
properly chosen. He should be an active, spirited ma
not BO low as to have no reputation to lose, but at ti
same time more a practical than a speculative farmer, ai
who could teach the common Irish with his own haads t]
operations he wished them to ])erform. The annual cYti.
of only one of the Society's warehouses is equal to t
and the capital appropriated to it near twice aa larg«
how much more beneficial would this application of tli
raonev be !
Eelative to the premiums for the encouragem«iit C
agriculture, I shall venture to hint some which 1 ap|m
hend would he of great advaufage ; and by throwing tb^
into the words common in offering premiums, my n
will be better explained.
1. TURNKP HcsBANDRT. 1779. To the person who a
cultivate the most land, not less than twenty acres, in ti
following course of crops during four years, viz. 1 . Tumej _
2. Barley or oats. 3. Clover. 4. Wheat. The tumep* tl
be twice thoroughly hand-boed, and eaten where they gro
bj sheep, and to make a full report of the cultivation, bl
pences, produce, and effect of the tumeps on the sheep fe^
a piece o£ plate of the value of one hundred pounds, with
a suitable inscription. Accounts to be delivered in the
vear 1784.
2. For the next grenteat quantity of land, not leas than
itn iMires so cultivated, a piece of plate of the value of Eftj
pounds, with a auitable inscription.
3. To the person who shall in the year 1780. have the most
acres of tumeps, not less than twenty, twice thoroughly
hand-hoed ; to report the efEect. a piece of plate of the
valm; of one hundred pounds, with a suitable iustription,
4. For the next greatest quantity, not les8 than ten
li res. a piece of plate of the value of fifty pounds, with a
-uiUible inscription.
5. Bk*n Hcsbandry, 1779. To the person who shall
i.'ultivat« the most land, not less than twenty acres, in
the following course of crops during four years, viji.
! . Beans. 2. Wheal. 3. Beans. 4. iWheat. The beans
I" he in rows, eighteen inches as under, and three times
iLijronghly hoed, and to report the effect to the Society.
A piece of plate of the value of one hundred pounds, with
m inscription. Accounts to be laid in in the year 1784.
6. For the next greatest quantity, not less than ten
Kfes, a piece of plate of the value of fifty pounds, with an
iBHT^ion.
7. To the person who shall cultivate the greatest quantity
I of land, not less than twenty acres, in the following course
1 4t craps daring the four yt^rs, viz. 1. Beaus. 2. Barley
I or wtB. 3. Clover. 4, Wheat. The beans as before, and
to report the effect. A piece of plate of the value of one
Imn^^ pounds, with an inscripdon.
B. Neit greatest quantity, not less than ten acres. The
e of £50 with an inscription.
. Flax Hdbbandrt, 1779. To the person who shall
Ikivate the moat land, not less than twenty acres, in
i following course of crops during four years, viz. 1.
lepa. 2. Flax. 3. Clover. 4. Wheat. The turueps
» twice hand-Iioed, and the flai; to he seeded, stacked
I thxeafaed like corn, and then watered and dressed ;
a report the effect to the Society. A piece of plate
I value of one hundred and fifty pounds, with a
*B iuBcription.
142 A TOUR IK IRELAND.
10. For the next fi^atest quantity, not less than t
acres. The plate eightj poands. Accounts to be delivered
In in 1784.
11. Mountain impkotbmknt, 1779. To the person who^'
shall iniprove the largest tra.ct of mountain land, not It
than one hundred ucrea, at prcaent wafit«, and not let at
one shilling au acre, and make a full report of the vv"'
vation, espences and produce to the Society iu the j
1 787. A piece of plate of the value of five hundred poiuid<
vith a suitable inscriptioa. CondUioiu.
The improvement at the time of the certificates I
Higned to be completely inclosed ; to be divided into &Ai
of not more than ten acres each ; the fences to be eitbe
walla in mortar, or double ditches well planted with white
thorns and timber, the gat«B, piers, &>i. to be perfect.
land to have had four crops in the following course
TuraepB. 2. Oats, here or rye. 3. Tumeps. 4. Oatfl.
tumepa twice hand-hoed, and eaten when green by sheep
and one half of the improvement to be in grass laid dowi
with the last crop of oats. Not less than one hundn4
barrels of lime per acre to have been spread on the whole
An orchard of two acres to be well planted ; and a si "
^rden of oe much. One good farm house, with a h
stable, cowhouse, Ac. and four cabhins to be built a
inhabited, the whole of stone or mortar, and covered n
slate. And the tract to be actually let on lease to one •
more tenants, not occupying any other land, and residiii|
on the premises. Whoever intend to be claimants to ffti
notice to the Society that they may appoint inspectors.
12. To the next greatest quantity, not less than i'
acres, on the like conditions, the plate three I
pounds.
13. Boa Impkovekkkt, 1779. To the person ■
shall drain and improve into rich meadow the greotel
quantity of bog, not less than 50 acres, bein^ pajrt of i
bog not less than 100 acres, and make a fiUI report to tl
Society of the mode, expences, and produce in the W
1788, apiece of plate of the value of .£400 with an horn
inscription. The Society leaves to the claimant to pui
whatever mode he pleases ; but the land must have a goo4
house, cowhouse, and necessary offices, with two cablniu
THE DUBLIN SOCIETY. 143
boilt all of stone or alate, and tlie improvement let to ren-
dent tenants occupjdng no other land.
^_U. For the next greatest quantity, not less than thirty
^^■W. the plat« two hundred pounds.
^^Kf. PiJLMTiKo. To the person who shall inclose with a
^^K wall, not less than six feet high, and plant the greatest
' QWntitj of land, not less than fifty acres, in the year
i780. a piece of plate of the value ot four hundred pounds,
with a suitable inscription. The trees to be ash, elm.
poplar, beech, larch, Scotch spruce, or silver fir, to he not
more than four years old, nor more than four feet asunder ;
and in the centre of every such space, acoma to be sown
and covered.
J.6. For the next greatest quantity, not less than thirty
B^. the plate two hundred pounds.
K7. To the person who shall in the year 1780, plant and
Tbe, 80 as to be completely secured from cattle, the
ifitest quantity of land with the common basket sallow
u beds six feet broad, and four rows oa each bed, not less
than thirtjf acres, a piece of plate of the value of one
hundred pounds, with a suitable inscription.
18. For the next greatest quantity, not less than fifteen
:KTes, the plate fifty pounds. AU to be continued by
previous notice, every year when once they came into turn.
I have to observe upon them, that the courses of crops
here recommended can only have fair justice done them, in
the infancy of the husbandry, by gentlemen, or men of con-
siderable capita] ; consequently, it is the wisest to offer a
; rimium that shall attract their notice, and not vary it for
-^■«^r tenants, who at first would be incapable of executing
' I"- conditions. The mountain and bog improvement are
jri'at objects, and therefore weU deserve ample encourage-
ment-, I have abided the condition of being let, by way
of satisfa«tory proof that the improvement is completely
finished ; for, if it was kept in hand, it would be a matter
of opinion and valuation, which is never satisfactory.
The planting premiums would in all probability have
many claimants. The atone wall is essential ; planting
without preservation is trifling.
As to the nature of the premiums I recommend, viz.
pieces of plate, I think they would have a greater effect
A TOCK IN IREI.AKD,
than tayfthmg else; money would be out of sight i
forgotten ; a medal, that has been proBtitut«>d to all sort
of triflee. would be a contemptible reward for such eiertioni J
but a handsome cup, vase, tray, table, etc. would bf^
always in sight, and on every occasion a subject for coft-
Tereation, to animate others to gain the same. T*
eH>erienoe of a few years would prove whether the qui
titles of land required were too high or not. An inspecto
to] view all 'proceedings would be absolutely necessaryj
whose reward should be devised iu such a mann
secure his integrity ; imless some gentlemen of eousiderabl* J
consequence in the neighbourhood took that ofGce toIuo-I
tarily upon them. 'M
Some premiums upon these principles, united with sucbg
a plan as I have stated for the estatilishment of a fam
would be attended with all the advantage to the natiooi
agriculture in the power of any Society to effect. Th
eipence would not be so'large as not to leave a oonsiderabfl
portion of the Society's funds for trade and manufacture"
and consequently to please those who wished such objec
not to be neglected.
SECTION
xvn.
C„.TO..
Vanw proRciu
e iiioribiia,
TT is but an illiberal buaioess for a traveller, wlio deaigue
*■ to pnbliflh remarks upon a couotry, to sit down coolly
ahiB closet and write a §atire on the inhabitantH. Seventy
■(that sort must be enlivened with an uncommon ttharc
irflrit and ridicule to please. Wbere very gross absurdities
Uefound, it is fair and manly to note tbem; but to eat«r
iota character and disposition is generally uneandid, since
ftere are no people but might be better thau they are
taaai, and none but have virtues which deserve attention.
«t leaat aa much as their failings ; for these reasons this
*«1ion would not have found a place in my observations,
':i'I not some persons, of much more flippancy than
"iBilom, given very gross misrepresentations of the Irish
'i.i.lii>n. It is with pleasure, therefore, that I take up the
l-n on the present occasion; as a much longer residence
■ inre enables me to exhibit a very different picture; in
iiLog tbi-t I shall be free to remark wherein I tliink the
■ 'jriduft of certain classes may have given rise to geneml
aad eonseqnently injurious condemnation.
There are three races of people in Ireland, so distinct as
to Ktrike the least attentive traveller : these are the Spanish
"hich are found in Kerry and a part of Limerick and
' Virke, tall and thin, but well made, a long visage, dark eyes,
liid long, black, lank hair. The time is not remote when
' lie Spaniards had a kind of settlement on the coast of
Kerry, which seemed to be overlooked by Government.
Tliere were many of them in Queen Elizabeth's reign, nor
146
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
I m&ny
were they entirely driven out till the time of Cromw
There is an island of Valentia on that coast, with varif
other names, certainly Spanish. The Scotch race ia in t
north, where are to be found the features which ;
supposed to mark that people, their accent, and i
their customs. In a district near DubLn. but mi
ticularly in the baronies of Bargie and Forth in the couni
of Wexford, the Saxon tongue is spoken without I
mixture of the Irish, and tiie people have a variety t
customs mentioned in the minutes, which distinguish the
from their neighbours. The rest of the kingdom ia m
up of mongrels. The Milesian race of Irish, which i
be ualled native, are scattered over the kingdom, '
chiefly found in Conuaught and Munst^r ; a few i
aiderable families, whose genealogy is undoubted, remain;
but none of them with considerable possesBions. except the
O'Briens and Mr. O'Neil ; the former have near twenty
thousand pounds a year in the family ; the latter half as
much, the remnant of a property once bis ancestors', whicli
now forms six or seven of the greatest estates i
kingdom. O'Hara and M'Dermot are great names in
Conuaught, and O'Donoghue a considerable one in KenjjT
but I heard of a family of O'Drischal's in Corke, whocla"
an origin prior in Ireland to any of the Milesian race.
The only divisions which a traveller, who passed throu(
the kingdom without making any residence, could mat
would be into people of considerable fortune, and m<A
The intermediate division of the scale, so numerous aui
respectable in England, would hardly attract the least
notice in Ireland. A residence in the kingdom couvincee
one, however, that there is another class in general of
small fortune, — country gentlemen and renters of land.
The manners, habits, and customs of people of considerable
fortune, are much the same everywhere ; at least, there is
Tery little difference between England and Ireland ; it is
among the common people one must look for those traits
by which we discriminate a national character. The
circumstauces which struck me most iu the common Irish
were vivacity and a great and eloquent volubili^ of speech ;
one would think they could take snuff ' ' "
tiring till doomsday. They are infinil
UANNERS AND Ct'STOUS.
and bvely than anything we commonly see in England.
having nothing of that incivility of sullen silence, with
which fio many enhghtened Englishmen seem to wrap
themselves up, as if retiring within their own importance.
Lazy to an extent at work, hut ao spiritedly active at ji/ay,
that at hurling, which ia the ericket of savages, they shew
the greatest feats of a^lity. Their love of society is aa
remarkable as their curiosity is insatiable ; and their hos-
pitality to all comers, be their own poverty ever ao pinching,
haa too much merit to be foi^tten. Pleased to enjoyment
with a joke, or witty repartee, they will repeat it with
such expression, that the laugh will be universal. Warm
friends and revengeful enemies, they are inviolable in
tlieur secrecy, and inevitable in their resentment; with
such a notion of honour, that neither threat nor reward
would induce them to betray the secret or person of a
man, though an oppressor whose property they would
plunder without ceremony. Hard drinkers and quarrel-
some ; great liars, but civil, submissive, and obedient.
Dancing is so universal among them that there are every-
where itinerant dancing- masters, to whom the cottars pay
sixpence a quarter for teaching their families. Besides
the Irish jig, which they can dance with a most luxuriant
expression, minuets and country dances are taught ; and I
even heard some talk of cotillons coming in.
Some d^jree of education is also general, hedge-schools,
as they are called (they might as well he termed ditch
oDos, for I have seen many a ditch full of scholars) are
everywhere to be met with, where reading and writing are
taught; schools are also common for men; 1 have seen
a doxen great fellows at school, and was told they were
educating with an intention of being priests. Many
strokes in their character are evidently to be ascribed to
the extreme oppression under which they live. IE they
are as great thieves and hars as they are reported, it ia
rertainly owing to this cause.
If from the lowest class we rise to the highest, all there
is gaiety, pleasure, luxury, and extravagance ; the town
life at Dublin is formed on the model of that of London.
Every night in the winter there is a ball or a party, where
the polite circle meet, not to enjoy but to sweat each
148 A TOt'R IN IRELAN
other ; a great crowd cramined into twenty feet sqi
gives a zeat to the agremenlf of HmaJl talk and wl
There are four or five houses large enough to receiTe
company comraodlously, but the rest are so small lui to
mak« parties detestable. There ia, however, an agreeable
society in Dublin, in which a man of large fortune will
not find hia time heavy. The atile of living may
gueaaed from the fortunes of the roaident nobility
great commoners; there arc about thirty that
incomes from seven to twenty thousand pounds
The Court has nothiug remarkable or splendid in
varies very much, according to the private fortune
liberality of disposition in the Lord Lieutenant.
In the couutry their life has some circumstauces wlu<
are not commonly seen in England. Large tracts of
are kept in hand by everybody, to supply the deficii
of markets ; this gives such a plenty that, united with
lowness of tales and prices, one would suppose it "'"
for them to spend their incomes, if Dublin in the wini
did not lend assistance. Let it be considered that
prices of meat are much lower than in England ; ponll
only a fourth of the price ; wild fowl and fish in
greater plenty ; rum and brandy not half the price ;
tea. and wines far cheaper ; labour not above a
servants' wages upon an average thirty per cent, cheaj
That taxes are inconsiderable ; for there is no land tu
poor rates, no window tax, uo candle or soap tai, only
a wheel tax, no servants' tax. and a variety of otl
articles heavily burthened in England, but not in Ireland.
Considering all this, one would think they could not spend
their incomes ; they do contrive it. however. In thi«
business they are assisted by two customs that have an
admirable tendency to it, great numbers of horses and
servants. The excess in the latter are in the lower sort;
owing, not only to the general laziness, but also to the
number of atteudauta every one of a higher class will have;
this is common in great famiUes in England, but iu
Ireland a man of five hundred poimda a year feela it.
Aa to horses, the numl)er is carried quite to a folly; iu
order to explain this point, I shall insert a table of th«
demesnes of many of the nobility and gentry, which will
BBSH^H
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 149 ^^^B
shew not onlv the number of horBes, but of other cattle, 1
the qnaatity of laud they keep, ajid other circumHtajices ^|
eiplanatory of their country life.
■
Demean^a.
1
Nvaes. 1 | 1
1
30
j
ito
jH
< P
^
U
M tP
Hr. Clemenbi . . .
240 —
1* —
£420
20
22 6
183
CoL Harley . .
200 -
31 1 li
300
8 4
40
'j. 700] 100
- 3
700 -
90 —
250
Lord C'on^^ngham
J 447 120
32' 3
37 —
.1600 -
84 —
2000' 140
100 20
500
lb.Uenml .
.iiaml -
04 —
130<
12 -
1.300
Uwl Lcmgford .
3201 -
32i 5
300
20
26
12
100
llT.J<duiMR .
4io| no
lOJ 5
320
9
8
4
20(1
QnaCooie . .
5oo; —
35
g
350
30
35
t.
200
GmmI W&lHb.
70o! -
71
5
50
150
llr.Bn>wii . .
3001 -
480
8
800
lifeBiiiaie . .
170 30
50
2
330
15
70
^Bail CtmrMwn .
300
30
7
315
30
21
12
70
^Bnl Cnningbai
150
34
375
20
16
5
70
^H^GMfort. .
300
■2S
3
450
30
43
4
46
100
23
135
9
10
40
350
100
32; —
360
30
37
20
150
^K^^ ■ '
190
-; 35 2
250
40
733
-! 37 17
549
40
68
24
500
^KlMtie .'
1026
80 101 —
790
50
t«
24
80
^Kf.CkUweIl.
700
300| 41 11
900
^KOotry . .
1000
- 88 -
900
120
500
^Kbo^ . .
950
125! — —
30
30
120
1000
200' 55! 10
800
too
108
22 285 ■
^^^Hnreomen
400
-1 40 -
IS
■
1100
100 flO, -
S40
■^
30
500 ■
1000
300 22; 8
60
25
12
130 ■
370! -
is; —
10
30
300 ■
3300 —
[80' -
2310' 120
1:0
z
5000 ■
1500 -
I20| 6
lOOOl 100
70| 20
200 ■
17901 252
55 —
— 100
20! 14
424 ■
Mr. Ttradi . .
10481 100
13' -
eon' 8oi 45
10
980 I
•u Lndno 0-BriBD
399 30
47, -
560] 6O; 26
11 138 ■
Mf. nugerald .
3000 -1 -1 -
2000 26 64
IS 1800 ■
Hr.AIdworth .
12701 800; 550 12
1010 —1 33
16 500 ■
^^^DoniKnule
I200; 200 200' 5
1500 SO, 54
40 400 ■
300 - 351 -
000 — .' 2*
- 120 ■
^HGardoT: .
915 _ 114 —
7O0I 45 13
15 187 ■
A TOUR IN TRELAND.
K^-.
i
1
I
I^
1
Iti
ta EC
f
Mr. JeffriM . . .
30*
~z
~^
_
£300
~^
32; ~
300
Mr. Trent . . .
238
2*
31
13l 5
200
1600
368
81
1500
132
111 36
4T0
Mr. Lowlield . . .
Re». Arciid. OUrer
1100
78
800
30
65 14
200
BOO
136
16
650
50
25l 21
100
Mr. Herbert. . . .
1300
780
400
18[ 30
300
Mr. Bftt«ro*n . . .
250
5
2S0
30 — 1 60
Lord Ulendoar . . .
1000
100
65
1000
50—200
Mr. Fitzgerald . . .
200
23
3
200
21 « 1 00
2S0
50
27
230
-
24' 6 60
Mr. Oliver . . . .
600
100
2*
10
500
50
30 10 125
Mr. RvTee . . . .
300
-
2S
4.%
6
20 -
300
Lord CUnwilliuu . .
840
34
1
600
30
40, -
600
Mr. Macartney , . .
BOOO
lOOOO
170
180: 80
800D
Lord de Mont< . .
1300
300
75
40 40
Mr. Moure ....
600
17
1155
Lord Tyrone . . .
Mr. Bofton . . . .
2100
1500
64
1200
200
36 48
200
28
300
40
^1 S
Mr. Nevill . . . .
220
24
350
22 -
Mr. Lloyd . . . .
Mr. HolmcB. . . .
130
12' -
49
2!i
16
540
40
30 14
Bb. Head . . . .
la
27
676
30
Lord Ku.g,bo.t>ngh .
100
30
5
4O0
^
"1 =
3
The inteUigent reader will collect something more thl
mere curiosity from this table ; it will neceaaarily a
him, that a couutiy reeidence in Ireland demands & n
larger quantity of land in hand than in England ;
which might be deduced, if not from any thing else, 1
much bacVwarder the former is than the latter ; whi
markets are wanting, every thing must be had at home, fl
case stronger still in America. In England such extensit
demenses would be parks around the seats, for beauty ■
much as use, but it is not bo in Ireland ; the words deer-park
and demetne are to be distinguished -, there are great demesnes
without any parka, but a want of taste, too cotmnon i
Ireland, is having a deer-park at a distance from the bouse:
the residence surrounded by walls, or hedges, or cftbbi
and the lawn enclosure scattered with animals of i
i AND CI.-STOMS.
151
I, perhaps three miles off. The small quantity of com
tortioned to the total acree, shews bow little tillage is
mded to, even by those who are the best able to cany it
on ; and the eolumn of tumepB proves in the clearest
manner, what the progresB of improvement is in that
kingdom. The number of horses may almost be esteemed
a satire upon common sense ; were they well fed enough to
be useful, they would not be ao numerous, but I have
found a good back for a common ride scarce in a house
where there were a hundred. Upon an average, the horses
in gentlemen's stables, throughout the kingdom, are not fed
half BO weU as they are in England by men of equal fortune ;
jet the number makes the expence of them very heavy.
nAnother drcumstauce to be remarked in the country life
^■tiie misemblenesa of many of their houses ; there are
^Hk oC five thousand a year in Ireland, who live in habita-
^|p)B that a man of seven hundred a year in England
voald disdain ; an air of neatness, order, dress, and proprete,
is wanting to a surprizing degree aroimd the mansion ; even
new and excellent hoi'ses have often nothing of this about
them. But the badness of the houses is remedying every
hour throughout the whole kingdom, for the number of
new ones just built, or building, is prodigiously great. I
should suppose there were not ten dwellings in the Idug-
Hr>m thirty years ago that were fit for an English pig to
' ■.(■ in. Gardens were equally bad; but now they are
luning into the contrary extreme, and wall in five, six,
If n, and even twenty Irish a«res for a garden, but generally
e or treble what is necessary.
) tables of people of fortune are very plentifully
' ; many elegantly ; differing in nothing from those
if;l&nd. I think I remarked that venison wants the
F it has with us, probably for the same reason, that
idnce of rich parks is never equal to to that of poor
he moisture of the climate and the richness of the
e fat but not flavour. Another reason is the small-
e parks ; a man who has three or four thousand
lis hands has not. perhaps, above three or four
I in his deer park ; and range is a great point for
Dison. Nor do I think that garden vegetables have
Kfl»Toiir found In those of England, certainly owing to
152 A TOLR IN IRELAND.
the cliinat«; green peas I found every where j
iusipid, and lettuce, &c. not good. Claret is
wine of all tables, and so much inferior to what is d
in England, that it does not appear to be the same v
but their port ia incomparable, eo muclj better than the
English as to prove, if proof was wanting, the abominablfl
adulterations it must undergo with us. Drinking and
duelling are two charges which Imve long been olledgd
against the gentlemen of Ireland, but the change a
manners which has taken phi«e in that kingdom is na
generallj known in Eugland. Druukennesa ought n
longer to be a reproach ; for at every table I was at ii
Ireland I saw a perfect freedom reign ; every person disnl
just as little as tliey pleased, nor have I ever been asked U
drink a single glass more than I had an inclination for; 1
may go farther and assert iJiat hard drinking is very ni
among people of fortune ; yet it is certain that they a
much longer at table than in England. I was much surprized
at first going over to find no summons t^ coSee, the eompanj
often sitting till eight, nine, or ten o'clock before tlu
went to the ladies. If a gentleman likes tea or coffee, 1
retires without saying any thing ; a stranger of rank n
propose it to the niast«r of the house, who from cusb:
contrary to that of England, will not stir till he receive
such a hint, as they think it would imply a desire t
save their wine. If the gentlemen were generally deairon
of tea, I take it for granted they would have it ; but Haa
slighting is one inconvenience to such as desire it; no
knowing when it is provided, conversation may carry tkei
beyond the time ; and then, if they do trifle over the cofib
it will certainly be cold. There ia a want of attention ii
this, which the ladies should remedy ; if they will no
break the old custom and send to the gentlemen, which 11
what they ought to do, they certainly should have a bi '
fresh. I must however remark that at the politest ta
which are those of people who have resided much oot
of Ireland, this point is conducted exactly as it is i~
jEhigland.
Duelling was once carried to an eiceas, which was a rei
reproach and scandal to the kingdom ; it of course pro-
ceeded from excessive drinking ; as the cause has dis-
UA>~{>ERS ANB CUSTOMS. 153
appeared, the effert has nearly followed : not, however.
entirely ; for it is yet far more common among people of
fashion than in Englaad. Of all practices a man, vho
felt for the honour of his country, would wish soonest to
banish this ; for there is not one favourable conclusioD to be
drawn from it : as to courage, nobody can question that
of a polite and enlightened nation, entitled to a share of
the reputation of the age ; but it implies unciviliiied
manners, an ignorance of those forms which govern polity
societies, or else a brutal drunkenness ; the Iatt«r is no
longer the cause or the pretence. As to the former, they
would place the national character so backward, would
take from it so much of its pretence to civilization, elegance
and politeness of manners, that no true Irishman would be
pleased with the imputation. Certain it is, that none are
so captious as those who think themselves neglected or
despised ; and none are so ready to believe themselves
«ither one or the other, as persons unused to good com-
pany. Captious people, therefore, who are ready to take
an afiront, must inevitably have been accustomed to ill
company, unless there should be something uncommonly
crooked in their natural dispositions, which is not to be
supposed. Let every man that fights his one, two, three,
or half a dozen duels, receive it as a maxim, that every one
he adds to the number is but an additional proof of bis
being ill educated, and having vitiated his manners by the
contagion of bad company ; who is it that can reckon the
most numerous rencontres ? who but the bucks, bloods,
land-jobbers, and little drunken country gentlemen ?
Ought not people of fashion to blush at a practice which
will very soon be the distinction only of the most con-
temptible of the people ? the point of honour will and must
remun for the decision of certain affronts ; but it will
rarely be had recourse to in polite, sensible, and well bred
company. The practice among real gentlemen in Ireland
every day declining is a strong proof, that a knowledge of
the world corrects the old manners ; and, consequently, its
having ever been prevalent was owing to the causes to
which I have attributed it.
I There is another point of manners somewhat connected
"i the present subject, which partly induced me to place
154 A TOUR IS IRELAND.
a motto at the head of this eectioii. It ia the condact
juries. The crimiiml law of Ireland is the same aa that o
England ; but in the execution it is bo diSereat, as acarcel]*
to bo known. I believe it ie a fact, at least I have bo
assured so, tliat no ma.n was ever hanged in Ireland f
killing another iu a duel : the security is such that noboi^
eTcr thought of removing out of the way of justice; j '
there have been deaths of that aort, which had no more
do with honour than stabbing in the dark. I believe
Irelaud is the only country in Europe, I am sure it is till
only part of the British dominions, where usaociatioBl
among men of fortune are necessary for apprehei "
ravisherB. It is scarcely credible how niany young womad
have even of tate years been ravished, and carried off, i
order (as they generally have fortunes) to gain to appM
ance a Tolunl.ary marriage. These actions it is true il
not committed by the class I am considering at preseiri
but they are tried by them, and acquitted. I thuik tl
has been only one man executed for that crime, which is I
common aa to occasion the associations I mentioned ; it is I
this supine execution of the law that such enormities H
owing. Another circumstance, which has the effect (
screening all sorts of offenders, is men of fortune pB
tecting them, and making interest for their aoquittt
which is attended with a variety of evil consequences.
heard it boasted in the county of Fermanagh, that tha
had not been a man hanged in it for two and twenty yean
all I concluded from this was, that there had been many'
jury who deserved it richly.
Iiet me, however, conclude what I have to observe 9
the conduct of the principal people residing in '.
that there arc great numbers among them who are
hberal iu all their ideas as any people in Europe ; tl
they have seen the errors which have given an ill clutncl
to the manners of their country, and done every thing tl
example could effect to produce a change : that that hof,
change has been partly effected, and is effecting ev6l
hour ; insomuch that a msn may go into a vast varie^ (■ 1
families, which he will find actuated by no other principlt* I
than those of the moat cultiyated politeness, and the most
liberal urbanity.
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 155
But I must now come to another cla,B» of people, to
wEuMC conduct it is aimoat entirely owing thai th<- character
of the nation has not that lustre abroad, which, I dare
aasert. it will soon very generally merit : this ia the class of
little country gentlemen ; ' tenants, who drink their claret
by means of profit rents ; jobbers in farms ; bucks ; your
fellows with round hats, edged with gold, who hunt in the
day, get drunk in the evening, and fight the next morning.
I shall not dwell on a subject bo perfectly disagreeable ;
bat remark that these are the men among whom drinking,
wrangling, quarrelling, fighting, ravishing, &c. &c. &o. are
found as iu their native soil ; once to a degree that made
them the pest of society ; they are growing better, but even
now, one or two of them, got by accident (where they have
no busineaa) into better company, are sufficient very much
to derange the pleasures that result from a lilnjral con-
versation. A new spirit, new fashions, new modes of
polil^Miesa, exhibited by the higher ranks, are imitated
by the lower; which will, it is to be hoped, put an end
to this race of beings ; and either drive their sons
and <M)usin8 into the armv or navy, or sink them into
plain farmers, like those we have iu England, where
it ia common to see men, with much greater property.
without pretending to be gentlemen. I repeat it from
the intelligence I received, that even this class are
very different from what they were twenty years ago,
and improve 80 fast, that the time will soon come
when the national character will not be degraded by
any set.
That character is upon the whole respectable : it would
be unfair to attribute to the nation at large the vices and
follies of only one class of individuals. Those persons
from whom it is candid to take a general estimate do credit
to their country. That they are a people learned, lively
utd ingenious, the admirable authors they have produced
^11 be an eternal monument ; witness their Swift, Sterne,
' Thu eipreHJun is not M be taken in ■ general arnae. God forbid
1 ihonld give (his characMr of all cuuntrj gentlemen of gmall rortones
in Irrluid ; I hsve mjiielf been ocqimintud with exceptions. — [ mean
DOly Ibkt in ganenl they are oot the most liberal people in the kingdom.
-{AUko^i note.}
166 A TOua IN IRELAND.
Congreve, Boyle, Berkelej, Steele, Farquhar, Southeniflr
and Goldsmith- Their talent for eloquence
acknowledged in the Parliaments of both the Hngdoms.
Oor own service both by sea and land, as well as thit
(unfortunately for us) of the principal monarchies
Europe, speak their steady and determined courage. Eveir
unprejudiced traveller who fisits them will be as maon
pleased with their chearfulneBS, as obl^d by their hospi-
tality : and will find them a brave, polite, and libenl
people.
' OOKH TRADE or IBBLAND. — BOCMTY ON INLAND CABRtASE.
THE police of torn in Ireland is almost ooofined to one
of the most singular measurea that have any where
been adopted ; which ia, giving a, bounty on the inland
carriage of com from all parto of the kingdom to the
c&pital. Before it is fully explained, it will be necessary
to state the motives that were the inducement to it.
Dublin, it was aaaerted, from the peculiarity of its
situation on the eastern extremity, without any inland
navigations leading to it. was found to be, in point of con-
sumption, more an English than an Irish city, in corn
almost as much as in coals. The import of com and flour
drained the kingdom of great sums, at the same time that
the supply was uncertain and precarious. It was farther
asserted that tillage was exceedingly neglected in Ireland,
to the impoverishment of the kingdom, and the misery of
the poor. That if some measure could be struck out, at
once to remedy those two evils, it would be of singular
advantage to the community.
This reasoning furnished the hint to a gentleman of very
considerable abilities, now high in office, there to plan the
measure I am speaking of. It has been perfected by
L^epeated Acta giving a bounty on
5Cwt.
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
40 stone Flour tliree-pance per mile.
ditto Malt two-[ierice h&lfp. ditto,
ditto ^V1lealt tliree-Ualf)»eDce ditto.
ditto (iuts one penuy ditto,
ditto Bere Uiree- halfpence ditto,
ditto Barley three 'ballpence ditto.
same as oats ; the ten first miles from
i&e
> TOCH IN IRELAND.
Dnblin deducted, it amounts, as ha» been found bj
experience, to nearly twenty per cent, more for flour than
the real eipence of carriiige, and une and a half per cent
more for wheat. In cooBequence of this Act many of the
finest mills for grinding com that are to be found ii
world were erected, some of which have been built upon
8ucli a scale, as to have cost near ^20,000. The effect ku
been considerable in ext«nding tillage, and great quantities
of the produce are carried to Dublin. Before I offer aaj
observations on this system, it will be necessary to :'
such tables as are necessary to explain the extent, effect
and expcnce of tbe measure, which took place in 1762, and)
in 1766 and 7, arose to above ^60,000. In order to
what the import was before that period, and also what it
was before the bounty was in full play, as well as since, "
following table will have its use.
Import of Corn and Flour.
Year.
Barley
aud malt
Qrs.
Wheat.
Qrs.
Flofur.
Cwt
1744
1745
174«
1747
J 748
1749
2,450
11,305
136,934
86,316
29,015
39,121
329
6,342
129,190
28,973
3,402
»,720
20,977
24,708
110,832
37,180
30,502
Avertkge
51,023
29,492
37.368
Value
£61,023
£44,238
£18,68*
17S0
1761
1752
1753
1764
1765
1756
44,S3e
47.681
69,361
61.927
109,539
99.386
78,061
16,275
20,317
30,426
18,195
39,635
67.699
20,412
50,6.37
60,985
78,282
63,527
91,583
89,016
71..T43
Average
73,027
28,994
72,196
Valae
£73,027
£43,481
£36.098
COKN TRADE. 159
Jmfort of Com and Flow (continued).
I
Bvley imd Malt.
Wheat.
Flonr.
Quantity.
Valne.
Qaantitf.
Vftlue.
Quantity.
Valae.
w
£
£
C.
£
69,354
59,354
31,711
47,567
55,975
27,978
38,123
38.123
27.850
4l.771i
1759
6,071
6.071
4,718
27,258
1760
34,678
34,678
3,897
6,54fl
30.093
15.046
3D,2(HS
30,203
2.427
.^,641
30,982
15.491
37,500
37,500
17,129
25,694
51.522
25.781
t
44,364
44,264
22,655
33,982
57,048
28,524
35,742
35,743
15,741
23,612
40,481
23.382
31,587
31, .IS?
25.783
38,645
108,209
54.104
*S,8&4
48,854
10,529
16,7W
67,409
33,704
40,356
40,356
14,130
21,19(
81,371
40,685
30.681
30,681
39,456
59,184
58,182
29,091
S,684
6,684
17,7(M
22,600
11,300
4,769
2,199
3,29£
16,447
k
35,514
44.39-2
43,532
87,065
86,776
52,065
28,205
29.643
21,059
34,698
62,856
32.667
66.00.
69,525
53,448
106,897
125,321
75,193
27,965
12,163
6,970
8,712
2,861
10,306
6,183
189
236
4,104
8,89i
23,466
14,079
1775
6.56
820
3,235
7.00£
28.902
17,341
1778
7,857
8,643
7,547
16,351
26,292
15,775
1777
Average
4.^,101
47.411
3,457
7,490
69,838
41,903
19,538
23,330
12,402
25,242
47,697
'28.446
Barley and MaU.
V
Arerace import of tlie
Qm.
Rwl period ... 61,023 .. 5
Swmd ditto... 73.027 ... 7.
Third ditto ... 36,742 ... 3i
Fourth ditto... 28,206 . . 2!
Fihhditto ... 19,638,,, Z
Average ol the Qra.
First period ,
Second ditto .
.29,492, .
. 28,994 ...
Third ditto
Fourth ditto
- 21,069 ...
Fifth ditto
. 12,402 ...
i TOCR IN' IRISLAND.
Fhw.
Average of the Cwt.
First period ...37.368 ..
Second ditto... 72,198 ,.
Thinl ditto .. 46,481 ..
Fourth ditto... 82,866 ..
Fifth ditto ,.-47,697 ..
I the three (irat I
ueriodH .... J
Ditto of the two last
I The import ir
foDrl«en feant
less than in the ji
ceding twenty by
Imjiort of the fourth
Dfttoof theBftL.'be'-
ing the period in
wmcli the bounty
hath taken full
effect . .
71.013 I DiSerence.
nthi
These authentic compariaons differ moat aurprizinglj
from the afiaertiona that have been made to me in cotiTera»>
tion. I was led to believe that Dublin was no longer fej
with English corn and fiour, and that the difEorence of tbi
im.port since the bounty ttiok effect was not less I
^00,000 a year. What those assertions could mean is i
me perfectly fenigmatical. Have the jjentlemen who ai
fast friends to this measure never taJcen the trouble i
examine these papers ? Has the business been so often hi
fore Parliament, and committees of Parliament, without
having been particularly sifted ? We here find that tba
import into Ireland of foreig^i barley and malt, wheat ant
flour, have lessened in the last seven years, compared withi
the preceding seven years, no more than to the amount uH
about ^20,000. I read with attention the report of Mr.'
Forster's committee in 1774, the purport of which was toj
estabhsh the principles whereon this bounty was given ; bu^,
as the whole of that performance turns on a comparison of'
fifteen years before 1758, and fifteen years after, thon^i
itaelf contains a declaration (page 7) that the great effect o£
the measure then concerned only the three last years, veiy
little information of consequence is to be drawn from it,
since it assigns a merit to the measure, while it admits mioe
could flow from it ; nor does the whole report contain one
syllable of the decrease in the export of pasturage, which
onght to have been minutely examined. But in order that
we may have the whole corn-trade before ub, let me insert
the import of other aorta of com.
^^^^B
^^^^^
I
1
^^^
^^^M
^^1
■
^^^^H
161 1
^H
^^n
W
CORN TRADE.
, VntetA MeaL
Ofttmeol.
Beans on rlPeaM.
Oata. 1
1
s
^
S
i-
a
t
s
J
I
1
I
1
3
1
1
I
tun^
£
BurelB.
4.677
£
1,669
•&
£
q™.
£
4,038
1,346
647
5S9
5,985
3,591
10
3
269
242
59
36
9
410
.W9
72
43
285
256
56
33
95
110
1,181
393
497
447
9
5
23
29
7,912
2.637
366
329
18
22
2,545
848
414
373
B83
529
1,136
1,420
55
IS
543
489
139
S3
46
57
868
781
417
521
520
173
679
521
744
446
>«,aG9
12,074
740
246
620
2.854
1,712
6.351
8.689
389
350
950
570
1,023
1.278
463
453
115
74
1,SS4
2,781
104
36
752
752
44
28
.S.3M
3.548
202
87
610
566
692
416
8.688
5,629
14,625
5,119
2,356
2.358
1,820
1,274
S,fl04
4,35fl
13,599
4,799
836
838
351
246 1
782
1,173
1,495
623
428
428
58
39
7Bfl
1,138
430
IfiO
481
602
333
250 ,
1,«00
2,400
1,171
410
1.110
1,388
4
682
1,023
781
976
24
18 i
38
48
1,558
545
6,305
7,882
387
290
1,482
2,238
4,895
1,844
1.767
2,067
425
-■ i
•f the import pt
r annoia of these articles
m the
£6 352
a the pteceding
4;^
Increase
£1,657
nthereforair
J find that, instead o£ a
decrea
ae in the
t tiiewmtran
has taken place.
iol«d by the Rigbl Hon. I*
m
6.
TOUR IK IRELAND.
Recapitulation of the total Value of Corn, Flour, Ac
imported :—
In the year 1757
. £136,860
1758
, 121,862
17S9
. 27.058
1760
55,694
1761
49,629
1762
89,919
1763
109,765
764 .
. £136,348
765 .
flo,ioa
766
767
133,008
768
■e.2»7
769
18,77fl
770 .
. 'ler.iw
Average of seven yeara £84,369 Average of seven yeaxa £1D1,60(
In the yew 1771 ... £265,897
1772 ... 91,141
1773 ... 22,780
1774 ... 25,348
In tlie year 1776 ... £42,788
1777 ... 106,599
Average of seven years £84,697
Here is the re§iilt of the whole import account ; the ba<
tauce of which in favour of the nation is no more than tlu«
trifling sum of sixteen thousand pounds. Tlie account how-
ever must be farther examined ; we must take the export
aide of the queation, for there has been an uiport, notwitfa>
standing this great import. We see something of thia is
the register of our English com trade, where is a consideta-
ble speculative commerce in com ; but, as no such thiitt
exists in Ireland, where the com trade in a simple import o!
a neccBBary of life, it is a little aurprieing if an j great export
apiwars. Let us however examine the account.
' The Dnblin Society were not very accurste, when in their petittM
to I'arlliLini-nc they u-t forth, tliut in two years preceding 1771 llw
import amuuiited to upmtrdt o( £600,000.
CORN TRADE.
ssSJSil
isiSSsS
Increaxe £38,612
But as the preceding table tnclades the export from i
the porte io the kingdom, I have inserted it as an object
genera] informatioa. not as immediately neceaaaxy to t
enquiry before na, which eoncema the port of Dublin onlj.
A meaaure which draws the com to that capital from all the
ports in the kingdom, can never promote an eijiort fnaa
them, but must operate in a contrary manner : for tbil
reason I have drawn the export of the port of Dublin
the general tables for twenty-one years, and find the averages
of l£e three periods, each of seven years, to be in value i
follows : the table itself is too voluminous tu insert
£ «. rf.
Exported in the Hrat seven years, per annum 2,892 5 tt
second ditto 3,979 2
— ■ last ditto 7,550 9
Tlie Ia.-<t (leriod greater than that preceilineby 3,672 7
Which sum ia the profit to be carried to the account (
the inland carriage bounty.
I must here observe, that there was a bounty giveii o
exportation, which took place the 24tb of Jime, 1774, ri
3<. 2d. on the quarter of wheat, ground wheat, meal, (
wheat flour. 3s. id. on the quarter of rye, pease or beai
ground or unground. Is. 2d. on the quarter of oata, whk
Act declares the half quarter of wheat, rye, pease, bean
meal, &c. shall he 224 lb. barley and malt were left out, tl
ensure the Acta passing in England.
The following sessiona an additional duty on tl _ ^^
was laid of 2t. a barrel on all wheat, eind l». per hundnj
weight on all flour, meal, bread, and biscuit, except of th
produce of or manufacture of Great Britain, to be levifll
when the middle price of wheat at the port where importt
shall exceed 23*. English, the barrel of 280 lb. The ol
duty on wheat was 2d. per barrel ; on fiour Ig. from all porH
Great Britain included.
s . . . . £W
^^^^^^1
^^^^" CORN TRADE. 165
The reader i§ not to imagine from hence, that the com
trade of Ireland yields a balance of profit ; the advantage
to be attributed to the bounty from this account ie only a
Ittttming of loss, aa will appear from the following state of
eiport and import over the whole kingdom.
Import and Export compared in value. H
Year 1757
1758
1769
1780
1781
1782
1763
Import.
Export.
BaJBQce
profit.
Balance '
loss.
£
138.360
121,662
■27.058
36,694
49.629
89.fll9
109.762
£
12.105
13,104
31,642
13,539
11,927
9,542
12.403
£
4,584
£
124.756
108,558
42,155
37,703
80,377
97,358
AvertLge . .
84,360
14,894
654 1 70,120 1
Vou 17M
1785
1786
1787
I7B8
1769
1770
126,346
99.190
103.898
133,608
42,297
18,778
187.119
18,888
38,149
35,557
447
43,470
99,340
29,288
173
80,564
107,478
71.041
88.341
133,161
157,851
Average . .
101,604
36,299
11,533
76,838
^bev 1771
^m 1772
^M 1775
■ 1776
^1 1777
•265,897
91,141
22,788
25,348
29,a71
42,788
105,569
4,328
37,616
31,280
96.048
65,894
114,297
104,642
8,493
70,700
36,523
71,509
281,671
63,525
917
^»^. .
83,270
64,871
26,746
45,144
Loss per
annum in the miildle seven years . .
£78,838
^L NBatlos>
pf"a.nnam
£65,306
Neat loE<44 per annuni IS,:
It IB a reduction of the loss of ^5,000 dovn to XIS.OOO.
Having tlius dtacovered the advantage of the meaaurA'
let us in the nost plat-e examine, at what eipence thia benefit
has been obtained. The following table shews the payments
of the bounty to ea«h county ; the totals ; the stones of coni,
and the cwts. of flour brought.
r
INLAND BOfNTY.
Is I
i.
it
I
I
= i =l=a 3|l|=8f=S SISi 5|S
s" s =s|i-is=-3. yss 11=
s a =SSS E=S I s =s
ills |S"=5 S?"S §5«
8="'s i3=s asa
5=|!- = "I Sr8 8=8
a - =5ss s g- 8 s»s
as|S " I 5= S i
iiiilliiiUJi'
^^^^^1
168 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
1
1
.;
1
1
s
3
s.-
1
i • S' 1 S H||=IS5S|B|SS| IP
^p;
g , l.'SI. S |!|SspSSf!.|l|«iSS
^i!
i . r=s * iWP'^i iWfW
ip
i, =31 ras||"is«i8 mimi
'9
{ ^^ rsi. 3-s||f 56=31 sm=m
1
i «- 1 =1 i 5|p'56!»r|ll!. 6P
1
^ ,S-S -| i =S|i-S=s"|-g'=8 Sia
J
1 ,S-§-»l S siii-Bss-j |;|g ||s J
J
iiiilbilM
^^^
^■^
ISLAND
aousTV.
169
Mai payment
n 1704 , £.'■,483
1765 . e,6eu
1766 . 9,212
1767 - 6,074
1768 . 13.675
1769 . 25,225
1770 . 18,706
Tutal pay men
in 1771 .C19.-290
1772 . 39.560
1773 . 44,465
1774 . 49,674
177.1 . .■)3,889
1776 . 60,745
1777 . 61,786
ad in seven ye
ar» , £85.038
Ptid in seven
■eBJs . £329,413
hich is, per no
num £12,148
Which is, per
annum £47,OG9
If therefore the account was to be cloaed here, it appears
that forty-seTen thousand pounds per annum have been
given of the publick money for a gain in tbe export and
import account of com of twenty thoueand pounds a year-
Surely this ia paying very dear for it ! — but the account
does not end here.
From this table the reader finds that the bounty baa been
contiauallj rising, until it has exceeded siity thousand
IKiunds a year, It also appears that the encrease of tillage
has been chiefly in the counties of Kilkenny, Tipperary,
Carlow. Meath, Sildare, King's. Wexford. Queen's, apd
Limerick, as will appear by contrasting the first and the iaat
years of those counties.
Counties.
Kilkenny
Mealb
Kildare
King's
Wexford
(^een'H
Roscomiuon
And Limerick arose from nothing at all to .£2.773 in the
year 1776 ; from hence one fact clearly appears, that the
increase of tillage has by no means been in the poor counties,
by breaking up uncultivated lands ; on the contrary, it has
lx*n entirely in the richest counties in the kingdom ; which
confirms the intelligence I received on the journey, that it
was good sheep land that had principally been tilled. The
bounty to Tipperary. Carlow and Eoscommon, once the
reatest sheep counties in Ireland, was insignificant at the
inning of the measure, but has at last become very great.
1762.
1777
£2,079
. £20.816
191
9,862
160
2,479
508
4.B04
748
3,485
447
3,161
33
4,952
651
3,161
12
1,740
r
170
A TOUR IK IRELAXD.
This circumatamie. bo essential iu the subject, renders^
absolutely neuesBarj- to enlarge our enquirr. that we a
examine, as well as our materials will permit, whether a _
national loss, as well as profit, haa resulted from oonrerUng
BO much rich pasture land into tillage ; and. in order to do
this, it will be necessary to lay before the reader the eiporti
of the produce of pasturage from Ireland during these two
periods of sevea years each, which serve uh for a comparison.
Year.
Barrels
Ct.
Ct.
No. Cl.
CowB.bnll.
of Beet. Bntter.
L'anJlea.
HiJee. Tallow.
andhoraea.
1753
180,877 i 200.060
I60,6.W 28.128
1754
149,558 ' 107,998
128,739 20,t.W
1755
180,980 223,294
164,184 . 26.029
1756
142,636 : 203.876
113,523 121.217
17ff7
147,804 181,134
158,822 , 18.006
1758
105,789 181,454
161,197 '17.9B0
1759
136,356 1 237,169
117,113 22,331
Average
' 162,034
203.569,
142.033 i 22,118
ITM
218.220
257,976
8.895
it».8l2 50..501
1,088
1765
199.999
301.109
5.564
106,335 52,706
1,767
1766
190,409
271,946
3.203
121,854 46,.'U3
2.135
1767
173,484
257,W7
2,862
111,895 .11.071
I.SSO
1788
209.847
304,623
4,223
134.149 51.662
3,605
1769
2a5,.TO8
315,153
3.428
113,056,49,089
2,836
1770
208.280 282,717
1,730
131,130 48,260
1.887
Avenigc
200.799 laoi.sio
4,284
124.601 49.976
2.127
1771
201.010 ; 238.801
2,170
139.759 46.842
1.S98
1
1772
' 200.829 1 288,457
2,430
155,966 44.981
LOOT
1773
1 215.191 1 272..199
2,183
119.978 39.920
1,478
177*
' 187,494 ' 270,096
2.034
108.282 41.350
3,399
1775
! 192,4.^,264,140
2,234
136.782 42.295
7,418
1 76
1203,685 1272.411
3.155
108,.W4 50.549
8.0SS
1777
168.578': 264,181
1.764
84,391 ■ 48,502
5,640
Average! 195,605 1 267,213
2.280
121.963 ' 44.919
4.040
' The firsl KTen jemn
from the
Commons Joumali
tbehMfiN
traa the P»rliuDenlmry Rerord. of
Import ud Expnr
t. HO. ^m
* Since tb«p
rnxding shMU wan
finwlwd .t prcM,
I h«T«afat
•m
The prices of all these comtiiodittes must be ascertained,
in order to discover the iucreaee or decrease of value.
The custom-Iiouae price of beef is ^1 6s. 8d. per barrel ;
bat 1 find that the average price at Waterford, from 1764
tol776. waBl6«,percwt. oril 12s. the barrel. ThecuBtom-
liouse rate of butter is ^22 per cwl. but by the same authority,
I find the real price on the average of the last fourteeu years
to be £i Ss. 6^. CaudleB at the custom houBe ^1 15s. per
irt. the real price £2 10s. Tallow at the cufitom-houee £2
the true price £2 4s. 6d.
Xwierage price of four and a half hundred beef per cwt.
ri757
|17IH
1 1759
|i7ao
tlTSl
ri7a2
1763 ,
13
Yew 1770
1764 .
1» 6
1771
14
1772
1766 .
16
1773
Average of the last 13 years
Vnry important piece of inroTmaticiD. My conjei-lure was right :
— n for the tmo|i« wu not included in tbo tables fur tlie yean,
S, aad IT'S ; the following is the aJdition to bo made On this
Beef.
Pork.
Butler.
Barrel!.
Barrels.
Cwl.
I3,a06
49,a96
177S
13,yOS
8,701
1T79
U,801
52,260
9,974
1779 t
oasthoct. . .
11,572
41,164
S,572
97i,8)J3
2S5,245
k The mni lolal i>f thnse yean is therefure as follow :
I Barrels. I Barrels.
ityc«l777 181,784 123,227
■ -778 1 203,901 | 126,908
n it appears that, so far has the export of Ireland, in these
it articles of her proriaioa trade, been fnim falling off, that the
K is pnidigious, and proves in the most saliafactory manner that
b tide of her pniqwrity floes strongly. These were the articles, that,
■AUt [ was ignaranl of the fact, seemed moBt to speak of a iledine; imt
T pro>* thia euntrary loo clearly to be doubted.
In addition to tbii, let me add: I atn just infurtued, ihst the Irish
lea inde is at present in London in avery rising state, the priuea high,
il ibe import great. — [AiUMai'i Holr.]
INLAND BOUNTY.
173
V?uMs theu at ^ on &n average. CbeeBe at the Cuatom-
hciuBC £1 per uwt.
Total ErpoTit of Patturage.
First Period. Per anniiiii.
EiiHin of beef froBi 1753 to 1759, 162,034 barreU, «t
t'l 12*. jter X259,2o4
Ditto butt«r. 203,56B cwt. at £2 5s. 6i/. per . . . . 4fl3.11ft
Ditto hides, 1-12,033, at £1 S*. per 198,846
Ditto tiiUow, 22,118 cwt. at £2 4*. W. [wv 4fl,2ll
Aver&ge export of tiie first xeven yenr- . . £970,429
Second Peri-xi.
Beeffmiu 1764 to 1770, 200,799 Urrels, at £1 li*. (ler . £321,277
Batler, 281,510 cwt. nt £2 5«. ttil. per &40,434
i']U)dle«. 4,284 cwt. at £2 10*. per 10,710
Hides. 124.«04. at £1 8«, per 174,446
Tallon-, 49,976 cwt. at £2 4«. 6</. per 1 11, IBB
Live fctock, 2,127, at £5 per 10.635
Lheese, 3,.341 cwt. at £1 per 3,341
.^.verage export of the second neven yearn . £1,272,038
Third Period.
Beef fioni 1771 to 1777, 19.'),605 barrels, at £1 \2». ])er . £312,967
Bntt«r. 267,212 cwt at £2 5*. ft^-jier 607,907
Cudles, 2.280 cwt. ftt £2 10s, (wr 5,016
BiacA, 121,963, at £1 Ss. per 170,747
Tallow, 44,819 cwt. at £2 4». 6rf. per 98,943
Live stock, 4,040, at £S per 20,200
Cheese, 2, 122 cwt. at £1 jier 3,122
Average export of the last seven years . . £1,218,902
ScicoDd period greater than the fintt by .... £301, a09
Second period greater tlian the last by ... . 53, 136
B seuonii [)eriod being greater than the first by near
e hondred tbuuaand pouBde, and Ireland having been
Lghoat all three periods on the advance in proaperitj,
B that the increase should have continued, had not
on interfered, and occasioned, instead of
r increase of three hundred thousand pounds, a
T of above fifty thousand. I cannot suppose that
e of tillage did all this ; I should auppoae that
I'^UpcMnble. Moat of these commodities are certainly con-
174
I TOUB IN IRELAND.
t>umed at home, which perhaps may account for there b
no increase; but the increase of tallage must inevif
have had its share, and it is asaigning a very moderate
to it, to Huppoae the amount no more than this decreaa
fifty thousand pounds a year. We come nert to sheep,!
the exporta which depend on them. The following ti
shews the whole at one view.
ISLAKD BOU
In the last century the quantity o£ wool, &c., wa§ much
uger, indeed it was so great, as will appear frum the fol-
Dwing table, as to form a coneiderable proportion of the
lom'a exports.
I 1687
1697
1700
Wool.
Yarn. 1
StoneH.
Stones.
356,592
3,S68
13,4S0
336,292
26,617 1
302,812
23,390 ;
315,473
43,148 .
1
Wool Yani.
I Stones. ; Stones.
Year 1703 i 360,862 , 36,873
1712
1713
1714
310,1.'%
263,948
' 171,871
147,153
Kelative to the prices I havi
tB the authority: —
chained, the following table
:et Prices of Wool in iJie Fleece, per stone of sixteen
pounds ; and of Bay-yarn, per Pack, containing four-
teen great stones, of eighteen pounds each.
Wool.
Bay -yam.
Wool.
Bay -yam.
per St.
[ler pack.
iwr rt. 1 per pack.
.. (/.
£ I. d.
8. rf.
£ «. li.
ear 1764
11
26 5
Year 1772
'0
28 7
10
24 13 6
1773
'0
27 6
1766
11
2.1 4
1774
14
2.') 4
1767
13
27 6
1775
16
29 8
1768
\3 6
26 5
1776
16 6
30 B
13 6
26 15 6
1777
30 9
1770
1771
14
14
■26 15 6
26 15 6
Average \s\
nearly i
14
27 4 5
Wool is here rated at the market price for corabing-
>1 rough in the fleece ; but no estimate can be formed
rom this upon what has been exported, the small quauti-
ies whereof hare been for the moat part wool upon akiiia.
' Unieltled but very higli, — Thi^ pack of bay-yarn ia taken to contain
176
I TOUR IS IRELAND.
or coarse fella, whieh must have oome much lower than t
prices herein mentioned.
Woollen jOiTB for export has not been an article for si
in Ireland ; what has been sent out was directly from th<
manufacturer, I presume in very small quantities, and fron
the port of Corke only.
Worsted, or bay-yam, is oent principally 1« Norwich ajid
Manubester; it aeUs by the skain in Ireland, but in the
preceding table it is rated by the pack ; the cost at market
IB only noticed ; the necessary charges on shipping amotr~''
to full two per cent, exclusive of cominisaiou, which is t
per cent. more.
Wool, woollen, and bay-yam, are exported by the ^
stone, containing eighteen pounds weight. A licence foi
exporting must be procured from the Lord Lieutenant, 1
cost of which ia nearly fourpence halfpenny per atone.
From comparing the prices at different periods, exportec
woollen yam may pretty safely bo rated at seyente ^^
shQlings and sixpence per stane, of which five shillinga I
stone ia labour.
Exported value in the Hrat periml . . £306,462
Ditto in the lost 300,413
Decrease .... £106,(M9
Whoever recurs to the minutea of the journey,
coimties of Carlow, Tipperary, and Roscommon, the gre«
sheep-walks of Ireland, will have no reason to be aurprizet
at this loss of one hundred thousand pounds a year. Then
are yet other subjects so connected with the present enquiiy|
that, in order to have a clear and distinct idea of it, we n
include them in the account. I think it fair to give tillagi
credit for any increase there may be in pork, bacon, laid
hogs, and bread ; it is true they do not entirely belong t
it, for dairies yield much ; but, to obviate objections. In"
suppose them totally connected with tillage. The followi'
table includes all these articles.
' Communicated by Mr. Joshua Pine, in the ;am trade. The i
li>m-house price o( wool is ISi, wuutlen 7am 17f. and wonted jmrt
£1 13>. id.
INLAND BOUNTY.
Exports of Porh. Ac.
Yew.
Pork.
bojrelH.
Flitclies o
Bacou.
Liird.Cwt
Breod.
Cwt.
H«g8.
17S3
ns4
23.684
20.930
51.34.5
25,071
^
28,746
40.336
■ge .
30,542'
M
35,06«
226
1.862
8,783
60
44,361
3,592
3,940
7,417
140
50,ir.5
9,640
1,783
8,228
431
34,995
5,778
1,056
6.876
43,041
21.275
1,496
22
40,ai9
1,549
6,792
444
4t.MT
6,500
1,913
6,597
416
we .
41.648
7,881
1.869
7,197
223
1771
42,519
5.773
1,841
8,006
78
44,713
4,576
90
51,112
19,266
2,158
6,827
135
52.328
26,100
2,379
5,090
882
1775
.50,367
.32.644
1,686
4.012
680
1778
72.714
24,502
3,216
i.'(.302
1,148
vm
72.931
11,462
2,981
29,627
1.358
Avw^.
55.240
19.125
2,356
10,062
B24>
Etport of pork per annum, from 1764 to 1770, 41,649 ) .™, „„
borreb, at£2 6s. erf. porbarrel' ( ±-Wi,»^.
Kwon, 788 cwt, at 15*. per cwt,' 6,910
Urd, 1869 cwt. at £1 per cwt.' l,8e»
HtmiI, 7197 cwt. at IQl- per cwt.< 3,508
lloga, 223, At 15«'. cipiec«' lea
Average export of seven ye&iB I08,.^S
' JinimaJii of the House of Commoai.
' Arlmioent Record of Export and Import, MS,
' Waterfcod prii-e. ' Ciislom Housa price.
d at ihBt rale for want of authority.
178 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
Export ot pork per annum, from 1771 to 1777. 55,240 j t^jaoM
baJ-rels, at Si 66. 6d. jier barrel , t ^'™''^
Bacon, 19.125 at 15*
Lard. 2.'i56 cwt. a
Bread, 10,062 cwt. at jO*. per cwt, 5,0M
" I, at 15«. a piece ....
Average exportB of the last tieveu years . . . £130,631
Increase in the last seven years £42,lSi
The date, are now Tcry completely before the reader,
from which the merit of this extraordinary measure mvj
be estimated. I will not assert that any custom-home
accounts are absolutely authentic; J know the commcoi
objections to them, aod that there is a foundation fortkoae
objections ; but the point of consequence in the present
enquiry does not depend on their aitolule, but comparBtJre
accuracy ; that is to say, if the errors objected tc then
eiiat, they will be found as great in one period a
another ; consequently their authority is perfectly i
petent for the comparison of different ones. Whoever W
examine the entries with a minute attention, and c
them with a variety of other circumstances, will ^
be able to distinguish the suspicious articles. In the p
enquiry I will venture to assert that they speak truth, I
they correspond exactly (as I shall by and by shew) *
many other causes which could hardly have failed with
a miracle of producing the effects they display. 1 1 '
further add, that on the greatest number of the a
inserted in the preceding tables there are duties paid 4
the export which exempt them from the common oojeot""'
to the entries. But to reason a^inst the accuracy of tl
accounts is perfectly useless, while ministers, in defence^
their measures, and patriots in opposition to them, fi
their arguments on them alone. Whoever attends e
the English or Irish House of Commons will pre
Bee this in a multiplicity of instances. All who come
bar of those Houses, depend on these accounts ; Commitl
of Parliament relie on them, and tbe best politieal i
of every period, from Child and Davenant to Campbell ui ,
Whitworth, have agreed in the same conduct, knowing tj
errors to which they are liable, but knowing alao t*'
INLAND Borvrv,
179
there is no better authority, and that they are perfectly
«>mpetent to com pari sons.
Haying thus closed my authoritiea, I shall now draw
them into one view, by stating the account of the inland
carria^ bounty, Debtor luid Creditor.
Dr. BowUy on tke ItUand Carriage of Com. Cr.
Topayiiientaof pnblic 1 By cleereane ia the j £10007
niotieycii the aver- I j.,, /,«, import of com, &c. ( *'''i'''''
Bee of the Ia«t 7 f "''"^ By incraweiDtheex- J „ ._„
years J port of com. &c. . \ ■'''*'*'
Til >1ecreaaein the ex- ) By increase in the ex- )
jwrt of beef, batter, J- 53,136 port of pork, hogs, ]- A2.'2!iS
. Xodecreaaeintheex- 1
I of wool and V 106,049 62,734
r^tam I Balance ttgai nut the 1 , ., .,„
^ Iwant.v . . .; ''"'^"'
t;206,-i44 £-206,244
L: Thtis far I have laid before the reader a connected chain
^tt Huch facts as the records of the measure and the Farlia-
inentary accounts would permit: it appears as clearly as
the testimony of figures can speak, that it has had very ill
effects upon the general national account. Had the effect
we have seen taken place of itself without any artificial
means to assist it, the friends of the publick would perhaps
have been well employed to remedy the evil : how absurd
therefore must it appear tu flad that it has been brought
about with the utmost care and assiduity, and at an eipenco
of near fifty thousand pounds a year of the publick money !
It is the intention and effect of this bounty to turn every
local advantage and natural supply topsy turvy. We have
had for several years in England, an importation of foreign
<'om more than proportioned (the kingdoms compared) to
anjfthJng the Irish knew.' If any one, to remedy this,
proposed a bounty on bringing com by land from Devon-
shire and Northumberland, so as to give it a preference in
the London market to that of Kejit and Essex, with what
contempt would the proposer and proposition be treated !
' Id 1774 weimpurted tu the value of £I,023,[)0U; uid in 17TE to
Lhat of £i,sEa,sea,
180 A TOUR IX IBEI.ASD.
The com counties of Louth and Eildare ia tfae vicioitj' of
Dublin Bj^ not to supply that market, but it is to eat it
bread from Corke and Wexford !
It must also be brought by land carriage ! the absurditr
and folly with which such an idea is pregnant, in a counttj
blessed with such ports, and such a vast extent of coast, are
so glaring, that it is amazing that sophistry could blind
the Legislature to such a degree as to permit a socond
thought of it. Why not carry the com in ships, aa wcU u
tear up all the roads leading to Dublin by cars ? Why not
increase your sailors instead of horses V Are they not u
profitable an animal ? If you must have on inland bounty,
why not to the nearest port from which it could be carriM
with the most ease and at the least eipence to Dublin?
This would have answered the same end. The pretence for
the measure was the great import of foreign com at Dublin;
this is granting that there was a great demand at Dublin;
and can any one suppose that if the com was forced to
Corke or Wexford, it would not find the way to such *
demand as easOy as from the east of England, which is the
only part of that kingdom which abounds with corn tw
exportation i" But the very pret^jnce was a falsehood ; for
with what regjrd to truth could it be asserted that Dublin
was fed with English com before this measure took effect,
when it appears by the preceding accounts, that the import—
of the whole kingdom from 1757 to 1763 was only .684,00*
a year, and from 1764 to 1770 no more than ^ElOl,*"
This import account does not distinguish, like the e
one, the ports at which the foreign com was received; iffl
did I should in all probability find but a moderate put^
this total belonging to Dublin, as it is very well knoKl
that in the north there is always a considerable import d
oatmeal. Qranting however the evil, still the pUa d
remedying it by a land carri^^ of 130 miles was abauidU
the last degree. But suppose so considerable a dtf M,
Dublin did im|M>rt foreign com to a lai^e amount, i( 1
wise to think this so great a national evil, that all t'
principles of common policy are to be wounded in orderti
remedy it ? Where is the country to l)e found that a b
from considerable importations even of the prodacvt ■>
land ? Has not Irelajid a prodigious export of her Boil'4
IKLASD BOUNTY. 181
prodooe in the effects of pasturage, for which her climate
ia siDgularlj adapted? And while she has that, of what
little aceount is a trifling import of com to feed her capital
city ? We have seen the undoubted loas that has accrued
to the nation from a violent endeavour to counteract this
import; yet the measure haa only lessened it to an incon-
siderable degree.
1 waB at a mill on Corke harbour, above 120 miles from
Dublin, and saw cars loading for that market on the bounty,
with a ship laying at the mill-quay bound for Dublin, and
waiting for a loading; could invention suggest any scheme
more preposterous than thus to confound at the publick
eijwnoe all the ideas of common practice and common
ifixae ! By means of this measure I have been assured it
has happened that the flour of Slainc mills has found its
way to Carlow. and that of Laughlin Bridge to Drogheda:
iluit is to say, Mr. Jebb eats hia bread of Captain Mercer's
flour, and the latter makes bis pudding with Mr. Jebb's
Msistanc^ ; they live 100 mdes asunder, and the publick
[«ys the piper while the flour dances the hay in this
manner.
The vast iUfferenc« between the eipence of land and
A^iier carriage should ever induce the Legislature, though
-.lilora were not in question, to encourage the latter rather
iian the former. From Corke there ia paid bounty 5a. 6^d.
.'Pt the freight at lOs. a ton ia only 6rf. The bounty from
Uiighlin Bridge is 2«. 3^d. yet Captain Mercer pays in
glimmer but It. 4d. and in winter no more than le. 6d.
Mr. Moore at Marlefield receivea 4e. bounty, but his car-
riage cost him only 2«, 6d. in summer, and 3«. in winter ;
bence therefore we find that the bouutj more than pays
tbe expence. and that the profit is in proportion to the
'listance, i.e. the absurdity.
In the year ending September 1777, there were 34,598
•wrrels of malt brought from Wexford to Dublin by land,
ttceiring X7.077 4e. lid. boimty.
' l(,SBSbuTelBare51,89TCwt. whicha.t6Cwt. iier J a cAni
_^W«e would Uke for one day \ «.M8 Horses.
n Wexford U> Dublin anrt Wk take« seven j ^^^ j,^,^
o two horses ,10,273 men.
1 TOUR IN IRELAND.
The horaex at 1&/. a day 4,3
Hen at 9d. a day I.I
Seven days men and horses 3,1
Tliefreightof wliich toDnblin a.t8a. a touHhiiuld l« l.C
Saving by sat.' 4,1
It is therefore a loet of about 80 jier cent, purchtued I
the boTinty.
Id proportkm ae sailors are leaaened, horses are increnst
Suppose common uoasting vessels navigated at the nte'
one maD to twenty tons, it requires sixty -six horses to di
that burthen, and thirty-three men : so that for eve^sv
lost there are abore tbreeatorn of this worst of aU sb
kept 1 which is of itself aa enormous national loss. If '
number of horses kept at actual work by this boun^, «
the mares, colts, Ac. to supply them were known, it mij
probably lie found so large as to lessen a little of the it
ration with which this measure is considered in Ireland.
I find that in the sessions of 1769 and 1771, Iherew
bounty paid on the carriage of com coastways to DuM
It amounted in the first to ^3,278,' and in the latter
j&i.973 ; ' the Act lasted only those four years. It wu i
ezperimeut which surely ought to have been continiM
for, if corn is to be forced to Dublin, this most certain^
the only rational way of doing it.
By the following table the amount of this coasting til
will be seen, with and without that bounty.
' MS. mmmiiiiicaled by — NotLII, tiaq., membcc for Weilbrd.
" -IiiiiB 1. 1768. 7th George III. Chap. «.
4d. \XT Cvil, uoni of Irisli growth by water ((oastwaj^ to D
southward between Wicklow and the Tuikar ; north, belvreen Drogkl
or Cftrrickfergii*.
Sd. per Curt, if wulhwarti of Tuikar or tiotth Carrickferjciu.
4 J. per Cwt. Houthward of Coolej I'oint to Nawry, Belfast or LoM
Contitiued (o ;l4th Juae 1771,
' US. account of publick premiums communioted by llie B%ht B
John Forsler, member for the county of Lontb.
^H
^^^^^H
INLAND BOUNTY. 183 1
Com and Flour brought Coastwaya to Dublin from 1 758 1
to 1777:- I
Wlieat
In the
year
and
wheal
•wi^l M»l*'
^-- Sa^^'
Tot«l«.
meal.
Barrels.
Barrels. BarrelH.
BaireU.
Barrels.
Barreld.
1758
1.424
61,794 2.991
40
22,178
88,427
1759
527
69,326 , 5.106
37
10,963
86,959
1760
37
75,8*6 , 3,812
48
9,273
89.016
1761
■«
64,5ti9
3,272
40
9.792
77.736
nea
lis
63,980
3,347
52
10,484
77,981
nss
902
66,150
3.505
124
10,762
81,443
j_ I7M
1,542
79.710
3,812
161
10.663
95,888
)T05
1,611
64.705
3,427
142
10,053
79,938
{5S
11.000
39.398
6,610
14,276
71.566
8.006
61,346
6,266
1,150
12,006
88.774
Total .
836,728
1768
2,430
76.684 1 15,507
.39
15,858
110.618
im
5,«69
81,749 14.479
753
21,723
124,373
70
6.062
68,378 18,5-22
381
9,130
102.473
5,425
60,530 8.558
232
16,157
90,902
8,130
49,658 18,455
743
14.468
91,454
3.525
48,836 17,106
269
12.117
81,863
4,755
46.724 27,659
76
17,181
96,395
832
49,213 25,165
290
5.613
81,115
1,182
51,778 1 21,790
6,591
81,341
ET'}
712
37,511 , 17.497
630
10.733
Tutal.
67,053'
927.477
3,508
49.17S 19,457
320
11,837
84,301
With the the aEsistaDco of these particulars, uoited with 1
( quantities on which the inland bounty is paid, ^ven at J
ge 167 and 168. we shall be able to see the principal part 1
Hie conHUmption of the city of Dublin. 1
■ US. communicted bj - NeriU, Ewj., member for Wexford. M
184 A TOUR IS IRKLAKD.
Brought by laod-c&rmge Bounty.
Stones.
Cwt.
Stones.
CwtS
Year 1762
1,730,869
Year 1771
1,641,867
S7 0flJ
nS3
l,SB3,il8
1772
3,146,960
1764
1,822.933
1773
3.263,199
1765
1,409,726
1774
3,553,996
17«6
1,464,296
1775
3,211,214
ai3.8U|
94.5,289
1776
3,622,076
1768
2,148,805
1777
1769
1770
2,606,910
1,920.978
107,986
78.360
Average
J
of last 7 '
3,007,143
yeflTH .
^1
By tiese accounts, Dublin o
years has consumed
. an avera^ of the last
3,097,143 Stones of com,
199,074 Cwt. of Floor,
84,301 Itturela of Iwth coastwajH.
If the average weight of the o
the first of these articles
Will make in barrela
The 109,074 Cwt. of floor may I
Add the above barrels coaatways
1 ie 14 stone per barrd,
221,5
called in barrel h of
1
64,301!
Total 486,
To this should be added the import of foreign eom, whidk
is known to be considerably more thau the export, and ifc
will appear that, if there are ISO.OOO inhabitaots in Dublin,
Uiey must cousume above three barrels each of all sorts a~
com in a year ; which, consideriug that the mass of tb
people live very much upon potatoes, is a great allonanoSy
and su^ests the idea either that the people are i
numerous, or that more money is paid in bounties tbsD
there ought to be by the Acts, which is probable.
I come now to consider one of the principal arguments
used in favour of this measure. It is the increase of tillage
being so beneficial to the kingdom. Taken ai
INLAND BOUNTr. 185
]iositioii there may, or may not, be truth in the assertion : I
am apt to think rather more etrese is laid on it than there
ought to be; and some reasons for that opinion may be
seen in "Political Arithmetic." p. 363, &k. But, not to ent«r
into the general question at present, I have to observe two
circumstances upon the state of Ireland ; first, the moisture
of the climate, and secondly, the sort of tillage introduced.
That the climate is far moiater than that of England I
hare already given various reasons to conclude ; but the
amazing tendency of the soil to grass would prove it, if any
proof was wanting. Let General Cunmngham and Mr.
Silver Oliver recollect the instances they shewed me of
tumep land and stubble left without ploughing, and yield-
ing the succeeding summer a full crop of hay. These are
such facts as we have not an idea of in England. Nature
therefore points out in the clearest manner the application
of the soil in Ireland most suitable to the climate. But this
moisture, which is so advantageous to grass, is pernicious
to com. The finest com in Europe and the world is uni-
formly found in the driest countries ; it ia the weight of
wheat which points out its goodness j which lessens per
measure graduaUy from Barbary to Poland. The wheat of
Ireland has no weight compared with that of dry countries ;
and I have ou'another occasion observed that there is not a
sample of a good colour in the whole kingdom. The crops
are full of grass and weeds, even in the best management ;
and the harvests are so wet and tedious as greatly to damage
the produce ; but at the same time, and for the same reason,
cattle of all sorts look well, never faihng of a full bite of
excellent grass : the very driest summers do not affect the
verdure as in England.
I do not make these observations in order to conclude
that tillage will not do in Ireland. I know it may be made
to do ; but 1 would leave the vibrations from com to pas-
turage, and from pasturage to com, to the cultivators of
the land, to guide themselves as prices and other circum-
stances direct ; but by no means force an extended tillage
at the expence of bounties.
But what is the tillage gained by this measure ? It is
that system which formed the agriculture of England two
hundred years ago, and forms it yet in the worst of our
I TOUR IN IBELAND.
^^ common fields, but which all our eiertious of enclosing and
^P improving are bent to eitirpate. 1. Fallow. 2. Wheatj
^ and then apring-com until the aoil is exhaust*^ : or elaa^
1. Fallow. 2. Wheat. 3. Spring-corn ; and then fallow
again. In this course the spring-corn goes to horses, A
the fallow is a dead lose, and the whole national gain t
crop of wheat ; one year in three yielda nothing, and one
trifle ; whereas the graaa yields a full crop every year. I
it not be imagined ^at waate and desart tracts, that want«(
cultivation, are only turned to this tillage. Nine tenths at
the change is in the rich eheep walks of Boscommon, Tip*
perary, Carlow and Kilkenny. I have already proved thi
^ict ; tlie question therefore is reduced to this : Ot^ht ym
to turn Bome of the finest pastures in the world, and whia*
in Ireland yielded twenty shillings an acre, into the mof
execrable tillage that is to be found on the face of tfa
globe ? The comparison is not between good grass e
good tillage ; it is good grass against bad tillage. 1
tables I inserted prove that Ireland has lost fifty-thrfl
thousand pounds a year for seven years in the produ<
uows and bullocks, and one hundred and six thoui
pounds in that of sheep j this is a prodigious loss, but it j
not the whole; there is the loss of labour on above fi"'
tbousBJid stones of woollen yam annually, miich is a gi
drawback from the superior population supposed, peA
falsely, to flow from tillage. When these circumatan
are therefore well considered, the nation will not. I ap]
hend, be thought to have ^ined by having converted 1
rich sheep walks, which yielded so amply in wool, i
the labour which is annexed to wool, into so execrable i
tillage as is uoiversully introduced.
Another circumstance of this measure is, that of e
ficing all the ports of the kingdom to Dublin ; the oatti
trade, which ought to take a variety of different littl
channels, proportioned to vicinity, was by this system tm
lently drawn away to the capital ; a very ill-fiituat«d capita
the increase of which, at the expence of the out-porte, t»I
by no means a national advantage.
A question naturally arises from the premises before xts
should the bounty be repealed ? Absurd ax it is, I am fi
to declare, I think not at once. Upon the credit of t
INLAND BOUNTY. 187
moiBure great Bums have be«ii laid out in raising mills,
moat in situations wliich render them dependant on this
forced trade for wort. Great Ifias would accrue in this to
iadiriduals. and the public faith rather injured. The
following tables will show that this is not u slight
eoDsideration.
The principal mllla of Ireland, from June 1 773 to
June 1774.
Marletield
Slnne . .
RAthnally
Uxige. .
KUkam .
Areher's (Jr
Lock
. Stephen Moore, Esq, .
. D. Jebb, Esq., and Co.
. Mr. J. Urab ....
. J. Nichoiauu, Eb
4.967
Wdde and Williftms .
D. Tighie, Eaq. . . .
Mr. W. Ratican . .
. Mr. H. Bready . . .
BDiUykUcavan . Doyle and Ho^kiDs
Tyrone . . . H. O'Rrien, Ei«i. . .
Newtown Barry Hon. B. Barry . . .
The most distant mill from Dublin is that of Bamahely.
Corfce, one hundred and thirty miles. A prodigious number
"f men and horses would be thrown at once out of emplor-
tnent. which would have bad effects ; and a siidden diversion
(rf that supply, which has now flowed to Dublin for so many
jmn. would certainly have very ill consequences. The
poIiC7 therefore to be embraced is this ; lower the present
wODtj to the simple expence of the carri^e, and no more ;
ind counteract it by raising the bounty on the carriage of
um coastwise, until it rivalled and gradually put down
&t land carriage. Perhaps it might be necessary to
Moompany this measure with a land carriage bounty from
Ibe mill to the nearest exporting port ; the Dublin bounty
Wnkl therefore stand in order to prevent the evil of a
Ib M b p change ; but when the otlier bounties bad got so
br into effect, as to lessen the old one considerably, then it
ihoitld be totally discontinued ; and it would then certainly
be proper for the other bounties (baring performed their
office) to be discontinued also. The present system is bo
nndoabtedly absurd, that the rival bounties should be
niaed higher and higher until they had turned the com-
aerce into the natural channel ; an expression I am sensible
188 A TOUK IN IHBIAND.
implies aji apparent absurdity, for a natural ch&nnel d^
commerce does not want such bounties ; but a bad proceed-
ing has made it bo exteedinglj crooked, that a mere repeal^
leaving the trade to itself, most certainly would not diV'
You must undo by art the mischief which art has done]
and the comnierciid capital in Ireland is too small to bell
any violence.
United with the conduct I have ventured to recommettd<
in case the tillage system was persisted in, it would be veiy
well worth the attention of Parliament, to annex such coo-
ditions to the payment of any new bounties, as might hare
the effect of securing a good tillage instead of a bad one.
If it was found practicable, which I should think it migU
be, no publick money should ever be given for barley, bar^
or oats, that did not succeed tumeps ; nor for wheat, <^in
that did not follow beans, clover, or potatoes ; by tak
means the nation would have the satisfaction of knoving
that, if the plough was introduced in valuable pasture land.
it would at least be in a good system.
Before I conclude this subject, it may be proper to
observe a circumstance, which, however ill it may be i»-
ceived in England, has, and ought to have this weight i>
Ireland. The revenue of that kingdom is under some dis-
advantages which England is free from ; the bereditKJ
revenue is claimed in property by the Crown ; a grot
pension list is charged on it, and much of the amount yiH
out of the kingdom ; there is no free trade to compennM
this ; a large jmrt of the military estabhshment is tab ~
out of the kingdom, and of lat« years the nation has n
very much in debt : in such a situation of affairs, it
thought wise and prudent to secure the payment of such*
sum as fifty or sixty thousand ])ounds a year towards ths
internal improvement of the kingdom. Nobody can deny
there being much good sense in this reasoning; butlw
argument is applicable t« a well founded measure, »
strongly as it ia to an absurd one ; and I should farthtf
observe that, if this or any bounty is the means of runnii^
the nation so much in debt, that new taxes are necessaril]
the consequence, this idea is then visionary ; the people dl
not secure on advantage but a burthen. I cannot hen
avoid a comparison of expending so large a sum anTiTia"]
of the piibliok money rationally, or in a, measure at best ao
very doubtful; for, indulge the prejudices of gentlemen,
and suppose, for a, moment, that all the proofs I have given
do not amount to au absolute condemaatiou, they certainly,
even then, give it the most dubious complcction that ever
measure had. But, suppose from the beginning the
money, which baa been thus advanced, had been given in
premiums of ten pounds, per acre, on all land absolutely
waste, which was brought in and reclaimed. Tliat sum I
shewed on another oc^^asion. will build eieellent dwellings,
fence, plant, drain, pare and bum lime, plough, sow and
complete an acre ; the premium would therefore pay the
whole, and leave to the proprietor no other business than
to take the trouble of seeing the conditions of the premium
(KimpUed with. The following table will show what the
effi«;tB of such a premium would have been, calr.ula.ting the
annual produce at four pounds an acre, wluch is much
under what it ought to be. The first column shews the
sums paid as bounty, the next the number of acres that
sum would have improved at ten pounds per acre, and the
third the produce at four pounds per acre, waiting three
•B at first to give time for operations.
1 Sums.
Acres.
Prodnce.
£
£
In the year 1762
4,9«)
494
1763
fl.OIKJ
.109
1764
5,4S3
54S
1765
6,660
666
H.TSS
1766
0,212
912
12,436
1767
6,074
607
14,864
176S
13,675
1,367
20,332
1769
25,225
2,522
30,420
1770
18,706
1,870
37:900
1771
19,2!I0
1,929
4.5.616
1772
39,560
3,956
61,440
1773
44,465
4,446
79,224
1774
49,674
4,967
99,092
1775
53,8«9
5,388
120,644
1776
60,74fi
6.074
144,940
1 1777
61,786
6,178
169,732
•
42,433
~a«',^
190 A TOLR IN 1RELA^'D.
From heaoe we find, that at the end of the jreu* 177^
there would hare been 42,433 acres unproved in the ooi
plete and masterly manner ten poundg an acre effects, ti
annual produce of which would be at four pounds an iatj
£16Q,7^2, all absolute and iindoubt«d profit tu the kii^
dom ; there would have been received in this manner H
lesa than ^845.000. If the lands were thrown, as tbij
ought to be, into the course of— 1. turneps ; 2. bailey; *'
clover ; i. wheat ; and, reckoning the barley at ten bajTel%
and the wheat at sii, there would now be a produce evetf
year of 63,649 barrels of wheat, and 186.082 of barleji
and this from only half the land ; the other half in tunepi
and clover would undoubtedly keep ten sheep the jdg
through, and yield fifty pounds of wool ; or, in the wuol^
106,080 sheep and 33,150 atones of wool, with all th^
employment and population which would result from eoA
excellent tillage, building, fencing, manuring and apinniiif^
How different this effect from having in the last wnK
years lost above a million sterling by the inland carriagf^
In that period the bounty has just trebled ; if it goe«Oi
HO it will be one hundred and eighty thousand poundt i
year in seven years more ; and by that time there will bt
neither sheep nor cows left in the kingdom ; but, suppoH
it to stand at sixty thousand pounds a year, that sum il
seven years, applied in a bounty on cultivating wocMi
would improve forty-two thousand acres, and consequently
be attended with all the effects which would have floww
from a similar number the past bounty would hart
improved.
I have now done with this measure ; my English readtf
wilt, I hope, pardon so long a detail, which I should not
have gone into, had I found the facts known in Irekodf
or any just conclusions drawn from ideal ones. But ii
variety of conversations I have bad in that kingdom iritb
all dGBcriptions of men, I found not one who was acqnainteA.
with the facts upon which the merits of the measure coolA
alone be decided. It is for their use that I have collecteJ
them from very voluminous manuscripts.
Another measure relative to com, which is
in Ireland, ia a Parliamentary bounty on com preserved oV
stands, that is, stacked on stone pillars, capped to pnnatt
the depredations of rats and mice. I luive been assured
that very great abuBes are found in the claima ; if these
are obviated, the measure seems not objectable in a country
where little is done without some publick encoura^ment.
The following are the pavments in consequence of this
bounty.
t
Ktw<
£
1766 .
891
1767 .
. 891
17B8 .
. 3,442
1768 ,
. 3,442
1770 .
. 4,266
1771 .
. 4,266
rl772.
1773.
1774.
1775.
5,487
6,487
6,560
t would be a proper condition to annex to this bounty,
tiMtt it be given only to com preserved as required, and
threshed on boarded floors ; the samples of Irish wheat are
eioeedingly damaged bj clay floors ; an English miller
knows, the moment he takes a sample in his hand, if it
came off a clay floor, and it is a deduction in the value.
The floors sboidd be of deal plank two inches thick, and
\ud on joists two or three feet from the ground, for a free
current of air to preserve them from rotting.
MAHUPACTUBES.
THE only manufacture of considerable importance i
Ireland is that of linen, which the Iriah have for qm
a centurj considered aa the great staple of the kin^
The historj of it in ita earlier periods is verr little know:
a committee of the Houae of Commons, of which Sir Lucia
O'Brien waa chairman, examined the national records wili
great attention, in order to discover how long thejr 1
been in it ; all they discovered waa that hy an Act paCM
in 1542, the 33rd of Henry VTH., linen and woollen yam w«l
enumerated among the most conaiderable branches of trad
poasesaed by the natives of Ireland, in an Act made agunl
grey merchanta foreatatling. In the 11th of Queen Elixabetl
the same Act was revived, and a further law made again
watering hemp or flai, &c. in rivera. In the 13th i
Elizabeth all persona were prohibited from exporting vooi
flax, linen and woollen yam, except merchants residing u
cities and boroughs ; and by a further Act the same yea
a penalty of 12rf. a pound waa imposed on all flax or Una
yam expoi-ted, and 8d. more for the nee of the town ex.
ported from. In thia last Act it ia recited that th
merchants of Ireland had been exporters of those articled
in trade upwards of one hundred years preceding t'
period : and by many subsequent Acts and proclamationi
during the reigna of Charlea I. and II. those manufactui ^^
were particularly attended to; from whence it evidenti^j
appeared that the kingdom possessed an export trade i]
these commodities at those early periods. The Earl o
Strafford, Lord Lieutenant in the reign of Charles I., passed
several laws and took various measurea to enoourage thig
;porU'd from the Lords' Coni-
M.VKLFACTVRES, 193
utiinufa^tiire. iuaomucli that he has by Home a.uthoTa beeu
Haid to have established it originally. At the end uf thi
last century, in King William's reign, it araae to be an
object of consequence, but not singly so, for it appears from
a variety of records, in both kingdoms, that the Irish bad
then a considerable woollen manufacture for exportation,
which raised the jealousy of the English manufacturers in
that commodity bo much that they presented so many
petitions to Iwth Lords and Commons, as to induce those
bodies to ent«r fully into their jealoiisies and illiberal
views ; which occasioned the famous compact between the
two nations, brought on in the following u
Die JoeU '.
The Earl of Stamford r ,
mittees (appointed to draw an address to l>e presented tx)
his Majesty, relating to the woollen manufacture in Ireland)
the following address, (iiiz.)
■' WE the Ijords spiritual and temporal in Parliameut
"assembled. Do humbly represent unto your Majesty,
■' that the growing maniUacture of cloth in Ireland, both
" by the cheapness of all sorts of necessaries for life, and
" goodness of materials for making of all manner of cloth,
" doth invite your subjects of England, with their families
" and servants, to leave their habitations to settle there,
"to the increase of the woollen manufacture in teland,
"which makes your loyal subjects in this kingdom very
"apprehensive that the further growth of it may greatly
" prejudice the said manufacture here ; by which the trade
" of this nation and the value of lands will very much
" decrease, and the numbers of your people he much
"lessened here; wherefore, we do most humbly beseech
"your most sacred Majesty, that your Majesty would be
" pleased, in the most publick and effectual way, that may
" be, to declare to all your subjects of Ireland, that the
"growth and increase of the woollen manufacture there,
"hath long, and will ever be looked upon with great
"jealousie, by all your subjects of this kingdom: And, if
" not timely remedied, may occasion very strict laws, totally
" to prohibit and suppress the same, and on the other hand.
194 A TOt-R IS IRELASD.
" if they turn their industry aocl skill, to the settling and
" improving the linen manufacture, for which generally tin
" lands ot that kingdom are very proper, they shall receive,
" all countenance, favour and protection from your rojal
"influence, for the incouragenient and promoting of tJie
" said linen manufacture, to all the advantage and profit,
"that kingdom (tan be capable of.
To which the House agreed.
It ia ordered, by the Lord* spiritual and temporal
Parliament assembled, That tho Lords with white sIatn
doe humbly attend his Majesty with the address of ibii
House, concerning the woollen mamifacture in Ireland.
Die Veneru 10° lunij 1698°.
" The Lord Steward reported his Majesty's answers to
the address, to this effect, (pi'*-)
THAT his Majesty will take care to do what their Imnl-
ships have desired.
ASHLEY COWPEE.
Clerk Parliamentnr."
Z>ie /ouM 30 Juaij 1698.
" Most Gracious Sovereign,
"WE your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjectti
the Commons in Parliament assembled, beit^ iwj
sensible that the wealth and power of this kingdom io, n
a great measure, depend on the preserving the wooUw
manufacture, as much as possible entire to this ueisit
think it becomes us, Lke our aocestors, to be jealous of tl*
establishment and increase thereof elsewhere ; and to uM
our utmost endeavours to prevent it.
" And therefore, we cannot without trouble observe, t!
" Ireland, is dependant on, and protected by England, it
" the enjoyment of all they have ; and whidi is so prop<^
" for the linen manufacture, the establishment and growt
" of which there, would be so enriching to themselTes, ■
" BO profitable to England ; should, of late, apply itself td
Ihe woollen manufacture, to the (^reat prejudice of the
'trade of this kingdom ; and ao unwillingly promote the
" linen tntde. which woulil benefit both them and us.
" The consequence whereof, will necessitate your Parlia-
" nient of England, to interpose to prevent the mischief
" that threatens ua, nnleas jour Majeatj, by your authority,
" and great wiadom, ahall find means to secure the trade of
■' England, by making your subjects of Ireland, to pursue
" the joint interest of both kingdoms,
■ " And we do moat humbly implore your Majesty's pro-
^*tection and favour in thia mutter ; and tliat you wUl make
^"it your royal care, and enjoin all those you imploy in
" Ireland, to make it their care, and use theu" utmost
"diligence, to hinder the exportation of wool from Ireland,
" except to be imported hither, and for the dia<:ouraging
Pthe wooUen manufactures, and encouraging the linen
manufactures in Ireland, to which we shall always he
ready to give our utmost assistance.
Kesolved, That the said addreaa be presented to his
Majesty by the whole House.
Sabbati. 2. die Julii.
»HIS MAJESTY'S ANSWER.
" Qbntlbhek,
" I ahall do all that in me lies to discourage the woollen
" manufacture in Ireland, and to encourage the linen manu-
" facture there ; and to promote the trade of England."
■ Thured^i) 27th September, 1698.
H Part of the Lords Justices' Speech.
"AMONGST these bills there is one for the eueourage-
" ment of the linen and hempen manufactures, at our first
" meeting, we recommended to you that matter, aud we
" have now endeavoured to render that bill practicable and
" useful for that effect, and aa such we now recommend it
" to you. The settlement of this manufacture will contvv-
" bute much to people the country, a.nd will be Eonnd modi
"more advantjigeoua to this kingdom, Uian the woolktt
" manufacture, which, being the settled staple trade (rf
■"England, from whence all foreign markets are eupplirf,
" can never be encouraged here for that purpose, nhereti
" the linen and hempen manufactures niU not only tA
" encouraged, as consistent with the trade of England, but
" will render the trade of this kingdom both useful ai
" necessary to England."
The Commons of Ireland returned the following
Anawer to the Speech from the Throne.
" WE pray leave t« assure your Excellencies that m
" shall heartily endeavour to establish a linen and hentpfB
■• manufacture here, and to render the same useful t*
" England, as well as advantageous to this kingdom; and
" that we hope to find such a temperament in respect to ti(
" woollen trade here, that the same may not be injuriott
■' to England." — And tliey passed a law that session coO-
inencing 25th of March, 1699, laying in. additional duty i
every 20«. value of broad-cloth exported out of Irelaiid,il
2«. on every 20e. value of serges, baize, kerseya, etuffih
any other sort of new drapery made of wool or mixed wi
wool (frizes only eiceptt-d), which was in effect a prohil
tiou. And in the same session a law was passed
England, restraining Ireland from exporting those wooll
manufactures, including frize to any other parts except
England and Wales.
The Addresses of the two Houses to the King cany ti
clearest evidence of their source, the jealousy of mei
and manufacturers ; I might add their ignorance tdo; tb
an? dictated upon the narrow idea that the prosperitj
the woollen fabrics of Ireland was ineonsistent with ti
welfare of those of England ; it would at present be ft
tunate for both kingdoms if these errors hod been confln
ti:> the last century. There is an equal mixture also
falsehood in the representations ; for they assert that t
'hoapuess of necessaries in Ireland drew from England t
woollen manufacturers; but tliey foigot the cheapneM
labour in Ireland, to which no workman in the world ei
Kb
MANUFACTURES. 197
yet emi^rrated. Tbe Irish were engaged in various slight
fabricks not made ill England ; but bad tbej been employed
on broad cloth for exportation, tbe Englieb manufacture
would well ha^e borne it; tbey did at that time and after-
wards bear a rapid increase of tbe French fabricks. and yet
flourished themselTes. We have had so long an experience
of markets increasing with industry and inventions, that
the time ought to have come long ttf^o for viewing com-
petitors without tbe eye of jealousy.
The memoirs of the time, as well as the expression in the
above transaction, eridently prove tliat it waa understood
by both kingdoms to be a sort of compact ; that if Ireland
gave up ber woollen manufacture, that of linen should be
left to her under every encouragement. I have however
myself beard it in the British Parliament dt-nied to have
been any compact; but simply a promise of encourage-
ment, not precluding a like or greater encouragement to
the British linens. This is certainly an error ; for, so
understood, what is the meaning of the ample encourage-
ments promitid by the British Parliament? Tbey could
not mean internal encouragement or regulation, for they
had nothing to do with either ; it could simply mean, as
the purport of the words evidently shews, that they would
enter into no measures which should set up a linen
miuiufacture to rival tbe Irish. That woollens should be
considered and encouraged as the staple of England, and
linens as that of Ireland ; It must mean this, or it meant
nothing. Tliat the Irish understood it so cannut be doubted
for a moment; for what did they in consequence f' they
Ffire in possession of a flourishing woollen manufacture,
rbieh they actually put down and crippled by prohibiting
Wportatbn. Let me ask those who assert there was no
Oom.pact, why they did this? it was their own act. Did
they cut their own throats without either reward, or
promise of reward 'f common sense tells us they did this
under a perfect conviction that they should receive ample
encouragement from England in their hnen trade: t'ut
what moonshine would such encouragement prove, if
England, departing from the letter and spirit of that
compact, bad encouraged her own linen manufacture to
,jival the Irish, after the Irish had destroyed their woollen
198
IS IRELAND.
fabricks to euuuiirage tho^ of Englajid V Yet we did thif
in direi't breot-Ji of the whole tranBattion, for (he 23rd rf
Ooorge n. laid a tax on sail-cloth >nade of Irish hemp.
Bounties also have been ^ven in England, without eit«iU'
ing full; to Irish linens. Cheeked, stnped, printed, painted,
stained or dyed linens of Irish manufai-ture are not allowed
to be imported into Britain, In which, and in oUw
articles, we have done everr thing poBsible to extend ai
increase our own linen manufacture, to rival that of Ireliul.
I admit readily that the apprehensions of the Irish ll
the progress of British linens ore in the spirit of commeTcill
jealousy, as well as our violence in relation to their woolloic
But with this great difference ; we forced them to put do«
a manufacture they were actually in posseBsion of ; and '>i
being the controuling power, do not leave them that fi
of market which we possess ourselves ; points which nee
sarilj place the two nations in this respect upon v
different fiiotings. Give them, as they ought to have, I
free woollen trade, and they will then have no objectoon M^
any measures for the encouragement of our linens, irf; ' *"
do not absolutely exclude theirs.
The fallowing table will shew the progress of their li
manufacture through the present century,
.^n Account of the Export of Linen- Cloth, and Xinm-Fof*
from Ireland.
I
B
■
■
i
■
1
MAKrFACTlRES.
^
ieamnt of the Export of Lineri-Cnoih
andLi
„..y.„. 1
from Ireland.
(Coniinu^.
Value
Valne
H
~
Unen Cloth.
Yftm.
cloth at
U. 3ii. per
yard.
yivrn at
£6 per
120 1b.
Tot&l ^^H
VwdH.
Cwt.
£
£
£
7%
2,437,084
15, 7K
121.890
94,334
216,233
731
2.520,701
14,696
126,035
88,178
214,213
722
3,419,994
14,754
170.995
88,324
259.510
723
4,378,545
15,672
218,927
94,637
312.964
■m
3,879,170
14,694
19.3.958
87.664
281,522
785
3,864.987
13.701
193,249
82,207
275,457
372*
4,368,395
17,507
218,419
105,042
.323,462
727
4,708,880
17,287
238,444
101,720
342.171
ITS
4,e02,7U
11,450
234,638
62,975
297,613
729
3,027,918
11.855
196,395
65,206
261,602
i730
4,138,203
IO.0S8
206,810
55,485
282.295
17SI
3,775.830
13,746
220,256
94,194
304,451
732
3,7»2,MI
15,343
237,034
92,061
309.096
n:3
4,777,070
13.1^7
2fi8,567
82,372
380,939
17U
5,451,758
18,122
340,734
108,733
449,468
735
8,761.151
15,900
422,571
94,405
517,977
73tt
8,508.151
14,743
406,759
88.463
495,222
737
8,138,785
14.695
400,252
18,173
497,325
1739
5.175,744
15.945
345,049
95,674
440,724
1738
5.062,316
18,200
397,487
129,202
506,600
1740
6,627,771
18.543
441,851
111.258
553,108
J741
7,207,741
21,656
480,516
129,941
610,457
742
7,074,168
16.330
471,611
07,984
569.596
743
a.058,041
14.169
403,860
85,016
488,385
1744
6.124,802
18.011
459,386
108,066
567.432
r45
7,171,003
22,066
537,887
132,398
670,296
4«
6.820.786
27,741
511,588
166,451
678,010
47
9,633,884
28,910
722,541
173,464
898.006
148
8,692,671
19,418
543,291
116,.'i08
659.800
4ft
9,504,338
21,694
594,021
130,164
724,185
1750
11,200.460
22.373
653.360
1.34,238
787,598
1751
12,891,318
23.743
751,993
142,459
894,452
1752
10.656.003
23.407
6:il,600
140,442
762.042
3758
10,411,787
23,238
604,119
139,428
R3g.0I8
1764
12.090,903
22,594
806,060
135,567
941.732
755
13,370,733
27,948
891,982
167,692
1.039.675
796
11,944,328
28,997
796,288
181.982
1.046.841
11,796,361
24,328
■
745,057
145,972
■
901,479
TOUR IX IHEIAND.
An Arewnil of the Export of Ltnen-Cloth. and Linnt-Tof*.
froTji Irela-nd. (Continued.)
Value
A-ftlue
Ill the
jetw
Linen Cloth
Yam.
cl..tli at ' yarn at
ls.3rf.i>er; £6i«r
ToUl
yanl
12011..
Yanls.
Cwt.
t
£
£
17B7
15.508.709
31,078
1,033,913
186,473
1.2»,3S7
1TS8
14,982.557
31,995
998,837
191,970
i.mMT
17B9
14.093,431
27,571
939,562
16,1,426
1.104.988
1760
13,375,456
31.042
891,697
186,264
1,077.«1
1761
12.04S.SS1
39,699
803,251
2.38.198
I.04I,4Sr
1762
IB..M9.676
3.1,950
1,037,311
21.5,702
I,ffi3.0l4
1763
16,013,105
34,468
1,067,540
206,808
1,274^-
Awntge .
14,511,973
3.1,114
067,445 1 198,690
1.166,11*
1764
15,201,081
31,715
1.006.738 190,292
i,ivi.aa
1765
I4..T55,205
26,127
B57.01.3. l,-«,762
1.23S,«S
1766
17,802.102
35,018
1,192.806 210.109 1 l.SSS,mm
1767
20,148,170
.30,274
1,343,211 181,648
1,692,751
1768
18,490.019
32.590
1,232.667 ie.^.i42
l,382.»l
IT69
17,790,705
37,a')7
1,188,047 222.223
!;SmI
1770
20,560,754
.33,417
1,370,716 1 200,502
Avemge .
17,776,862
.32,311
1,184.171 1 I9.^.8(>8
l,37B.5l>
1771
25,376,608
.34,166
l,6H1.787 1204,996
2.10Mff
1772
20,899.178
.32,441
1,544,938
194,650
1.738,3
1773
18,450.700
28.078
1,383,802
168,473
1.56B,!*
1774
16.816.674
29,IM
1,127,777
174.864
l.3DS,6*l
1775
30.205,087
30,598
1,346.985
18.-),588
1,530,511
1776
20,502,587
.36,1,12
1,366,838
216.912
1.&
1777
19,7U,al8
20,698
1,314.308
178,188
1.494491
Average ,
20,2.')2,239
31.475
1,390,910
183,810
],61R.6H
Average
af30)'ea
rs MDce 1748 . . .
I.228,I4B
Aveta^
of 30 yea
s before ....
417,«
Mr. Henrj ArchdaU, in the vear 1771, assorted befbn'
oommittee of the House of Commons, that Irpland nunlr
factuivd for
MANUFACTURES.
t2.200,106'
_ The latter article niuBt be a, mere guess ; the first wc find
contradicted iu the preceding table, unless he meant cloth
only.
This ample table calls for severaJ observations. It first
appears that the manufacture has gone on in a regular
increase, until it has arrived in the last seven jears to be an
object of prodigious consequence. The averages of each
period of seveu years are o£ particular importance ; as there
is one political lesson to be deduced from them which may
be of great use hereafter : they prove in the clearest manner
that no judgment is ever to be formed of the state of the
manufacture from one or two years, but on the contrary
from seven years alone. In 1774 it appears that the exjwrt
was lower than it had been for nine years before, and we
very well recollect the noise which this fall made in
England. I was repeatedly in the gallery of the English
House of Commons when they sat in a committee for
months together upon the state of the linen trade ; and
from the evidence 1 heard at the bar I thought Ireland was
sinking to nothing, and that all her fabricks were tumbling
to pieces : the assertion of the linen fabricks declining a
third was repeated violently, and it was very true. But
they drew this comparison from 1771, when we find from
the preceding table that it was at its zenith ; to appearance
a very unnatural one ; for it rose at once five millions of
yards, which was unparalleled. It was ridiculous to draw
a sudden start into precedent; for what manufacture in
the world but experiences moments of uncommon proBj^rity,
the continuance of which is never to be expected; this fall
of a third therefore, though true in fact, was utterly false
in ar^nietU. In truth, the fall was exceedingly trivial ; for
the only comparison that ought to have been made was
with the average of the preceding seven years ; the decline
then would have appeared only seven or eight hundred
rtiiousand yards, that is, not a tventietli, instead of a fhird.
' Journal! of the Commoni, vol. 16, psge 3G^.
But, becaiiBe the traJ« had run U> a moat extraordiDai
height in 1771, the maouEacturers and merchonta felt ti
fall the more, aod were outrageously clamorous becauH
every year was not a jubilee one. If such were to be the
consequences of an unusual demand, ministers and legiala-
tnrea would have reason to curse any extraordiimiy
prosperity, and to jireveut it if they could, under tli«'
convictioa that the grasping avariue of commercial £oI^
vould be growling and dunning them with complaint
when the trade returned to its usual and natural c
In the year 1773 and 4. all Ireland was undone ; the linei
manufacture was to be at au end ; but lo ! at the end of tin
period of seven years, upon examining the average, it i
found to be in as great a state of increEise as ever knom
before ; for the four periods have all the same rise oQ
above another of three millions of yards each : consequent^
I say. upon the evidence of the clearest facts, that thea
has been no <l«clensioH, but an increase. And I shA
draw this manifest conclusion from it to disbelieve cont
mei-cial complaints as long as I esist, and put no credit i
that sort of proof which is carried to Parliament in suppq
of BUcli complaints. Falsehood and imposition I am CO
fident &id their way to the bar of a House ; and I do n
think it much for the credit of those who supported ti
Irish complaints at the period above mentioned, that
should find, in copying at Dublin part of this table f
the parliamentary record of imports and exports, the ei
of the year 1775 erased; the only considerable era
there is in those volumes, the total of particulars m
19,447.250 yards, hut it now stands written over
emaure 20,205,087. It is easily accounted for ; if the t
had been known to have experienced so immediate a reviva
half their arguments would have had no weight ; it mig
therefore be convenient to sink the truth. If it n
merely accidental in the clerk, I can only say it was ai
most unfortunate tirrm and Buhjeet.^
The following table wijl shew that England is the marl
for eighteen twentieths of the total Irish exportation.
' Tn the woollen mnnufKuture of Knglatid ibe same spirit ufcompb
and fuIacho'Hl has at diflentiit tim?* pealerad both FarliairKnt uia :
publli:k. Sill t)iia point dlBcuaoed in my " Polilic»I Aritbmelic,"pBge 1
MANLIFACTUREK.
mtHUt nf Irifh Linens imported into England fro.
Chriglmcu 1756. to Christma* 1773.'
Yanls.
In the year 1757 . . 11,92^.290
1758. . 14,38.1,248
1759. . 12.703,412
1760. . 13,311.e74
65.788,072 o
rper
anDUm 13,153,614.
Yanls.
1762.
. 13,476,366
1763.
. 1.3.1111,858
1764.
. 13,187.109
1766.
. 14,7r>7.3o3
1766.
. 17,941,229
rper
72.*72,91,^o
annum 14,494,58.1
Yards.
1767.
. 18.500,7.^
1798.
. 15,249.248
1769.
. 16.496.271
1770.
. 18,19.1.087
1771.
. 20.622,217
rper
87,(»3,.178 o
annnm 17,612.715.
Yar<h.
19,171,771
17,806,994
he foUowing t^ble wiU shew the importa.tio
' for tliis fabrick.
c or Mr. Q!nver-i
„SSBlS5g
iiiiss
siesisi
ir
This account is favourable to the state of the m
facture ; for the increased import of flax-seed in the Bei
period implies that the couiitrj' supplied herself wiUi i
flax of her own producing, which accounts for the b
off in the import of undressed flai : the persons who
UFACTURES.
studied the manuEacture iu all its branc;lma with the must
attention, agree that there is no greater improvement to be
wished fur than the raising the flax instead of importing
foreign. It is much to be lamented that the flax-husbandry
has not made a greater progress in the kingdom ; for the
profit of it is very great. The minutea of the tour furnish
the following particulars :
. Places. 1 EKjiencea.
SUines
KCQtched.
At per
Htone.
Valae.
^miigh
Near ditto
Mahon
£ *. d.
6 e 4
4 13 4
30
48
2.1
40
5B
54
16
28
30
40
». d. i£ *. d.
4 2 6 S
8 19 4
8 10
LisbnniB to BeltaHt . ,
Ards
Shaen Ca»tli> ....
Lealey Hill
Newt-.wn Liiiiavaddy .
Imushoen
ClonleigL
FloreDC« Court . . .
BRllymoal
9 4 2
9
8 4 6
8 2 4
9 3
5 14
9 7 4
12 7
9 *
7 10
5 4
21 3
7 9 4
IS 1 2
Averages
8 13 2
M
7 2
15 8 1
From hence we find, that the profit is near seven pounds
ac acre, clear, after paying large eiiiences ; and that on the
Cunningham acre.
There is a notion common in the north of Ireland, which I
should suppose must be very prejudicial tu the quality as well
as the quantity of flax produced. ; it is, that rich laud will not
do for it, and that the soil should be pretty much exhausted
by repeated crops of oats, in order to reduce it to the proper
state for flax. The consequence of this is, as I everywhere
saw, full crops of weeds, and of poor half-starved flax. The
idea is abauM ; there is no land in the north of Ireland,
that I saw, too rich for it. A very rich soil sown thin pro-
duces a branching harsh flax ; but if very clear of weeds,
^^H
^H
^^^^^1
^^^^H
206 A TOUR IS IBELASD-
and sown thick for the st^ema to draw eacli other up, the
crop will he in goodness and quantity proportioned to Hit
richness of the land. A poor exhausted soil cannot produce
a flax of a strong good staple ; it is the nourishment it re-
ceives from the fertility of the land which fills the plant'
with oU ; aud bleachers very weU know that the oii istk
strength of the staple ; and unfortunately it is. thathletck
ing cannot be performed without an exhalation of thii oIL
and consequent weakness. But, though it is necesaaiybl
colour to eihale a portion of the oil, flax that neverhftd but
little, from the poTcrty of the soil it grew in, is of littll-
worth, and will not bear the operation of bleaching like tte
other. Potatoes kept very clean under the plough are U.
excellent preparation for flax ; and tumeps, well hoed, tb'
same.
in Linen Fabncks.
Places.
Weavers.
Womw. '
Fine linen.
Coarse lin.
Spin.
Market Hill .
Armagh . ,
Mahon . . .
Warrenstown .
Innishoen . .
Mount Charles
Castle Caldwell
InniakiUing .
Belleisle .
Florence Court
Strokes.to«ii
Ballynioat . .
Kortland . .
Westport . .
*. d.
1 8
1 4
I S
1 2
1
1
1 I
1 3
10
d.
3
1'
3
i'
4
3
4
3
3
2
AveragOB ....
1 5
1 Oi
31
^^^
MAN UFACTITRES. 207
These earnings are from double to near treble those of
huabandry laboiir throuj^hout the kingdom ; and jet com-
plaints of poverty are infinitely more common among these
people than in those parts of the kingdom that have do
share of the manufacture. It is so in all countries ; and
ought to prevent too aasiduoua an attention to such com-
plaints. Those who for the sake of ^eat earnings will become
weavers, must do it under the knowledge that they embrace
or continue in a life not of the same regular tenour with
the lowest species of labourers. If they will not be more
prudent and saving, they ought not to clamour and eijiect
the publick to turn things topsy turvy to feed them, who,
with any degree of attention, might have supported them-
selves much better than another class that never complains
at all.
Having thus endeavoured to shew the rise, progress, and
present amount of thin manufacture, it will be necessary to
lay before the reader some account of the sumG of publick
money which have, at'cording to the fashion of Ireland, been
expended in its encouragement. This is not easy to do
fully and accurately as I could wish, but the following papers
are the best authorities I could find.
An Account of the Net Produce of the Duties appropriated
to the use of the Hemjien and Linen Manufactures from
their Commencement, and also the Bounties from Par-
liament.
1
Nett
duties.
Bo„„H„
Nett
duties.
Bonntiea
£
£
£
£
In the
Tear 1721
2,500
In tlieyeftrl737
8,076
8,000
1723
5,500
1738
10.623
1735
4,000
1739
10.087
8,000
1727
4,000
1740
7,894
1
1729
4,000
1741
1742
13,180
12.561
8.540
1731
fi,637
4,000
1743
1.1,770
8,000
1733!
6,328
8.000
1744
14,844
1734 1
5,314
1746
18,066
8,000
173S
6,748
8,000
1746
15,046
■
17361
9,181
1747
17,822
8,0I»
An Account of the Net Produce of the Duties appropri
to tlie use of the Hempen and Linen Manufactures f
their CommeDcemejit, and alao the Bounties from P&r- '
liament. (Continued.)
Nott
dntietu
Bonntiee
Nett
duties.
BoDDtiea
£
£
£
£
Id the year 1T4S
1B,W7
In the year 1770
1,6.-U
1749
18.335
8,000
1771
861
8,000
1760
17,813
1772
1,348
1761
12,477
8,000
1773
1,700
8.000
1762
17,175
1774
S80
1753
12,231
8.000
1775
1,387
8.0DO
1754
1756
12.SS4
14.292
8,000
Totals. . . .
453.204
IS4.540
1756; 12.239
4.000'
Nett tea duties
1
1757 l.?22
8,000
for 7 vearH
endint! 1775 .
W2,500
184,5«
1758' ».7;2
i
17631 8,933
8,000
1760 S,581
710,244
d
8,(100
1762' 14|oi4
Average irf the
1
1763' 16,064
8,000
last 7 yeara
■
1764 14.BH8
duties . .
1,3SB
■
1765 13.820
8,000
Ditto of tea
■
1766 18,834
duties . . .
10,3ff7
■
1767: 12.717
8,000
■
1768 10.414
Together. . .
11.742
■
17M: 2,181 '
8,000
■
The tea duties were granted for the nae of this i
fact lire.
But that this account is not complete appears bj anothera
to the following efEect.
' I^ro tbe lea dulirs were scpnrDtti). nnd prodiii'ed in J yen
£13,600, EUid £10,000 a. year eacb year after.
' Commons JournoU, vot. 17, p. SG3.
I
■
■
^^M
1
►
MANUFACTURES. 209 1
tccount of the BeveraJ Sums of Money for which the 1
ice-Treasurers have claimed Credit, as U-iiiK paid by |
em for the use
of the Hempen and Lineu Manufactures, ■
am the 26th
of March 1700, to the 25th of March I
75, distinguishing each year; returned to the hon. 1
Buse of Commons pursuant to their Order, Nowraber |
, 1775.
1
ftT
In the
In the
»■
year
year
£
£
£
100
1728
5,164
1754
17.402
372
1729
11.340
1755
16,886
913
1730
10,824
1766
12.762
430
1731
13,711
1757
15,762
3,384
1732
6,14S
1758
13,792
1.783
1733
7,422
1769
7,298
i,4gs
1734
5,670
1760
18,247
1.475
1735
13,103
1761
9,154
I.ISO
1736
14,785
1762
32,865
1.180
1737
12,1127
1763
19,463
1.770
14,!I31
1764
22,041
13
3.0-J3
1739
13,085
1765
21,041
1,396
1740
16,973
1766
16,824
789
1741
15,484
1767
15,474
111
1.597
1742
20,085
1768
17.061
17
l.MI
1743
17,917
1769
16,216
3,981
1744
2.1,587
1770
19,a30 '
3.337
1745
18,S48
1771
15,030
»
4.784
1746
9,154
1772
12,546
3,369
1747
11,216
1773
12,206
4,421
1748
15,371
1774
16,030
5,173
1749
20,979
1775
15.459
3,439
1750
31,109
1776
14,751
5,678
1751
16,680
1777
15,102
6280
1762
1763
»
7!779
8,701
16',8S6
ToUl .
847,604
Avera^ of the last 7 years . .
14,446
Hweipoiditim
of thlB money is under the direction o£ J
1 linen Board
upon a similar plan as the Narigatioa ^^^
IL
^^^H
A TOt'R IS 1REI.AXO.
Biiani explained above. Their mode of apptjring it will
a by tie following aovount.
IKsburaements of the Linen Tmstees. frt>m 1757
to 1772-
aS.013
FUx«m4 nuxed with poboocs .... 3,818
Prandnleat Un>ed liacas 748
BoiMlncs and n^n £.938
C)«k>,&e. ml Linen OffiM 11,728
DiUo. Linen ud Yam Bnlb .... T.UZ
In«p«(tara,itiDmaliiwa,nMdiatidMnken T,7S
Inadsnlnl cknign II ,77S
tn sixtevn ye«n
Snbaeqoent to 1698 Irekad. at an
ta the pnblict, made a pnigiv«« in the linen mani
tom, Ac*
ne "nvstees of ibe Linen Bc«rd expended near halt
milKaa ot mooifT to extend and {>nwK>t>e tbe linen m
fiMbin baCoR tlie jear 1750.*
Bat tKMB anmnrta do aot jet dbov tbe foil tmant
pabfiek maatef vkicA Imu been gfant«d tor the nw of
gi^t aanafacteK ; to ha*« this eonjiJetv «« ^oak tal
the hiMktiea on the inport et awd, and on the c^pA
civna aad aB-cIoth. whkh haT« been as foDov
*««h, trf. X».|L I
MANUFACTURES,
^y^
Import
Exjiort
1 Year*.
Import
Export
a*dy-.lay
flas-seed.
fuul-cloth.
Lady-day
flax-seed.
sail-doth.
£
£
£
1731
1,211
1,446
1765
10,500
731'
1733
2.120
1,207
1757
1735
2,858
1,301
1T5»
11.068
1737
5,004
! 1761
11,273
1739
3,664
1763
9.187
1741
6,112
3,517
1765
11.464
1743
5,911
1,.'S40
15,894
1745
7,536
1769
16,810
1747
4,4S2
2,283
1771
16,062
1749
3,416
1773
16.279
1751
8,027
1775
14,674
1753
Ii,481
1,909
1777
Totals . . .
Average of the
JT one ii( these ai.
dnlies appropriated t<
of the last seven years is
Ilul by the other, the Treasury charj^es
on ttie sanie nverage with
Differeuce £2,704
The fact however is, that llie larger of these sums is paid
to thiB purpose, and the ateount of the Linen Board's dis-
bursement amouots to i£14,]00.
I the total annual a
a at present applied appear to lie
.idnce of dntieH appropriated to the purpwte .... £14,446
krliamentary Ixmnty 4,001)
— ■ n the imjKirt ot Max -seed 15,094
! per annum £33,54<l
s thus appliud since the year 170l>
I' And that the total si
laye been :
id by the Right Hon. John Forawr.
212 A TOUB m IRELANB,
P(ti<I by the Vice Treasnrere £M7.£H
Parliwnentary bounty IMISM
Boonty on flax import 22S,8H
Ditto on export of canvax SSiflP
Total £1,S8B,S
The inoBt (areless observer cannot help reumrking tha
great amonnt of this total ; aud must tbinb that an aanaal
grant of ^33,000 a year, in support of a manufacture whicK
works to the annual amount of two millions 8t«rUng, U
estraordinarj- measure. I must be free to own that I a
not, upon any principles. Bee the propriety of it. They caonot
have done any considerable mischief, I grant ; but, if th^
do no good, there is a great evil in the misapplication ol W
much money. That a manufacture in its very cradle, it H
happens to be of aeiclily growth, may be benefited by bouDtkl
and premiums, is certain ; but that, eren in such a cflu, H
is wise to give them, I doubt very much ; for fabricks bt
sickly in their growth is a reason i^aiuat encouraging th
The truly valuable manufactures, such as linen in Irelani
wool and hardware In England, and silk in France, mntltf
help but a demand for their produce. Ireland haa aJinji
hitherto had a demand for her linens, and having, so nun
longer than the beginning of this century, l>een iuthetndc^
woi^d natuiuUyincreaseit in proportion to the demand; ud
she would have done that though no Linen Board nor bountki
had existed. It is contrary to all the principles of comnMRB
to suppose, that such an increasing manufacture ttiS this faU
been would waut flax or flai-seed without bounties on t^
import ; or that manufacturers in it would not earn thw
bread without a present of ^£33.000. The only inatanoeiB
which those bounties would certainly have a conBideriH*
elfect is, the case of expensive machines ; the first introdve-
tion of which is difficult to individuals in a poor eountiT-
But this article, iu its fullest extent, would have demandn
but a small sum in the linen trade ; for it by no means gf
to common spinning-wheels, the construction of which k
generally known. But, if there is any reason to aupp*'
linen would, throughout the century, have stood upon i8
own legs, how much more is there for its doing bo at preBeOtl
I will venture to assert that there is not one yard of lin**'
MANUFACTURES. 213
e umde on account of the thirty-three thousaiid pounds
r now expended. It is to such a great manufacture a
f water in the ocean, — An object too contemptible to
ny effects attributed to it. It is idle and Tisionary to
wae. that a fabrick which has employed a fourth part
le kingdom for 70 years, and exports to the amount of
iUion and a half annually, wanta Boards, and bounties,
[ premiums, and impertinence to support it. I have
1 it said more than once in Ireland, that a seat at the
1 Board might easily he worth j£300 a year ; it ie very
'f the whole becomes a job ; for it might just as well
t applied to inspectors, itinerant men, builders and
ies.
E before calculated the extent of waste land the bounty
" e inland carriage of com would have improved at £1Q
; let me do the same with the 1,300,000 expended
b It would have iraproved 130.000 acres, which
V be yielding .£520,000 a year, or a fourth part
le whole amount of all thelinen manufacture of Ireland;
nit«ly more productive is money bestowed on the land
Q the fabricks of a state.
;. mean to find fault with the establishment of
■ manufacture; it has grown to a great degree of national
; but from some unfortunate circumstances in
« of it (if I may use the expression) that importance
nearly equal to what it ought to be, from the extent
y it absolutely fills. It will be at least a curious
Y to examine this point From the best information
t that the linen and yam made in Connaugbt,
t of Leinster, vastly exceed in value all the exports
ter, eicluaive of those two commodities, which makes
. _ ._j whole exportable produce of that province, or
Kl,600.000 a year. Ulster contains 2,836,837 plantation
; gtippose that vast tract under sheep, and feeding no
rs than two to an acre, their fleeces only at five shillings
El would amount raw to .£1,418,418 and spun into bay
1, without receiving any farther manufacture, the value
'd be £2,l'27,622 reckoning the labour half the value of
" ; that is to say, the amount would be more than
whole value of the linen manufacture both exported and
mmed &t home.
214 A TOUK IS IRELAKD.
How exceeding difiereat are the manufafturos of En^
laud ! Tbat of the single city of Norwich amounts to oetr
aa much aa the whole luien export of Ireland; but verytir
is that from being the whole exported produce of a proTiiM*;
It is not that of a single count;y ; for Norfolk, besides feed-
ing that city, Yarmouth and Lrnn. two of the ^rreat^
iwrta in England, and a variety of other towns, eijKirt*,!
believe, more com than any other county in the kingdom;
and whoever is acquainted with the supply of the LoviiA
markets, knows that there are thousands of black ctttk
fattened every year on Norfolk tumeps, and sent to Smitli-
field. What a spectacle is this ! The olericulture in
the world the most productive of wealth by exportatiODi
around one of the greatest manufactures in Europe. Itil.'
thus that manufactures become the best friends to nj^ol'
ture ; that they animate the farmer's industrj- by pvinp
him ready markets ; until he is able, not only to supply Qaat
fully, but pushes his exertions with such effect that be findi
a surplus in his hands to convert into gold in the uadonil
l)alani«, by rendering foreigners tributary for their b«B4l
Examine all the others fabricks in the kingdom, vou tli
them prodigious markets for the surrounding lan^; JDB
see those lands doubling, trebling, qiiadi'upling their reotfc
while the farmers of them increase daily in wealth j &»
you see manufaetures rearingup agriculture, and agriculttM
supporting manufactures ; you see a reaction which givai
reciprocal animation t« human industry ; great oationll'
prosperity is the effect ; wealth pours in from the fabrid^
which, spreading Uke a fertile stream over all the surronni-
ing lands, renders them, comparatively speaking, so muf
gardens, tlie most pleasing spectacles of successful induttlf-
Change the scene, and view the North of Ireland ; W*
there behold a whole province peopled by weavers; itil
they who cultivate, or rather beggar the soil, as well »
work the looms ; agriculture is there in ruins ; it is cnti?
by the root ; extirpated, annihilated ; the whole region N
the disgrace of the k-ingdom ; all the crops you see are COi»
temptible, are nothing but filth and weeds. No other jKlt
of Ireland can exhibit the soil in such a state of poverty and'
desolation. A farming traveller, who goes through tint
country with attention, will be shocked at seeing vretcked'
MANUFACTCRKS. 215
aeee in the shape of a, few beg^rly oats on a variety of most
fertile soils, which, were they in Norfolk, would soon rival
the best lands in that comity.
But the cause of all these evils, which are absolute ex-
ceptions to every thing else on the face of the globe, is
easily found. A most prosperous manufacture, so contrived
as to be til e destruction of agriculture, is certainly a spectacle
lor which we must go to Ireland. It is owing to the fahrick
spreading over all the country, instead of being confined to
. This in a certain d^ree is found in some manufac-
B in England, but never to the exclusion of farmers ;
I, Uterally speaking, is not a farmer in a hundred miles
ttie linen country in Ireland. The lands are infinitely
^vided ; no weaver thinks of supporting himself by his
nj he has always a piece of potatoes, a piece of oats, a.
jhof flax, and grass or weeds for a cow ; thus his time is
i between his farm and his loom. Ten acres are an
Dion quantity to be in one man's occupation ; four,
j^ or six, the common extent. They sow their land with
iBiTe crops of oats until it does not produce the seed
; and they leave it to become grass as it may, in which
{b it is under weeds and rubbish for four or five years,
b a wretched management is constant destniction to the
'; none of it becomes improved unless from a state of
re ; all the rest is destroyed, and does not produce a
h of what it would if cultivated by farmers, who had
' ■ to do but mind their business. As laud thus
1 will not yield rent, they depend for that on their
■{ if linen sells indifferently, they pay their rents in-
mtly, and if it sells badly, they do not pay them at all,
in general, at their value, being worse paid there than
Bj other part of Ireland.
rbere agriculture is in such a state of ruin, the land
it attain its true value ; and in fact the linen counties,
tinned to their soil, are lower let than any others in
There has been a grtiat rise on many estates, and
B all over the kingdom, but not at all owing to
tufacture ; and I am confident, from having gone
i tbe whole with attention, that any given tract of land
rthe linen country, if it could be moved to some other
pvt of the kingdom where there are no weavers, would let
216 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
twenty per cent, higher than it does at present ; and I a
HO con-rinced of this, that if I had an estate in the South
Ireland, I would as bood introduce pestilence and fainiDe
the linen manufacture upon it, curried on ae it iialpreM
in the North of that kingdom. Particular spots maj be, si
are high let in the North ; but Ispealcof theavei-ageofsi
large tract.
But if. instead of the manufacture having so difEuM
itaelf as absolutely to banish farmers, it had been c
to towns, which it might very easily have been, the vf
contrary effeut would have taken pla<« ; and all those ti
advantages to agriculture would have flowed, which flourii
ing manufactures in other countries occaeion. The toi
would have been large and numerous, andwoiildhaveprff
aucb ample markets to all the adjacent country, tliatitco
not have failed becoming well cultivated, and letting probtl
at double the present rent, The manufacturers would hi
been coiiflned to their own hiisiness, and the farmers
theirs ; that both trades would have flourished the I
for this, the minutes of the journey very generally flbewi
weaver who works at a fine cloth, can never take tb« plooj
or the spade in hand without injury to his web.
I never heard but two objections to this : first. That t
weavers would be unhealthy in towns : and second, n
the country would be leas populous.
To the first I reply, that ill health is the consequence
a sedentary life and a bended posture ; whether the man'
his farm or not, it is not a little work now and then i
will remedy this evil, if ho supports himself by the 1«
I was in several of the linen markets, and never saw mg
pallid pictures of disease ; I defy any town to shew n
Robust, healthy, vigorous bodies are not to be toaai
looms ; if the health of the people is your object, you a
give up manufactures, and betake yourselves to agricuba
altogether ; but this in the present state of the world
visionary. If the weavers were confined to towns, as I prop*
there would be a much greater aggregate of health than
present [ for the country would be as healthy as it alwi
IB in the hands of farmers and labourers, but at present i
'b unhealthy as alt are manufacturers.
The second objection I totally deny ; for it ii
, MANUFACTliRES. 31?
iriiidplea of population to aesert that a measure, which
oeficial to both agriculture and maDufactures. cun be
idicdal to the increase of people ; more food would be
3 from well than from ill cultivated ground - a, whole
of farmers and labourers would be employed in feeding
owns ; to think that population could be injured by
an arrangement is an absurdity too groas to deserve
at the circumstancea of the Irish manufacture are
DUble, when the eiteat of country is considered, no
of reflection can doubt ; for the value of it, taken in
light, (important as it is in its total amount) appears
t comparatively trivial. Fortunately the evil is not
rut a remedy; the landlords of the country might,
no great difficulty, effect the change. Let them
Qy r^use to let an acre of land to any man that has a
; the business would and ought to he gradual ; but
I should be thrown by degrees into the hands of real
rs, and weavers driven into towns, where a cabbage
1 should be the utmost space of their land ; and
gentlemen, who are introducing the manufacture in
parts of the kingdoni, should build the cabbins
pious, and let the inhabitants on no account have any
All encouragement, all attention, all bounty, all
Inm, all reward, should go to those alone who lived
ad attended to their looms alone, not in a separated
D, but in a street. The more a person attends to the
inable state of land in the North of Ireland, the more
J be convinced of the propriety, and even necessity of
Be&«ure ; and if, contrary to common sense, a paltry
1 IS permitted to exist, by way of promoting a fabrick
a miUions a year, let them have this object, and this
as their business. Let them devise the means of
bg landlords to drive their weavers into towns, and
will in a few years do more good to their country
all their inspectors, itinerant men, and spinning-
I, will do in a century.
ftttTfi to the other manufactures of Ireland, I am
to aay they are too insignificant to merit a particular
' in ; upon the subject of that of wool I must however
, that the policy of England, which has always
218 A TOUH IS IRELAND.
liitherto been hostile to every appeiiranoe of an Irish n
manufacture, has been founded u]>on the mean contractioi
of illiberal jealousy ; it is a t-onduct that haa been founds
upon the ignoranL« and prejudices of mercantile peopUj
who, knowing as they are in the science which teaches Uu
two and two make four, are lost in a labjrinth the momei
they leave their couuting- houses and become Btat^nnea.
they are too apt to think of governing kingdoms upon th
same principles they conduct their private businc'sa oB
those of monopoly ; which, though the soul of privafc
interest, is the bane of publick commerce. It has beea ti
mistaken poliey of this country to suppose that all Irelaa
trained by a woollen manufacture would be so much lou t
England ; this is the true monopolizing ignorance. We d'
not think proper to draw these bands of commercial tTrani
so tight as to interdict their linens ; we gave them a fi
trade ; nay we import an immense quantity of Busaifui a
German linen; and yet, between this double fire of t
Irish and foreigners, hs^ our own linen
ftuurished and increased ; it is the spirit and effect of eve
specii'H of mono]>oly to countera<^t the designs which dieb
that mean policy. The rivalship of the Irish (if a riv^xl
was to ensue) would be beneficial to our woollen trade; i
a fast friend to the interest of iny native country, I wii
success to those branches of the Irish woollens which wonl
rival our own ; a thousand beneficial consequences i
flow from it ; it would inspirit our manufacturers ; ;
woiild awaken them from their lethargy, and give rise 1
the spirit of invention and entergirize. How long did oi
old broad-cloth trade sleep in the west without one sign, i
life strong enough to animate a new pursuit ; but a di&em
spirit breaking out in Yorkshire and Scotland, new fabiiel
were invented, and new trades opened. A free Iri4
woollen trade would put our manufacturers to their mettlQ
and would do more for the woollen trade of England tlu
any other measure whatever. Our merchants think such
rivalship would ruin them ; but do they think the Fram
would not have reason for such fears also ? Have we n
lost the Levant and Turkey trade through the obatintt
of our monopolists ? And why should not Ireland hxwi
chance for such a branch as well as Langnedoc? But M
MANUFACTL'RKS. 219
I been our narrow policy, with reai^oct to that kingdom.
k we have for a century sat down more c'Otit«nted with
■ socceBeful rivalship of Frante, than with the chance of
mpetitor.
■r any qnestion, relatiTe to commercial indtil-
le to Ireland, haB come into the British Parliament, its
8 have alicays urged the diatreeged stale of Ireland as
This is taking the ground of dui)Ucity. perhaps
Behood ; they ought to be more liberal, and avow that
r principle is, not to relax the present laws as a matter
ftumanity to Ireland, but of right and policy to them-
«; to demand a free trade to Irelaud as the best
s to Britain ; to demand that Prance may be rivalled
le subjects of the British Empire, if those of one king-
k cannot, or will not do it, that those of another may.
J would have reason to suppose, from the upirit of
cial jealousy among our woollen towns, tliat what-
i Ireland got was lost to England : I shall in a suc-
*" g section insert a table, wbifh will shew that, in exact
bortion to the wealth of Ireland, is the balance of the
B tmde in favour of England. That kingdom is one of
Kgreatest customers we have upon the globe ; is it good
J to wish that our best customer may be poor V Do
e maxims of commercial life tell us that the richer he
) better? Can any one suppose that the immense
k of Holland is not of vast advantage to our manu-
; and, though the Eusela trade, upon the balance,
ach against us, who can suppose that the increasing
'*, of that vast empire, owing to the unparalleled
1 of it« present Empress, the first and most able
gn in the world,' is not an increasing fund in favour
ftrHish industry ?
e tabinets and poplins of Ireland (a fabrick partly of
iB II. , the German princesn, VoltairiDin anil debnutbfp, wlin
■ of Kiuaia 1T62-9G, witneswid and had the chief hand in ^e
a of Poknd, and survived the last only a tt* manCha,
'ved bj her ability gome of the oraiw Vounc here bo5t4H«s
V; but it would have been piprenaed leiu varrolj had she not
ited the need of HeTetoping Knssian agripultiipe. and ordered, to
i, Yonnj's " Six Week*' Tour llirougli the Soalhern Connlie* of
■ •nd Walea^lo be trnnslatcd intu liuaaian. See '' Annals of
MN," vd. ii. p. 133.
220 A TOUR IN IREI.AND.
woollen, partly of Bilk) did that ialajid poaaesB a g
freedom in the woollen trade, would find their way to a si
cessfiil market throughout all the South of Europe.
friend of mine travellt^d France and Spain with a suit a
that pleasing f abrick among othorB ; and it was more a^
and envied than any thing he carried with him. This ii
manufacture of which we have not a vestige in England.
Under another head I inserted the eiport of wool and
yam, and also the import of woollen goods from England :
the following alight minute on the proportionate value of
the labour to the material will conclude what I have to bi
on a mauufacture, which, working only for home consumi^
tion, can never thrive.
Bay-yam. A woman, on an average, spins three m
a day, which weigh a quarter of a pound ; the value s^
IB from ten pence to a shilling, medium leu pence tfij
farthings.
d.
Combing it, not quite 1
Spinning 3}
Value of the woul 7|
The balls are a pound and an half each of twelve akl
the woman spins a ball in four days, being i>aid ten p
in Leinster it is ten pence halfpenny, and in Munster it||
nine pence ; average nine pence three farthings, Corabi
a ball ia about three pence, which, with Hpinniii^ i
pence throe farthings, makes twelve pence three farthi
labour on a hall ; and the price of a ball, both wool i
labour, in the year 1778, was three abillings and six pi
In a war the price of wool generally falla in Ireland,
last French war did not aink prices in Ireland, but t
Spaniah one did. The silk manufacture of Ireland 1
been already discussed in Section 16, and ia afabrick t
merits neither the encouragement of the nativeB, nor t
attention of others.
SECTION XX.
s tu judge of the real state
s 80 intimatuly connected
je, progress, and present state of the revenue of
llrelaDd is very little imderstood in England, though
Bbject of considerable importance to that kingdoi
I variations of this revenue i
» others of the prosperity or
EeTery thing which enables u
t country with which we ar
H deserves our attention,
i publick revenue in that kingdom stands upon a
% different footing from ours in England, owing to the
lationB of the Eevoiution relative to this object not
' ( extended to Ireland. Before that epoch the two
}ins were in this respect similar ; but the old subai-
Bind other duties which formed the hereditary revenue
e Stuarts in England were purchased of the Crown at
""BToIution with the civil list revenue of ^700,000 ; no
X bargain took place in Ireland ; consequently the old
fiitar; revenue in that kingdom is at present under the
i circumstances as the like funds were in England
e 168S. It is upon this old revenue that the peaeioDH
e Irish establishment are granted ; the Crown claims
Btt to apply the whole of it at its pleasure, but argu-
■ have been urged against that claim.
e following tables vnll set the progress of late years,
present receipt of the revenue, in a clear light.
w kQl^H
222
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
n
In the
Custom
CuabililM
ImiK.rt
lnlMi.1
ilutv on
ale, beer.
H«u
ye*r
'"■
out.
excme.
excU«.
anil Nlron'g
man
£
£
£
£
£
^
1730
97,821
27,012
78.348
64,360
.10,909
1781
78,871
24,030
66,808
71,410
' 56,439
uii
1732
76.880
25,807
74,2.'i9
76,473
H0.374
42,81
1733
87.385
24.174
76,257
74,836
59,284
*3.5l
1734
84.542
25.780
75,974
76,076
60.501
43.8
1735
88.321
25,624
77,241
66,851
63.071
1736
104,580
24,124
84,875
63,636
60.542
*4,1
1737
96,218
24,703
74,160
65,653
, 52.1W.
1738
98,086
26,131
87.302
70,787
56.114
**fi
1739
95,428
24,414
79,203
71,731
56.885
1740
64,912
25,388
73,336
69,675
65.375
45,0
1741
93.381
21,064
7fl..T60
66,956
53.151
1742
97,6.30
21,093
72,104
07,156
53,419
4i!e
1743
95.893
22.088
76,910
79,78.S
63,720
1744
88,451
27,647
69,759
88.874
70.930
i74S
86,531
23,824
72.001
84,398
67,562
174«
89,685
22,836
63,710
74.626
59.564
41,4
1747
89,824
29,627
64,164
73.347
.18.803
1748
95,819; 26,486
84,916
S4.282
67,895
1749
109,840 1 31,329
88,463
88,817
71,648
42^
17S0
151.279 29.898
123.858
92,294
74,404
43,0
1761
I47,.t66
27,484
110,219
91,596
73.892
1752
137,731
30,726
105.492
94,802
76,389
t7fi3
159.813
29,990
108.764
90.556
73,192
fi«,0
1754
186,990
26,770
131,906
88,694
71,566
fi3.4
1755
156.764
30,485
119.765
a%311
67,ir>S
1756
147,469
26.884
98,262
80.728
65,0*2
1757
124,428
28,569
84,049 73,296
58,716
137,570
32,135
95,086 B7.622
54,416
ss;«
1759
161.578
30,018
111,018
1(9.301
54.742
S3,4
1760
148,44.^
33,673
116,831
77,411
61, .533
64.4'
1761
150,997
39.419
103,225
88,504
69,1)9
Sfi,a
1762
190,653
39,988
132,540
93,543
76.349
1763
1764
177,834
31.893
122,679
92.842
75.911
»;S
209.909
38,805
144,685
92.745
75.878
58,«
1765
213.128
35,943
152,367
87.754
72,109
S7.i
1766
214,985
37,788
173,313
85,752
70.250
57,S
1767
204,864
34,259
147,411
80.094
64,788
57,4
1788
212,743
39,754
156,258
79.7a^
65,,536
1769
211,049
40,045
157,241
*i.n57
69,147
1770
Average
210,490
37.;«>0
152,996
79,631
63,328
ssia
211,036
■
37,712 : 154,753
84,186
■
68,718
REVES UE — TAXES.
Ad.litional
iDilie
Cusloins
CuHtonia
Import
Inland
.1"K.
Uew'tli
ye»r
in.
out.
„.».
excise.
and ntrung
watuin.
money.
£
£
£
£
£
£
200,270
35,712
146,329
70,743
49,160
58,970
199,368
38,850
148,461
70,319
48,971
.'i8.439
232,787
37,397
151,862
74.991
6.3,274
.59,SI38
229,609
37,389
144,706
77.879
55,419
■w.sas
2a3,008
38,010
1.30,104
77,251
54.BIM
60,900
248.491
42,488
152,238
79,411
57,3.53
60,966
^Ettt
251,055
35,883
153,727
80,481
.i7,750
60,.-iS0
KTt
KIU8 .
223,709
37,929
146.473
75,839
53,631
oO.SBfi
^■378
198.,^50
:ifi,027
131,284
81,761
58,612
61,646
■779
105,802
31,717
106,070
76,.335
.54,934
60.617
I very slight examination of these columns will shew a
ncreaae in all (except the inland excise, and i;ustum8
rd) about the jear 1748. The conclusion of the
of Ail la Chapelle soems, from this table, as well as
a, Tsriety of others, to have been the principal epoch in
oaperity of Ireland. Tlie inland excise is a revenue
tchedly a<lminiatered, bj the confession of the whole
1, that DO ".-oncluaions whatever are to be drawn
The customs outwards have risen but little; and
[1 in the last seven years ; which is to be accounted
11 BOTue of the principal articles of the exports, such
L, Ac. being either duty-free, or having so smsll a
la to be merely with design of ascertaining quanti-
d also by the falling off in the export of the produce
tura^, which I have shewed before, moat of the
■ of it having an ill-judged duty on them. But the
B inwards is nut a bad one ; for an increased import,
h at first sight it seems to be i^ainst a nation, ought
to be taken in that light. No kingdom ever imports
B which it cannot pay for; and an increased conaumj)-
1 is the stroi^st proof of an increased ability to pay for
~ must however remark, that the increase in this
^^
^^H
^I^H
224 A TOUR IN IRELAND. ^^^H
column the laat seven yeiirs is Tery trifling. There ib in i
the other cohimns. eiuept hearth- m one j-. a decline in dii
period, which very well dcBervca to be enquired into. Tlu
the khogdom has 'fiourished in it I have little or uo donU
it may. therefore, probably be owing to the inultiplk«lM
of ttbuBCB in the collection oE the revenues, whifh. beingi
many cancers in the body politick, ought to be reme^
with the utmost aaeiduity.
The increase of the hoarth-money is a matter of impoi
anue, for it proves an increase of population clearly ; whi<
indeed could not be doubted from the increased pnjsperi
and wealth of the kingdom, and from the repea,t«a tnfonu
tion I received all over it to that purport..
The whole gross revennea offer a different apptMnint
from these particular duties ; llie following account she*
there has been an increase, but owing to an inoreoae of taxtf
Lady-day.
Herwli-
Old
ailditional
duties
j;tx)b«.
For receiving
paying ilraw-
backB and
preiitiuniit on
com. &C.
NettptodoM
'^ittonid
dntlM.
Intheyeftrl751
1753
1751
175B
1781
1763
£
1,048.858
1.047,062
i,m,5fl2
954,668
889.937
1,053.939
1,201..W0
366,482
,149,657
.122,56«
320.415
346,649
418,268
£
192,513
185,7e«
193,251»
1D1.3.'57
205,200
234.077
260,602
£
). 210,803
1. 302.274
1. 086.880
1,106,089
M66.B1I
l,368,»Sa
Average .
1,060,474
355,698
208,981
1.206,0«
rntLoyearl7B5
1787
1769
1771
1773
1776
1777
1.298,165
1.295.317
1,309.828
1.276,711
1,288,0M
1.279,275
1,388,044
452,375
471, -210
481,908
454,965
439.615
401.416
419.748
273,010
318,044
347.943
349,275
398,.T80
428,180
464,072
1,448,513
I,443,88S
1,382,381
1,329,390
1,256,60»
1.343, in
Average .
1.305,082
446.335
368,786 ; 1,38S,S9a9
Intheyewl779| 1.175.143
346,696
r-^
HEVENL'E — TAXES.
Th^e are for tieRaioiis, not years. Beeides these duties
Ihcr* are otiiera appropriated by FiLrliament to partiicular
pnrposea ; these are for paying the interest of loans, for the
oDcoiirageinent of the linen manufacture, of tilUge, of
Proleslant schools, and the cambrick manufacture.
The whole revenue of the kingdom for twenty years, in
two periods of ten each, with the averages, will shew the
^neral increase, whether owing to new duties or an increase
of old ones.
Total Revenue of Ireland,
tbeyear 1758 .
£650,76.1
1759 .
7I4.9IS
ITBO .
717,022
; 1781 .
746,161
b 1782 .
878,068
1 1763 .
860,896
1 1764 .
939,139
1 1705 .
948,251
1 1766 .
090,744
■ 1767 .
910,780
;« of ten years , £834,873
Id the year 1768 .
. £945,520
1769 .
. 977,372
1770 .
. 954,045
1771 .
. 900,913
1772 .
. 897,396
1773 .
. 955,074
1774 .
. '957,498
1775 .
. '930,228
1776 .
. 1,040,055
177T .
. 1,093,881
Average of ten years . £965,198
Increa^ .
. £130,52
pt this revenue, considerable aa it is, has not been equal
to national expenditure. In the sessions of 1 759 there
« nirplus in the treasury of ,£65,774 yet in the follow-
a considerable debt was contracted, as will be seen
le progress of the incumbrance.
1763
1765
1787
1760
1771
1773
±,'S£3,iii» nation
521,161 ditto.
508.874 ditto.
581,904 ditto.
828,883 ditto.
789,689 ditto.
'999,688 ditto.
IWdtoMlrtuiLal.
8to»rt,wo.
d.
th
th
of Che Jounulii
I TOUR m IRELAND.
1779
t:97«.117 NKtiuna] dabt
'825,420 ditto.
I,0B2,597 ditW.
Suppose the revenue a million, it is aliout a sixth put
the land rents of the kingdom. If there are thr<«
of souIb in Ireland, the;r pay exactly 6*. 8J. a head-
appeared before that the export of liuen, yam, l-oth, wool
pork, beef, tte. Ac. ajnounted to X3,250,471 ; suppose
other exports would make it up three iind a half millioiu[
the revenue of the kingdom amounts not quite to a third.
It will not be improper here to compare the burthens
Ireland with those of Great Britain.
fiiitiBh
me of 13 iiiillioDB paid l>y i
millions cii peimle in
Iriali revenue ot 1 niillinn paid by 3
milliuDs of people ia
. rf.
OftluAd.
8 a head.
lOeach.
ID 10 in the po
Brltisli revenue of 13 millions paid by T2
milliouB* of aiTCB is ...... .
Irish revenue of 1 million paid by 25
millions of acr«s is
British revenue of 13 millions paid by a
rental' of 24 millions is
Irish revenue of 1 million paid by a rental
of 6 millions is 3
British revenue of 13 millions poiil by an
export of 16 millions is 16
Irisli revenue of 1 million paid by an ex-
port of 3} millions is 5
Britinb revenue of 13 millions paid by a
balance of trade of 6 millions is . . . 2 JS
Irish revenue nf 1 million paid by a
balance of trade of 1 million is ... 1
The inferiority of the taxes of Ireland to those of Ore
Britain, upon every one of these comjiarisons, is very great
the parallel ia, however, certainly not complete: the sped
' EKtmcled from the nntional accounu laid before Piirliament e<
' 'I'he exact nirmbor at G40 ta a mile is T 1 ,979,N4B.
* £30 that of Rngland, and £* allowed for Scotland.
* Tbe laat cUBtum-houte account.
ttEYENUB— TAXES. 227
of Ireland is Xl,600.000; but it is difficult to say what
that of England is, the gold coinage proved our calculators
to be so amazingly out in their reckoning ; but in this
article, including paper, lies, I apprehend, the greater ease
in England of paying taxes ; which are light or heavy, not
perhaps so much in proportion to the incouie of a people, as
to the ease of t-irculation ; that in England is out of all
comparison greater than in Ireland, which would make it
inijMisaible for the preceding proportions to be raised in
that kingdom as high as they are in Britain. But, fair
allowances being made for this article, still we may with
great safety conclude that this national burthen is vastly
lighter there than with us. If the advantages of such a
situation are not continued, it will certainly be owing to
complaints of poverty, occasioning closer scnitinies into
facts than have hitherto happened.
We come next to the expence which absorbs this income.
Two years end-
ing Lady day.
CivU list
MiliUry
list.
Extraordinarv
lug psrliamen.
tary grants.
ToUU.
£
£
£
£
In the year 1751
146,134
766,151
126,356
1,038,843
1753
143,705
762,571
152,415
1,058,601
175B
144,602
795,182
189,276
1,109,061
1767
161,223
794,364
;j62,674
1,318,263
175S
161,064
820,383
298,173
1,300,521
1761
202,052
997,072
281,688
1,481,013
1783
221,385
1,124,743
332,934
1,679,043
1785
241,271
988.535
275.955
1,. -KB, 781
1787
257,988
971,007
337.646
1,506,842
1769
270,040
954,426
327,094
1,561,661
1771
272,678
976,B17
373,997
1,623.503
1773
323,833
1,173.723
389,634
1,886,181
1776
366,838
1,223.326
342,377
1,932,M1
1777
410.904
1,112.682
410.172
1,933,758
1779
338,475
937,679
432,474
1.706,628
A TOL'K IK IRELAXD.
I Salaries
Two j^&rs emling exclnsive of
liody daj. lieutli-monej
I eoUectars.
113,721
115,552
116,344
130,274
151,S5S
186,157
164,304
Some o£ the partioular duties which go towards
the above revenue will be seen amoDg the following artit
Duty.
£10,759
•29
6,809
Bulls anil c<
Butter . .
Candles .
Bacon flitcbei .
Hides . . .
Tallow, cwt.
Tongues . .
109
Brnndy ....
Tea
Salt and «ak petre
Total .
To lay a duty of near jE2i,000 a year upon the export
the produce of pasturage is heavy and most un politick. W
ought to be abolished. The other articles in this list a
very proper ones to tax.
The decline in several branches of the revenue hftnfi
united with an increased eipence to run the nation in dcb
as above mentioned, new taxes are of course in contempll
tioD every sessions. A land tax has been a matter
conversation in Ireland for some years: some incra
must be made to the revenue, but in what mode i»
' Communs Joiirimta, lol. 16, n, 36S.
y of the most interesting nature to that 'kingiiom ; I
I for this reason offer a, few remarks on the state of
the country relative to the taxes which would be most
proper for it.
There are a variety of objections to land taxes in general,
besides the particular ones whiuh apply immediately to
Ireland. Taxes ought all to be equal, but an equal land
Ui must be a variabte one. which is at ouce a l^he. the
must jfemiciouB burthen to which any nation can submit;
it is the tailU, the equal land tax of France, which is so
"ell known to be the ruin of the agriculture of that king-
dom; hence therefore equality must not be thought of in
ft liuid tax : and if there were no other objections, this
ilnoe ought for ever to preclude them. But suppose a
filed unequal tax, as in England, yet there are great evils
in it ; a man's possessions are rarely to be taken as a proof
of his capability to bear a tax ; a landlord who receives ' a
ihoueand pounds a year from his estate, and pays seven
hundred interest of mortgages, is taxed at hia whole rental ;
'liat enormity and ruin ia this ! that the ability to bear
ihe burthen is to be of no consequence in laying the tax.
When the amazing amount of mortgages on landed pro-
perty is considered, the greatness of this oppression muat
w fully felt. But land taxes when they are unequal are
unproductive; hence the oppressions under this name
•hich crush the n^eulture of Prance, Milan, and the
nites of Austria and Prussia; in most of which actual
w/Mfliiiwjn of the land are made periodically, as if no man's
<iii[irovemcnt should escape taxation : hence also the de-
^QB of the English ministry, once remarkably msJufested,
<i( dropping the present lajid tax in order to obtain an
"luftl one : these are universal objections to land taxes.
But in Ireland there are others which concern that
"iintry singly, and therefore the more deserve attention;
. ciut proportion of it is under lease for ever ; other parts
■■' for five hundred years ; others for lives and a hundred
-.im; others for Uvea and fifty and thirty years; in a
iir.1, under leases of every description. How could aland
a be laid in that kingdom consistently with the reigning
nnciple of the English tax. that the landlord only shaU
'} it? I>ifficidtiea innumerable would arise at every
230 A TOITR IN IRELAND.
step ; no ^rdian knot but the gword of power can ak
but the question is whether all the principles that hn
directed a similar tas in England would not be cut n'
them : for the tax to be either equal or productive it m
be laid on some classes of tenantrv : it ought certainlj I
be laid on all who do not occupy ; but from that e
there is an end of it as an English land tax ; it ia i
a tax on tenantry : break the limits the great line betwM
the owner of the land and the tenant, and who will *
how far the innovation will be carried ? the moat d
that can ever be made in a kingdom. Adieu to dll ii
provenienta in agriculture wherever such an one U'
place,
Evila of this sort rarelj make their full appearance at 6
a land tax in Ireland would probably come in under a vei
fair appearance ; but the atate of the country ought to U
its inhabitants that such a tax would be too iinpmdacth
to last ; the auccesslve alterations would do the fatal biUJ
nesa, and produce the mischief in its full deformity.
Administrations have had experience in England of t
loss, as it has been called, to the revenue from a fixed tl'
if ever therefore thej introduced it into Ireland, it wffl
be in a form which admitted alterationa in order to ATq
the drcumatance which haa more than once raised a stR
inclination to a new assessment. For these and oli
reasons, too numerous to give in detail here, I am
vinced tliat Ireland can never experience a more pemidM
tax than that on land.
But, as I obaerved Ijefore, government must go on, I
must be supported at an increasing expence; new tu
must consequently l>e had recourse to ; and I aball n
hesitate a moment in recommending excises as ihe tr
onea which can be much extended without any nalai]
injury: an entire change in the adminiatration of tl
ahould take place ; the monatrous abuaes in them reined
and new onea laid. The cheapneaa of whisky, with wW
a man may get dead drunk for two pence, ia an enom
too great to be borne. The morals, health, peace, indtuti
agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and wealth of I
kingdom, are all materially injured by the cbeapneM
this vile beverage : there is not an object in Ireland wt
REVENUE— TAXES. 231
would jield a more productive reveDue ; ut the eame time
that every shiiliDg ^vemment got would be half a crown
benefit to the publicb : a judicioua and well collected eioise
on this liquor would raise an immense revenue. All other
apirits, winee and tobacco, are also very well able to beaf
much heavier tasea than they labour under at present.
An excise on tea also might be applicable ; but there is uo
want of objects ; and if the legislature of the kingdom will
not Bet themselves verj steadily to the business, a land tax
will be the cousequeaee, and in it all the mischiefs that
must attend the measure.
The proposition for a land tax on absentees was very
wisely rejected ; the execution of it would have smoothed
some of the difficulties, or at least rendered them familiar,
and certainly have facilitated a general tax of the same
nature.
The mode pursued in Ireland of raising money by tontine,
at an exceeding high interest, so high even as ? per cent.,
is very mischievous to the kingdom. The great want of
that country is capital; consequently any measure which
tends to lessen capitals that are employed in any branch of
industry, is pemicions : seven per cent interest in national
funds must be a severe blow to every branch of industry;
for who will lend money on private security at six per cent.
while the publick gives seven ? And what man will undergo
the trouble, and run the hazard of manufactures or com-
merce, while he can set by his fireside with seven per cent.
in his pocket. In England, where the capita! is so immeose,
and with all that of Holland at command, similar transac-
tions are found exceedingly detrimental; insomuch that
no industry can be carried on which will not yield very
large profits ; no money to be procured on bond ; scarce
any on mortgage ; vast sums drawing out of the general
industry for investment in the publick funds; and a general
fall in the value of that great portion of lauded property
which is obliged to be sold. But the sums borrowed in
this country may be too lai^ to raise by taxes ; I do not
think it is the same in Ireland ; and that kingdom had
much better raise their supplies within the session, than
k iassen their little capital by tontines.
SECTION XXI.
COMUEBCE — FISHERIES — EM BABOOES.
UNFORTUNATELY for Ireland, the general «
of it is to be fully treated in a very small e
and the facts which I have already had occasiou t
before the reader in the two preceding sectiona, go »
far towards completing the whole that is necesaai^ 1
explain its state. Being a, dependent country, the Brilii
legislature has, upon all occasions, controuied its <
merce, sometimes with a very high hand, but i
upon the principles of monopoly, as if the poverty of ti
country was to form the wealth of Britain. I have t
every occasion endeavoured to shew the futility of auch I
idea, and to prove, from the evidence of iovariahle iui
that the wealth of Ireland has always been, and is, tl
wealth of England ; that whatever she gets is expended i
a very large proportion in the consumption of Britit
fabricks and commodities. The increased prosperity <
Ireland, which she has experienced in spite of c
restrictions on her commerce, has raised hertobeosef
the greatest and best markets this kingdom possesMS i
any part of the globe.
It is a remarkable fact, which was pointed out to me b
that very able politician the Earl of Shelbume, that tl
narrowness of our prohibitory laws in England is of li
date ; from the old English Acts of Parliament it appea
that before the Restoration the true system of oommen
was much better understood than it has been of late dayi
if the transactions of (Jie Commonwealth are e:
there will appear great liberality, and the
principles in Cromwell and the leading men of those timMf
COMMERCE. 233
and that it was the clear determination of the Protector as
well as of the Long Parliament, to make the trade of Ire-
land as free as ^wsaible ; n&y, the Act of Navigation itself,
at the Bestoratioa, included Ireland upon the same footing
as Engbmd ; it was not till twelve years afterwards that
the exception crept in by a single clause in another Act,
which prubalily was passed at the desire of some merchant,
without any person's caring about it, which has been the
ease with many an American Act. The neit prohibitory
law, which declared the importation of Irish cattle a
nuisance, waa a contested job between the Duke of Ormoiid
and the I>uke of Lauderdale ; afterwards it became the
fashion t« pass Acts against Ireland, which nolMjdy had
the knowledge or liberality to oppose. In the full perfec-
tion of this spirit it was. that a bill, which passed in
Ireland in 1759. for restricting the importation of damaged
flour, was thrown out in England at the instigation of a
single miller at Chicheater.
Whenever old prejudices wear out, it will certainly Iw
found for the interest of England to give every freedom
possible to the trade of Ireland. I am convinced if this
extended to its being an absolute free port, no mischief
would result from it ; but as to a free export to all the
world, not the shadow of a good argument ever yet
appeared against it ; for upon what principles of policy, or
of common seuse. can we found a conduct which restrains
our own subjects from the free sale of their products and
manufactures, when the returns of such sales must flow
into our own coffers by that extension of demand, which
lias been inseparably connected with the wealth of Ireland,
when the population and the power that rise upon such
wealth are our own? A mercantile landlord at London
might as well say to his tenant in Yorkshire, You shall not
sell jour corn to whom you please, you shall ship it to me;
you shall not convert your wool to the best purposes, you
shall sell it raw to me. Tliis language might be that of
his leases ; but it would be that of folly. Would he not
soon find that by leaving his tenauts to make the beet of
their own commodities, they would afford to pay him a
better rent; their wealth becomes bis; if he keeps them
poor he must be so himself. The case of Ireland is exactly
284 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
paiallel ; the inha,bltant8 of that island, in their puhl
revenue, in thwr military, by their absentees, and in tb _
(xnnmercia! balance, pay to this kingdom a direct rent for
it, which vibrates in its amount to the variations of their
national wealth. While it was a wilderneas of ea.va^ss, it
paid the rent which desarta everywhere yield ; as it im-
proved, our receipt haa bwn proportioned, until it bu
become a cultivated flourishing estate, and yields a, rent
which marke to au iota the extent of the cultivation, and
the d^ree of that prosperity. Of what use is
ence of a century of facts, if we are not to open our eyes tl
the lessons they convey 'i* Long experient-e has told x'
what the effects of Irish wealth are ; we feel those effeo
flowing like vital warmth through the whole extent of 01
own territory ; and shall we yet hesitate to encourage *
extend a prosperity which is the source and foundation flj
our own ? _
I have taken the great Une of leading principles; will
the httleness of commercial jealousy reply in its true spirit,
that this town will be hurt, that that manfa<:ture will W
lost, that Manchester will be alarmed, and that Norwich
will have apprehensions : it is not a question for the weavers
of one place, or the merchants of another to decide : it is
THE EMPIRE that is concerned: the general intcfesl
demands the measure, and ought to absorb every pitifo)
consideration ; but all experience speaks only one language
even to these mistaken individuals : I observed it before,
and gave instances of manufactures sinking in the posses-
sion of a monopoly, and thriving from a rivalry; of markets
rising to increasing industry; of the welfare of one country
rising from the prosperity of others : truths a« universal as
the world. And shall we deny the application to a. sister
but dependent kingdom, from whom we have so many
ways of gaining all the advantages of her wealth ■* But
ai^umcnts are little wanted where facts are so niioierouB;
to those I have already inserted let me add the followiu);
state of our imports and exports in the Irish trade.
^^H
^^H
■
m
a
■
^^1
^^BB
1
■
n
Trade t,/ Qreal Britain with Ireland. 1
blhe
jew
Imports.
ExjMirta.
Import*
exceM.
Exports
£
£
£
£
1997
223,013
261,282
27,348
BBS
333.9«iS
293,813
40.154
BBS
417.475
269,475
147.990
700
233,853
261,115
27,262
;1T0I
285,390
296.144
10,753
g
258,121
215.112
43,008
324,289
266,324
57.065
M
321. S47
215,949
105.897
OS
270.902
244,057
35.934
7oe
2tltl,2B9
198,176
68,002
707
3oe,42;i
263,412
43,010
706
274.08B
251,974
22,715
709
276,423
251.519
24,904
no
310,846
285.424
25,421
711
207,238
261,420
35,811
12
20),66Q
274,845
16,823
29.5,928
306,9(>4
11,038
32S,391
397,018
70,666
IS
389,437
420,062
30,625
581,673
345,252
216.421
17
469,657
429,880
39,776
3a6,'i83
333.988
7,704
380,130
387,460
7,329
SO
282,812
328,583
43.771
332,882
378,8.T8
37,956
356,095
488,370
132,274
JSS
380.520
553,»4J
193,418
m
387,889
488.257
100,367
333.870
474.838
140,965
332.604
569.553
236,949
307,0.13
436.012
108,973
318,147
475,762
157.615
287.648
517.198
229,540 !
294.1fl«
632,698
238,542 1
308,936
618,684
300.746
291,484
614,754
2t»,73l
386,105
595,251
351,822
734
401,422
627. l.W
225,731
373S
417,421
769,244
351,822
730
447,176
720.555
273,378
737
346,478
739,910
384.433
738
381,372
698,590
315,218
1739
411,924
873,621
281,897
236
^^^1
^^^H
^^H
^mi
A TOUR IN IRKLASD.
Trade
of Great Britain with Ireland. (Cotdinued.)
In tlie
yaw
ImpoTta.
Expurts.
Imports
«s^
£
£
£
£
17M
390,565
628,288
237.72*
1741
404,863
898,715
203,851
1742
3*6.814
775,660
428.8S5
1743
816,797
860,178
43,380
1744
390,874
703,227
312,353
1745
1,44I,49S
910,9-JO
530,678
1746
532.086
796,157
263,471
1747
641,393
748,677
207,284
)748
464,489
906,424
441,935
1749
567.776
l,006,O(;i
438,268
1750
612,808
1,316,600
703,7«
173!
664,484
1,174,49.S
5IO.0CW
175a
563.959
1,140.608
576,6«f
1753
561.489
1,U9,5.'>2
588.U6I
1754
610,466
1,173,829
tm.M
1755
643,166
1,070,063
428,897
1756
827.811
1,111,801
283.990
1767
687,471
960,843
273.371
1758
l,a'W,33l
026,886
123,448
175S
832,127
931,369
99,231
1760
004,180
1,050,401
1*6330
1781
853,804
1,476.114
622,310
1782
889,368
1,528,696
639,328
1763
769,379
1,640.713
S71,3»
1764
777,412
1,634,382
856,9«
1765
1,070,533
1,767,020
6oa:4«
1766
1,154,982
1,920,015
765,0M
1767
1,103,286
1,880,486
777,201
17(18
1,226.094
2,248,315
I,02S,2il
1769
1,265,107
1,964,742
6a9,S»
1770
1,214,398
2,125,466
911.06S
1771
1.380,737
1,983.818
603,081
1772
1,242,305
1,963.787
721.481
1773'
1,252,817
1,918,802
665.985
' Exlr»cte
d from the accnnnU laW before the BrllLsh PariUnrnt. J
It is • ciiv
mstance ver; much to ho regretlc-d that thete KcOUOUafl
longer kc lb
e liehl ; Ibey ba'a not bMn laid before Partiameat iMH
17-3; whjs
^■i
ft. J
coumeuck.
237
The reader will recollect that it was the general teuour of
the information received in the journey, that the year 1748
was the epoch of the modern proeperity of Ireland ; all
agree that after that peace Ireland advanced greatly ; her
rise of rental will mark this clearly. The following ia a
review of the miuuteB :
Rise of Rente.
Lord Longford more than doubled in thirty years — -Earl
of Inniakilling quadrupled in ditto — Mr. Cooper ahuost
trebled since 1748.^Mttyo trebled in forty years.— King's
county two thirds since 1 750 — Tipjjerary doubled in twenty
years, — Barony of Owna and Ara doubled in ditto.^Rich
lands of Limerick risen a fourth in twenty years, and two
thirds since 1748.
In the preceding enquiries the truth of this is confirmed
by every proof which authentic records oan shew ; as the
table now before us marks the commercial connection
between Great Britain and Ireland, it is necesaaiy to divide
it into periods, in order to see the average of each. The
table contains twenty-five years since 1748, during which
imi^rtiB.
Exports.
£
B06,050
438,665
£
1,482,513
057,972
Latter period superior by 528,386 824,541
Here is an account that is worth a dozen ai^fuments ! It
is from hence evident that our esports to Ireland have in
the last twenty.five years considerably more than doubled,
almost trebled ; and this great rise has been exactly in the
period of the internal prosperity of that island. If I did
not know persona of very respectable characters in Parlia-
ment, who think very differently upon this great question
of the freedom of Irish trade, I should be ashamed of
dwelling a moment on the subject. How would it have
tease just ihan ? If there were any tredeB, like ihe Aipfriain, which did
not ainr u pleasing B[iectacle, there were others like those of Ireland,
ItuBsia, Sx. to miLke amends.
238 A TOUR IN IRELAND,
been possible for that country to support such an increased
importation, unlesB she ha.d increased in wealth ? And.
having proved that euch advances in national prosperitj
have been attended by this increased demand for mannfac-
turee and products of Englaod. are we not perfect^
founded in concluding that future advaut^^e to Irelui
will alao be attended by Bimilar effects ? The inflni at
wealth into that country brings a taste tor the el
luxuries with which we abound, and the capability «t
purchasing them ensures the purchase. An Englial
cannot go into a single house in Dublin, or s^ a penn
dressed, of either sex, without having this truth stating
him in the face. But there is a circumstance in &ai
account which deserves particular attention, and that H
our import trade uot having increased so much as Al
export one ; from which this plain conclusion ts to bc
drawn ; that, let Ireland get her wealth from where ifc*
will, it comes infallibly to England. The fourth coloM
of the table which shews tbe balance she pays lu, ul
which amount* of late years from six hundred thousand H
a million a year, could not p()SBibIy be supported with tkl
absentee drain, unless she made by her trade eUewhen.
I Imports, j ExpoM
From this comparison we find that the rapid iacrcaw
our exports to Ireland is in late years ; the stronger raui
therefore to expect that, whatever increase of wealth ll
experiences, it will be England that will receive theftil
tribute of it. By means of the prosperity of IreUnd, the
trade we carry on with that kingdom is grown to W on* of
the most important which we possess; and, in the last
year of this table, nearly equalled the export to the whols
continent of North America.
Exports from Eni'land t
America, (rem Cliristnii
Ditto tu IrelamI . . .
of North
Freight, inBiirance and profit on both, twelve per cent.
Hence therefore this nation has no demand o£ policy so
strong on her at present, as to encourage Ireland to the
utmost of her power, in order to inerease her own trade to
that island, that American loBses ma? he the leas sensibly
felt ; but this can only be done by embracing a system
totally new. And here it is a tribute fairly due to genius
long Hince depart*!d, to observe tiiat the relative interests of
England and Ireland were bett«r understood by Mr.
Houghton, in 1682, than by any later writer, whose pro-
ductions have come to my knowledge; and, as I have
mentioned him on tliis occasion, I must remark that he
seems to me to have had juster ideas of trade, manu-
factures, prices of provisions, enclosures, &c. than nine
tenths of the authors who have treated of those subjects :
" The richer Ireland grows, the more wealth will the land-
" lords have, and the more will they that live here spend.
'' I am tolJ by an inquisitive and understanding knight,
"that hath a great estate there, and very well understands
" the Irish affairs, that what their gentry spend here, with
" the pensions and the rent that are paid from thence
" to the city of London, amounts to about three hundred
" thousand pounds per annum ; and I see no reason why
" this eipence should not increase according to their
" thriving." — " Even in the woollen manufacture I question
" whether they could in cloth do more than the Dutch ; and,
" for other manufactures, why might it not put both nation*
" at ttrife to find out gome new congwayptione, and go increa»e
" the tradex of both f If there must be but a set quantity
" consumed, seeing England bears up against, and in
" cloathing outdoth terra firma, why may we not. if Ire-
"LAMD BE JOINED TO US, upoil the trade on the otlmr nde,
" and go be both enriched?'" Here is the interest of England,
relative to that country, eii>lained upon the most enlarged
and most liberal principles of freedom and of commerce.
This penetrating genius, who saw dee])er into the true
English interests than half our modern politicians, was
sensible of no mischiefs from a free Irish woollen trade :
the prevalence of commercial jealousy hod not then arisen
' Collection of Huslmndry Bud Trade, vol. t, p. 46,
240 A TOUB IN IREr.iND.
to the lieigbts we have ainue seen it. Without ikoy heaita-
tioD. Ireland ought tu have an absolutely free trade <ii
export and import to all our American eoloaiee and Africas
settlements ; also a very considerable frtedom in her
exports to Europe: but when this subject was in conversa-
tion in the House of Commons, I heard the minister
mention one circumstance, which seemed to stand in the
way of doing justioe to Ireland, that is to ourselves : tales
there being so much lower, that their manufactures, not
being equally under the burthen of eicise«. would have an
unfair start uf ours.' With great submission, I think this
will not be found sound doctrine either in fact or reason. I
might here go into the question of a poor and eheap
country robbing a rich one of her manufactures ; for Uw
assertion comes directly to this; but Dr. Tucker has
treated it in so masterly a manner, aud has so clearl/
proved the absurdity of the idea, that what he ha>s said
ought to be considered ae conclusive. But why give in
hnen what you deny in other fabricks ? Irish liuea has all
the advantages of a freedom from a great variety of excises.
which the manufacturers of English linen labour under;
and yet we not only support the competition but thrive
under it, from there being a difference in the fabricks ; and
as great a difference would be in all other fabricks. Thar
broad cloth, also, is made under the same advantages; and
compare it in both price and quality with that of England ;
I bought it at seventeen shillings and sixpence a yard ut
the Dublin Society's warehouse, without the master-
manufacturer's profit and eipeneeB; and I will venture to
assert, from wearing both, twenty-three ehilliugs for
English cloth to be cheaper. The same fact runs through
a variety of their fabricka The fixed trade, capital and
skill of England will for ever bid defiance to the no-excisea
of Ireland. But something was forced to be given — had
woollens been put down and linens not iiermitted. the
oppressed and mined people would have sought redivse
with arras in their hands. The monopolizing spirit of
conLmercial jealousy gave as little as possible, and woulil
not have given that little could she have heljied it. But
> Written in Jnne, 1779.
\
i
I
the argument sajs, that Ireland having; few eKciaes will get
much tnide and wealth ; and is it not your design '■.hat she
should? Ought not this, in common sense, to be your
wish and aim ? For whom does she grow riuh ? If I have
not proved that point, there is no proof in fact, nor truth
in figures. Why cannot she rivaj France. Holland and
Germany, as well as England ? But we have ample
eiperience to tell us that she may rival without im-
poverishing UB ; that she may grow rich, and we great l>y
her wealth ; that she may advance, and we be prosperous.
To assert, because there are not as many excises in one
part of our dominions as another, that therefore their trade
shall be cramped,, is exactly like saying, that labour is
theap there, atid for that reason shall never be dear;
making the poverty of the kingdom the motive for keeping
it poor.
Taxes flow from trade and consumption ; give them the
wealth to consume, and never fear but tanes will follow.
riHHERIEB.
There is scarcely a part of Ireland but what is well
situated for some fishery of consoqueDCe ; her coasts and
innumerable creeks and rivers' mouths are the resort of
vast shoals of herring, cod, hake, mackarel, &e. which
might, with proper attention, be converted into fuuds of
wealth ; but capital is such a universal want in Ireland
that very little is done. The minutes of the journey
contain some valuable information on this head ; but the
general picture is rather an exhibition of what ought to be
done, than any thing that actually is executed ; nor have
the measures of the Legislature been attended with any
considerable effect; some of them seem to have done
mischief, of which the following is an instance.
By the 3 G. 3. c. 24.— Twenty shillings per ton on
English or Irish-built vessels decked, after the com-
mencement of this Act, not under twenty tons, nor to
be paid for more than one hundred, to proceed from
some port in Ireland.
Bounty of two shillings a barrel on export of whit©
herrings.
^^^^^H
^H
1
^^^^^^^^1
■i
HBH^^H
242 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
Bounty of two abiUings and sispent-e on mackarel.
Ditto of five sbiUiags for sii score of ling.
I>itto of three shillings for hake, haddock, glaanng, tai
conger eel.
Ditto of four ahillinge and three-pence halfpennj la
every tierce of 41 ^llons of wet fish exported.
Ditto of three poimdB per ton for whale oil, numr
factured in Ireland.
Ditto of thirty ahillinge per ton for other oil of fish, iiumi>
factured in Ireland.
Ditto of four pounds per cwt. for whalebone, mum-
factured in Ireland.
The following baa been the effect of this measure.
Barrels of Herrings imported iiUo Ireland for eighteen jwtm
From
From
tm'
G. Britain.
E. Countiy.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Butd.'
In the year . . 1756
28,999
1,277
30,K(
1757
28,955
2,080
3>,n
29,960
1,370
31,11)
1759
23,611
113
!3,BI
1760
17,038i
i
KM
1781
20,4Ui
142
WW
1762
21.388
844
a,l»
1763
23,619
2.136
25,67}
1764
Avara«eof9jearsbefore
the bounty ....
In the year . . 1785
14,932
8,661
a,*
23,201
1,847
iaw
1*,587
17,030
3i,m
1766
35,552
24,556
«'?.
1767
12,094
12,618
«2
1768
16,640
23,252
J9,IB
1769
11,286
25.S47
.17,W
1770
22,891
23,655
"•■i!
12,952
26.555
»"
1772
10,445
34,241
«,<«•
1773
1.S.471
40,539
51,010
Averai^ of 9 years allei
the bonnty ....
16,667
25,365
a.00
S
Ti]ipi)rt erf herrinifti in the nine years wnce tlie
Ironnty exceed tlie ureceiiinc period in 155,156
luireli. Vatae at Afteen slulfings per barrel . 1 16,367 1 1 3
Export leas by 16,357 harrelii, at twenty ehillingH
per barrel 16,357 15
\Msa almi on tlia expirt anil iniiiort of ilry cod,
1.298 pwt. at 14». j«r cut 973 10
Ditto oa iMirrelleil cod 364 17 6
134 063 13 9
Hake 9,566 cwt. at fifteen -liillings per cwt. . . 7,'ll5 1 3
Salmon 1,108 toD^, at twelve [lonndHuer ton . 14,200
Mai^karel, 2,666 barrels, at twenty imillinga per
Itarrel 2,666
Increased ini|>ort since the Inunty ... ■ 158.604 15
Imported herringe for home (.■onsumption are from
Scotland, for foreign use from Sweden. The former twenty
shilliagB a barrel. The latter from fourteen to sixteen
shillingH. And their own from sixteen to twenty ehillinga.
Prices of other Borta of fiah. Dry ling from eighteen to
twenty shiUiugs per cwt. Salmon from twelve to thirteen
pounds per ton. Hake from fourteen to sixteen sbilUuga
jier cwt. Dry cod from fourteen to sixteen shillings jKtr
cwt. Wet cod from fourteen to eighteen shilling per
' Manuscri|i[ repiirt of tbe Fuh Committee, 1778, communicoled \-y
Ibe Itl|;hl Hon. Willium Burtnn.
' ManiiULTipC rejiort, mmniutiitsted by the Hight iFon. Willium
^H state 0/ the Fishing Trade of Ireland, fa.
^H tinee the eommeiieemeni of the Bounty, c
^^M the Nine preceding Years.
Nine Yean,
tmpared with
ni^j^
II
II
a
u
iin un
=1
11
11
11
Herrings, Wre Is.
S79.831
224,475
155,166
171^14
4,575
Codd, InurelE* . .
1,103
236
8m
m
9113
1,41.1
452
m
US
106
Hftke.iwl. . .
57
57
Miickiirel. harrels
128
128
Eximrt
inlANtg
f:a
yenrtL
SyeMH.
IB,T57
.34,99«
51.344
SftltuDii. ton , .
4.0*4
I.IM
Hftke, cwt. . . .
18,241
9,B2S
9,5e<
MB^reliUirW
411
473
61
2,S49
5,IH3
2,794
2
42
42
472
Bii
381
\
Amonnt of premiuma paid to fishing huiMiec in ln»t
nineyeara ....
Ditto to exjiorted fieh .
'48,328 4 J
Before I quit thia ai^ule of Irish fisheries, I shall
observe that, next to the cultivation of laud, there is do
object in their national economy of so ninoh importan(«-
No manufactureH, no trade can be of half the consequenw
to Ireland that many of her fisheries might prove, if
encouraged with judgment. There is no undertaking
• Mun
;ripl report,
■aieil by ihp Uight Hon.
wbatever in which a, amall capital goes bo far ; nor any in
which the largest will pay such ample profits. Scotland
has the herrings aomewbat earlier ; but they come in good
time to Ireland for the Medit«muiean trade, and in a,
plenty that ought to make their capture a favourite objeet.
The bounties hitherto given have Iwen so far from auawer-
ing, that they have in some respects done mischief. I was
present more than once at the meetings of the Fishery
Cummittee of the Irish House of Commons, and I found
them making anxious enquiries how to avoid great frauds ;
from which I found that notorious ones had been com-
mitted ; this is the great misfortune of hoiintit^a, when
they are not given with great judgement and tare. Relative
to the fisheries, the profit is so great that all acquainted
with them will engage as far as their capital will admit ;
wbatever bounties are given, therefore, should not he with
a view to instigate men possessed of capital, for they do
not exist, but to put capitals into the hands of those who
will certainly make use of them. It appeared in the
minutes of the Loeh Swilly fishery that one boat and the
nets sufficient cost ^20 ; the best bounty would be to give
boats and nets to men used to the fishery, because few are
able to buy or buUd them. To give a premium on the
export of the herrings or upon the tonnage of the boats
will not answer ; for it supposes them actually taken, and
built, that is, it supposes the very difficulty got over which
want of money makes perpetual Before the boat is in the
fishery it must be built, and before the fish are exported
they must be taken ; those who have money to do either
will go to work without any bounty, the profit alone lieing
sufficient, In countries so very poor, the first steps in such
undertakings are the most difficult ; and to assist in over-
coming the early difficulties is what the Legislature should
aim at. Giving boats and nets to men that would certainly
use them does this, and would be productive of great
national good ; always supposmg that frauds and jobbing
are guarded against ; if they are permitted to creep in, as
in giving spinning- wheels, the mischief would lie far moie.
than the benefit. £20,000 per annum thus expended
would give 1,000 boats, which would soon accumulate to a
vast number ; and if the effect was so great as to find the
liuiriugB regorge in the home market, then would be ^
time to drive them out h_v a bount^v on the export, if
their own cbeapneHB did not bring the eCFec-t without it, I
am far from from recommendiug a new system of honnti*
upon an object that had not receiTod them before ; Ihet
have been long given or jobbed ; all I mean is. that if the
publick is burthened with such payments, care should be
taken that they are given in the mode that promises to b*
most advantageous.
EMBARGOES.
Of all the restriutions which England has at different
times most im|Kilitick1y laid uj>on the trade of Ireland,
there is none more obnoxious than thu embai^oea on ti«l
provision trade. Tlie prohibitiouK on the export d
woollens and various other articles, have this pretence >t
least in their favour, that they are advantageous to emUti
manufactures in England ; and Ireland has long been
trained to the sacrifice of her national advantage u •
depeudant country ; but in respect to embai^oea even ibli
shallow preteuce is wanting ; a whole kingdum. is aacrificel
and plundered, not to enrich England, but three or lunr
London contractors ! a species of men of an odious <aa^
as thriving only on the ruin and desolation of their countiy-
It is well known that all the embargoes that have ever beM
laid have been for the profit of these fellows, and that dw
Government has not profited a shilling by them. Whanetaf
the affairs of Ireland come thoroughly to be considered is
England, a now system in this respect must be embrsosd.
It may not be proper for the Crown directly to give uptbft
prerogative of laying them ; but it ought never to it
exerted in the cases and with the views with which we htn
seen it used. The single circumstance of sacrificing th*
interests of a whole people to a few monopolizing indi-
viduals in another country, is to make a nation the beute
of burthen to another people. But this is not the oo^'
point ; the interest of England and of Q«vemment i»
et^ually sacrificed ; for their object is to have beet ptentiful'
and cheap. But to reduce it so low by embai^oea "^
discourage the grazier is to lessen the quantity ; he '
EMBARGOES. 247
his sh^ep. or ploughs more, or ta ruined by bis busineas ;
which necesMarily renilers the commodity too dear, from
the very uireumBtance of baTing been too cheap. A steady
regular good pri(.>e from an active demand encourages the
grazier so much, that he will produce a quantity sufficient
to keep the price from ever rising unreasonably high ; and
Qovemmeut would be better supplied. Another considera-
tion ia the loss to the kingdom by Dot taking French
money, and sendiog them to other markets ; if it could be
proved, or indeed if the fact was possible, that you could
keep tbeir fleets in port for want of Irish beef, there would
be an argument for an embar^oe, perhaps, twice in half a
cifntur>- ; but when all experience tells ua that, if they have
not beef from Ireland, they will get it from Holstein, from
I>enmark and elsewhere, ia it not folly in the extreme to
refuse their money, and send them to other markets. The
I>ut*b were ridiculed in Louts XIV. 's reign for selling the
Prench, before a campaign, the powder and ball which were
afterwards used against themselves : but they were wise in
9o doing ; they heA not the universal monopoly of iron and
gunpowder, as of spices ; and, if they did not supply the
«Demy, others would ; for no army ever yet ataid at home
in the heart of commercial countries for want of powder
and baU : nor will a French fleet ever be confined to Brest
f want of beef to feed the sailors. Embargoes therefore
wot be laid with any serious views of that sort ; but
. contracts are made, the contractors, gaping for
>oly, raise a clamour, and pretend that no beef can
I, i£ France is served, directly or indirectly ; and. in
r to make their bargains so much the more profitable,
JRminent gives them an embargoe on the trade of a
lorn (like a lottery-ticket to a fund- subscriber) by way
-.eur. This conduct is equally injurious to the true
t of England, of Ireland and of Government.
efore I conclude this section. I must observe one cir-
ince, which, though not impiortant enough to stop the
8 of commercial improvement in Ireland, yet must
bmuch retard it; and that is the contempt in which
'i held by those who call themselves gentlemen. I
i a language common in Ireland, which, if it was to
l»«)me universal, would efEectually prevent her ever attain-
248
I TOUR IS IRELAND.
in^ jijeatiiesB. I have remarked the houses of cotmtij'
gentlemen being full of brothers, oouains, &e. idlera. whow
best employment is to follow a hare or a, foi ; why are Onf
not brovght up to trade or mamifactwe 7 TbaDE ! (thi
answer has been) Tbey abe obntlembn ; — to be poortiUl
doomsday : a tradesman has not a right to the point of
honour— you may refuse his challenge. Trinity CoU^ at
Dublin swarms with lads who ought to be educated to titt
loom and the counting house. Many ill effects flow frotn
t-heae wretched prejudices ; one consequence, manifest orer
the whole kingdom, is commercial people quitting trsidew
manufaetureB, when they have made from five to ten t]»it
sand ]>ound8, to become gentlemen; where trade is
honourable it will not flourish ; this is taking people fi
industry at the Tery moment tbey are the best able (a
command success. Many Quakers who are, (take themto
all in all) the most sensible class o£ people in that Idi „ ' ,^
are exceptions to this folly ; and mark the consequaiK
they are the only wealthy traders in the island. The Iril
are ready enough to imitate the vices and follies of Englaal
let them imitate her virtues, her respect for commerai
industry, which has carried her splendour antl her powert
the remotest comers of the earth.
aOT£KNHENT UKION.
'X'HERE never was a juster idea than that which I hail
■^ occasion in another section to quote, that the Eevolu-
tion did not extend to Ireland ; thy ease of the hereditary
revenue was a remarkable instance, but the whole govern-
ment of that island ia one collective proof of it. The
Revolution was a moment in which all tha forma of govern-
ment were broken through, in order to assert the epirU of
liberty ; but Ireland lost that opportunity ; meeting security
a^fainst the Roman Catholicks in the victorious anna of
King William, she rested satisfied with a government which
secured her against the immediate enemy. It is certainly
more a government of prerogative than that of England ;
and the law of the Empire, the common law of the land, is
in favour of that prerc^ative ; hence the absurdity of
proving the rights of Irel^d in the details of common law,
as Fit^ibbon and Mc. have done. Ireland, from
distance and backwardness, lost those fortuitous oppor-
timities which proved so important to the liberty of Eng-
land ; she could not claim the letter of tlie Revolution, but
she could have claimed the spirit of it.
The uontribution of that territory to the general wants
of the Empire is in two shapes. I. By the pension list.
2. By the military establishment. The great liberal line
for that kingdom to pursue is to examine, not only the
present amount of these articles, but what might be a fair
estimate for the future. To come openly to the English
Government with an offer of an equal revenue applicable
to whatever purposes Qovemment should find most bene-
ficitJ for the interest of the whole Empire; with this
I
■250 A TOVR IS IRELAND.
necesBary condition, that the military should be absolut«lj
in the power of the Crowu, to remove and employ wbererer
it pleased. To think of tying down Govemnient to keep-
ing troops in any spot is an absurdity. Government can
alone be the judge where troops are most wanting; i
an unlimited power in this respect in England, and it oogU
to have the same in Ireland; the good of the Eminre
demands it. It U tbe fleet of England that has prond.
and must proTe, the real defence of Ireland ; and that
island should take its change of defeuce in common
England. At the same time, any apprehensions that thw
would be left without troops would be absurd ; since it
would be the King's interest to keep a great body of fowd
there for several reasons ; among others, the cheapne
provisions, which would render their subsistence conn
lively easy ; also, barracks being built all over the Idngo
another point which would induce him is the asdst
their circulation would be of to the kingdom, whereu ii
Eugland they would be a burthen. But the point mi^
as well be given up chearfully. as to have it carried lyi
majority in Parliament. Pensions have been alwayi tti
the increase, and will be so ; and as to the troops, OonRH
ment carries its point at jtresent. and ought to do so; wto
not therefore give up the point chearfully for a TaiutWi
consideration ? As these things are managed now. Qoms'i
ment is forced to buy, at a great expence, the concuntMl
of an Irish Parliament to what is realty necessary ; wullli
it not be more for the publick interest to have a fixed ftf-
manent plan, than the present illiberal and injunMi
system ? The military list of Ireland, on an average rf
IJie last seven veara, baa amounted to £528.544 ; to vtiA
add ^0.000 pensions, and the total makes MO&,SA
Would it not be wise in Ireland tx> say to the BritiA
Government—" I will pay you a neat seven or fflgU
himdred thousand pounds' a year, applicnible to yooP
annual supplies, or ]>aying ofi your debt, and leave tin
defence of the kingdom entirely to your own discretion. Ot
condition that I shall never have any military charge tt
' 1 lisve Disnlioiicd seven hundred Ibouaand pounds ; but ilu nut
would depend or course on tbe tilierelily uf the return ; k tim tnJi
would be worth purchuing at a mueh higher r«te.
GOVERS-MENT — V N 10 N .
251
|"'tigioDB laid on me; the reniainder of the revenue to be
:it the application of my own Parliament, far the uses of
interior (^vernment only, and for the encouragement of
the trade, mannfaclurea and agriculture of the Kingdom.
That you shall give me a specified freedom of commerce,
and come to a. liberal explanation of the powers of your
Attorney General, the Privy Council, and Poyning's Act."
It would be the best bargain that Ireland ever made.
If the Government was once placed on such a footing, the
office of Lord Lieutenant would be that of a libenil repre-
sentative of Uajefty. without any of those disagreeable
wiuequences which flow from difficulties essentially neces-
Ba^ry for him to overcome ; and the Government of England.
having in Ireland no views but the prosjierity of that
Kingflom. would necessarily be revered by all ranks of
people. The Parliament of the Kingdom would still
retain both importance and business ; for all that at present
oomes before it would then be within its province, eicept
tile military, and complaints of pension lists and restricted
commert-e. Perhaps the advantages of a Union would be
enjoyed without ita inconveniences ; for the Parliament
would remain for the civil protection of the kingdom, and
tbe British Legislature would not be deluged by an addition
<jf Irish peers and commoners ; one reason, among others,
which made the late Earl of Chatham repeatedly declare
himself against such a measure.'
The great object of a Union is a free trade, which appears
to he of as much importance to England as to Ireland ; if
this was gained, the uses of an entire coalition would not
V numerous to Ireland ; and to England, the certain
iVTtinue, without the necessity of buying majorities in Par-
liunent. would be a great object. But as to the objections
tu a Union common in Ireland, I cannot see their propriety ;
I have heard but three that have even the appearance of
Wright; these are; 1. The increase of absentees, 2, The
want of a Parliament for protection against the officers of
tlip Crown, 3. The increase of taxation. To the first and
bial. supposing they followed, and were admitted evils, the
' The Karl of Shelbume faiu auured me of this fact ; nor lei me omit
1 ' iilil, Ihat lo Ihal nobleman 1 am indebled fur the outline of the pre-
■■■iJDgpUn.
252
IBBLAKR.
4^iiestion is, whether a free trade would not i
balance them ; thej iinpty the iinpoverishiuent of the
Kingdom, and were objected in Scotland againBt thai Union
which has taken place ; but the fact has l>een diredlf
otherwiBC, and Scotland has been continuallj on the in(
of wealth ever Bince; nay, Edinburgh itself, which vu
naturally expected most to suffer, seems to have gained u
much as any other part of the kingdom. Nor cau I upoe
any principles think a nation is losing, who exchangee tli*
residence of a set of idle country gentlemen for a numerotn
race of industrious formers, manufacturers, merchanU,uid
sailors. But the fact in the first objection does not w
well founded. I cannot see any ineritable necessity itt
absentees increaaing ; a family might reside the winter tk
London without becoming absentees ; and frequent jounM
to England, where every branch of industry and i * '
knowledge are in such perfection, could not fail to er
the views and cure the prejudices which obstruct the itth
provement of Ireland. As to taxation, it ought to M
considered as a circumstance that always did, and almjt
win follow prosperity and wealth. Savages pay no t
but those who are hourly increasing in the convenience^
luxuries, and enjoyments of life, do not by any means find
taxes such a burthen as to make them wish for povertyU
barbarity, in order to avoid taxation. In respect to ttl
second objection, it seems to bear nearly a« strong in tl~
case of Scothind ; and yet the evil has had no existfflli
the Four-Courts at Dublin would of course remain, nor i
I see at present any great protection resulting to ti»i
viduals from a Parliament which the law of the land doi
not give; Jt seems therefore to be an apprehension not vof
well founded. So much in answer to objections ; nntqr
way of proving that an entire Union is absolutely nevenaijt
as without such a measure Ireland might certainly haW
great commercial freedom, and pay for it to the satisntcdos
of England.
IT may not be diBti:dTaiitageDiia to a clear idea of the
subject at large, to draw into one view the material facts
dispersed in the precediug eaqmry, which throw a light on
the general state of the Eingdoni ; and to add one or two
others, which did not properly come in under auy of the
fonuer heads ; that we may be able to have a distinct
notion of that degree of prosperity which appears to have
been, of late years, the inheritance of her rising industry.
Buildings.
. improving, or falling into decay, are unerring
8 of a nation's increasing grandeur or declension : the
mtea of the journey, as well as observations already
, shew that Ireland has been alisolutely new-built
a these twenty years, and in a manner far superior to
■ thing that was seen in it before ; it is a fact universal
t the whole Kingdom ; cities, towns, and country seats ;
ft the present is the tera for this improvement, there being
% fiir qiore elegant seats rising than ever were knovni
Roadn.
f the roads of Ireland may be said all to have originated
1 Mr. French's Presentment Bill, and are now in a
^ that do honour to the kingdom; there hEis been
lobably expended, in consequence of that Bill, consider-
J Above a million sterling.
The townfl of Ireland have ver^ luueh increased in thB
last twenty yeara ; all publick regiatera prove this, audit
is a strong mark of rising proaperitj. Towna are tnarkeli
which earich and ciiltiva,te the country, and can therefaia
never depopulate it, ae some yisionary theorists have piv>
tended. The country is always the moat populous within
the sphere of great cities, if I may use the eipreaiion;
and the increased cultivation of the remotest coruera shw
that thia sphere extends, like the circulating undulatiulil
of water, until they reach the moat distant shores. Besidti
towns can only increase from an increase of manufactuiM,
commerce and luxury ; all three are other words for richd
atid employment, and these again for a general tncreaw of
people.
EUe of SenU.
The minutes of the journey shew that the renta of laal
have at least doubled in twenty-five years, whinh is a mo*
unerring proof of a great proaperity. The rise of reiill
proves a variety of circumetancea all favourable ; that that
is more capital to cultivate laud; that there is a ^reaia
demand for the products of the earth, and consequently
higher price ; that towns thrive, and are therefore ahlettl
pay higher prices ; that manufactures and foreign oon"
merce increase. The variationa of the rent of land, frai
the boundless and fertile plains of the Mississipi, whend
yields none, to the province of Holland, where every foot it
valuable, ahew the gradations of wealth, power and io"
portance between the oue territotj and the other. The
present rental of Ireland appeared to be £5.293,312; sni
fur reasons before given, probably not leas than six millioixi
Ma w ufaclureg.
Linens, the great fabrick of the kingdom for eiporti
have increased rapidly ;
The export frum 1730 to 1756, in vaJue of cloth
and yam was £dM,47B
Ditto from 1757 to 1763 1.1«8,138
■ GENERAL STATE OF
From I7M to 1770
RELAND. 255
. . £1,379,512
From 1771 Ui 1777
Increiwe
From 1771 0.1777
From 1750 to 1756
^k Increase
^B Thirty years sinoe 1748 gte&t
^M tliirty years before, by . .
Hb Commerce.
*" Trade in Irelttnd. in all its branch
in twenty-five yeara; this has been
the other articles of prosperity alrea
B^%e Irisli exports to lireat Britain, on
^•twenty-five yearn before I74H, were.
^■Utto on twenty-five years since . .
^H Incre&ue
^^ This greatest article uf her trade '.
■■aoubled.
Knjjort to Ureal Itritain |ier annum for
. . . 236,142
. . . 1,613,054
. . . 904,479
. . . 711,175
r than
. . . H]0,54>t
3, has increased greatly
a natural effect from
dy enumerated.
£438.66.-.
965,050
526,385
as therefore more than
tlie la«t aev-eu
The greatest exports of Ireland, on
scTen years, are:
323,569
an average of the last
_ The product of o\en ami cows .
■ llitto of sheep
■ Ditto of hOgB
. . . 1,218,902
. . . 300,413
. . . I.t0,6.^1
3,250.471
B^B
I
A TOUIl IX IRELAND. '
re probably three milliona und a.
n her favour must be above a miUion
ConwampHon.
A people always coneume in proportion to their wealth
hence an increase in the one marks c-learly that of
other. The following table will shew several of the p
dpal artideB of Iriah consumption.
17fiS
1763
I7M
I7Se
1756
130,3011 ,
191.556
140.4»n
166,.V58 Z
190.938 ,4
3,0-20,079 18 10
But the sboio tahte ulearly proves ihiit thi« is exaj^gented t Ibr
piportB not included in m; :>ccounl ran never unoani \a Iwo millioDk^—
If her balantv, however, itftH not aborp ■ millian, it wnuld b« impoiufa
for ber lo pa.; £800.000 in kbientees and pensions, besides officH, inleH
of monej,^. Ac. ; to doibai, And yel incrcueuBhehas dime in malt
it should be near £1.200,000.
' Commans' Journali, toI. 10, p. 3I(<,
■ Ibiil. v..i. II, p. I(i&,
[, STATE OF IRELAND.
Beer, Kiel
Yeare.
gaUoiiB.1 1
Sagar,
Miwcov.
Tea, lbs.
Tolrticco,
lbs.
Wine.
IDIUI.
1757
10,)M9
511,682'
104,926^
4,769,975'
1T5S
15.?22
534.692
117.111'
1768
16,5(7 1
820,915
129,673'
3,662,246'
1760
13,300 '
249,197
1761
18,837 1
341,975
656,33!
23,09»
16,W7
543,717
28,ftlS 657,037
913.120
167,011
204,801
5,725,777
ITliS
27.787 ,757.105
1.230.840
129,331
236,908
4,431,801
6,416
!:wi
32,440 651,!>43 1,480.697
133,249
297,988
5,049,270
5,938
I7ii7
29,487 770.319 l,0e7..MO
133,829
183,267
4,0S3,379
ITM
40,542 1 685,661 1,873.273
181,924
239,800
4,346,769
45,4.52 420,fi34
2,100.419
183.3.37
1,007,693
4,842,197
mo
38,439 437,437
1,640,791
183.245
1,130,486
5,445,042
5,129
34,726 j 625,7-26
1,558,097
158,846
471,576
4,988,162
5,643
44.104 '408,011
2,M5,38S
178,934
913,296
5,012,979
ir.i
47,735 1374,144
1,973.731
188,260
741,762
5,.%25,849
4,634
68,675 310,025
1,704,557
201,109
839,318
5,231,714
6,426
1774
61.995 ' 395,740
1,503,086
171,347
1,207,754
5,434,924
5,709
1775
5.1.906 556,133
1,322,506
205,858
1,041,317
3,949,740
4,098
65,922' 403,706
1,888,068
238,746
680,526
5,379,405
4,621
Vve^ge
70,382" 479,990
1,680,233
193,258
704,221
3,016,409
4,646
06.102 280,679
1,729.652
109,600
875,472
4,921,572
4,941
' The fullowing jeara ditTer in uioUier account. Com. Jour. vol. 14,
p. 141.
gallons, [ gBllon,.
la the jear 1757 Rum . 513,19a In die jear 1760 Rum . 375.732
1738 ., . 6ia,S45 1761 „ . 370,011
m 1769 „ . 9O^,(»0e
■ Commons Jonmals, vol 10, p,
' Conmons Journal, toI. 1 1, paj
* Ibid, page 169.
■ Ibid, page ISO.
" TbeM iwo jeara are (ml j of bi
31B.
258 A TOUR IN IRELAND,
The articles of beer, rum, and sugar, are greatly iscreued;
tea quadrupled ; wine Having lessened is cer^inly owing
to the increased sobriety of the kingdom, whicb must bira
made a differeuw; in the import. "The imports of silks tai
woollen goods, given on a former occasion, spoke the
language of increased consumption.
The specie of Ireland, gold and ailver, ia calculated by
the Dublin bankers at ^1.600,000.
Population.
This article, which in so many treatises is reckoned to b»
the only object worth attention, I put the last of all. not M
being unimportant, but depending totally on the preceding
articles. It is perfectly needless to speak of population
after shewing that agriculture is improved, manuEactun
and conimerce increased, and the general appearance of ll
kingdom carrying the face of a rising prosperity ; it folloid
inevitably from all this that the people must have increaw"
and, accordingly, the information, from one end of the IbIk
to the other, confirmed it : but no country should wish fO
population in the first instance ; let it flow from an incmi ~
of industry and employment, and it will be valuable ; bi
population that arises, supposing it possible, without i
such a cause would, instead of being valuable, prove UV
less, probably pernicious : population, therefore, sing^
taken, ought never to be an enquiry at all ; there is "w^—
even any strength resulting from numbers without wealtl
to arm. support, pay and discipline them. The hearth-tl
in 1778 produced J£61,646, which cannot indicate a la
population, exceptions included, than three millions. H
minutes of souls, per cabbin, at Castle Caldwell. DramO
land, and Kilfane, gave 6 and 6;.
Upon the whole, we may safely determine that, judgio)
by those appearances and circumstances, which have be0'
generally agreed to mark the prosperity or declension of '.
country, Ireland has since the year 1748 made aa greC^
advances as could possibly be expoct«d, perhaps greaM
than any other country in Europe.
rjENEBAl STATE OF IBBLAKD,
Since that period her linen eiports have just trebled.
Her generaleiports toGreat- Britain more than DOUBLED.
The rental of the kingdom doubled.
And, I maT add, her linen and general ex^>OTts have
increased proportionablj to this in the last Beven years,
consequently her wealth is at present on a like increase.
BTATE OF IRELAND, BROUGHT DOWN TO THE KHTJ OT TI
YEAR, 177y — DiaTREBSKS — FBEK TBADB — OB8EBTATI0I
— ARMED ASBOClATIONa,
THE preceding aections have been written near a twel7»-
luoath ; events have since happened, which are of aB
importance that will not permit me to pass them by is
silence, much as I wish to do it. The moment of nationiil
expectation and heat is seldom that of cool discussion.
When the minds of men are in a ferment, questiou
originallj simple become complex from forced combine-
tions. To publish opinions, however candidly formed, '
such times, is a most unpleasant business ; for it is aim
impossible to avoid censure ; but. as a dead silence u]
events of such importance would look either like ignonnM
or affectation, I shall lay before the reader the result ti
my own researches.
Upon the meeting of the Irish Fojlianient in October
last, the great topic, which seemed to engross all thar
attention, was the distress of the kingdom, and the reinodr
demanded — A free trade. In the preceding papers Irdsns
exhibits the picture of a country, perhaps the most nnflf
in prosperity of any in Europe, the data upon which tint
idM, was formed were brought down to Lady-day 1778, i
must therefore naturally enquire into the circumstances ot
a situation which seems to have changed so suddenly, ud
to so great a degree, I have taken eveir measure to gkis
whatever proofs I could of the real declension in Ire^od
during this period, and I find the dTcumstanoe of tbs
revenue producing so much less than usual particubrl/
insisted on ; the following is the state of it.
. STATE OF IRELAND.
The greatest declension is in theeo artidee :
248,491
42,488
152,238
15,825
251,055
35,883
153,727
The totals are as follow, including the hereditary revenue,
1 and Dew additional duties, stamps, and appropriated
hities.
fcilt.ir«~
1776.
1777.
1778. 1779.
h^
1,040,055
1,093,881
£ £
008,683 862,823
I The total decline in the laat year amounta to about one
tndred thousand pounds; and from the particulars it
>earB to lie on the import account ; for, as to the fall of
t thousand pounds on the export customs, it is very
iriTi&I ; those distresses which have, by asaociations or
naturally, so immediate; an effect in cutting off the expencea
of importation, while exports remain nearly ne they were,
have a wonderful tendency to produce a curtj the moment
the disease ia known ; for that balance of wealth, arising
&om such an account, must animate every branch of
industry in a country, whose greatest evil ia the want of
capital and circulation.
Generally speaking, a dechning revenue is a proof of
dediuing wealth; but the present case is so strong an
eioeption, that the very contrary is the fact; the Irish
were very free and liberal consumers of foreign com-
modities ; they have greatly curtailed that conButnption,
not from poverty, for their erporta have many of them
iocreaeed, and none declined comparably with their imports,
' drcnmstances marked by the course of exchange being
(UiMh in their favour, as well aa by these and other
accounts; this liboral coaaumption being lesaened fnini
other motivea, they are necessarily accumulating a consider-
able superl Iteration of wealth, which in spite of iaie irtU
revive their revenues, while it increases eveiy exertion of
their national industty.
Id the yearn
177B.
1777.
1778.
1779.
in wanls, import exdse, and
wine daty, added together,
amoont to these anms,
being.
Cnstoma oatwards ....
416,654
£
420,906
35,S83
£
343,331
36.027
£
380,801
31,717
Prom 177? to 1778, the customs on their eiporti:
increased, but their customs on importa declined abori'
^677,000. From 1778 to 1779 the former fell £4,310. or
more than a ninth, at the same time the import duty fell
d£63,000 or a fifth ; this difference in those articles is verj
great, and. if all the heads of the revenue were included, H
would be more still.
It is not surprizing that the national debt should increan
while the revenue declines. At Lady-day 1 779, it amounted
to .£1.062,597, which is more than in 1777 by .£237.171.
But the decline of the revenue has by no meaoa beei
general, as will be seen by the following table of article^
which have been upon the rise.
In the years
Ale licences
Wine and ftrong water ditto
Hearth-money
Tea dnty roaidnes ....
Tobacco
Strong waters, third . . .
Stampa
Hops
1776,
1777.
1778.
£
£
£
7,272
7,182
7,363
19.563
19,984
20,S23
60.966
60,580
61,646
58,046
51,453
47.698
18.586
18,782
10,725
20.784
21,174
2,141
3.984
2,427
1779.
18,3SI
31,SI«
4.011
11 of which, eicept the article of stamps, are laid upon
S great conaiimption of the common people ; whatever
. therefore, ia marked by a falling revenue, the
lower classes do not seem, fortunately, to have Huffered
proportionably with the higher ones. But let ua farther
enquire how far the declension of revenue is owing to an
increase of iwverty ; and how far to a forced artificial
meaaure, that of aaaociationa for non-import. These have
been very general in Ireland during 1779, and must have
had B, considerable effect. In order to imderstand the
question, the facts themselves must be seen ; the following
tables will explain them. The revenue of Ireland is raised
chiefly on the import of spirits, tea, wine, tobacco, and
Bugar.
bthe
00... l«~-
Brandy.
Geneva.
Rum.
11776
1-1777
1778
1779
1
23
21
ona. Cwt.
Gallons.
403,706
479,996
226,434
180,705
Ga)luD».
153,430
137.474
144,438
87,423
Gallons.
7,938 1 238,746
0.893 193,258
7.101 1 139,816
9,992 14fi,540
1,88S,068
1,680,233
1,234,502
1,183,885
■ thej
ear
Tea, Bohea.
Tea, Green.
Wmes of all
Tobacco.
1779
1777
1778
177B
lb. I lb.
308,558 371,968
359,475 ' 344,728
336,470 1 479,115
402,694 1 375,269
Tuns.
5.075
5,129
4,319
2,806
lb.
5,379,406
3,916,409
3,629.066
4.038,479
The gre&t decline is in spirits and wine. Tea has not
Hen upon the whole; and tobacco in 1779 is superior
1 1778. Sugar since 1776 is much fallen, but from 1778
» 1779 there is a rise. Coala are tolerably equal. The
longest drcumatance is that of wine, which has fallen
f greatly indeed. The principal cause of the decline of
2(M
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
I
the revenue is to be foiiud in these importe. The
I made before seeiUB to be strongly confirmed, that tl
dietreBB of Irelajid seems more to have affected the high*
than the lower clasBea ; wine, green tea and brandy, ai
fallen off considerably, but tobaeco. bohea t«a, and musoi
vado sugar, are increased from 1778 to 1779, Tbis
strongly confirmed by the import of loaf sugar
fallen while muscovado has risen : the loaf in 1776
8,907 cwt., in 1777 it is 15,928 ewt. in 1778 it is 12.:
cwt., but in 1779 it is only 5,931 cwt. Other
may be produced: import^ millinery, a mere article
luxury for people of fashion, has fallen greatly : Englid
beer, consumed by the better ranks, declines much ;
hops for Irish beer, which is drank by the lower ones,
risen eiceedingly.
In the year 1776
1777
I77R
18,067
10.»74
18,191
£13,758
16,881
Barrels.
6d,gss
70,3Sa
From this circumstance I draw a very strong coDclusim
that rents are not paid as well as they ought, and thai
tenants and agents make a pretence of bad times to aa
eitent far beyond the fact. The common expression of iaj
times does some mischief of this kind in England ; but in
Ireland it is much more effective, especially in excuses b
to absentees instead of remittances.
The great decline of the import of British manufacture
and goods, which is remarkable, must be attributed to tl
non-import associations bearing particularly against them
they have dropped so much, that we may hope the Iiiaft'
manufactures they have interfered with may have risen in
oonsequence.
STATE OF l&BI^NC.
year
New
drapery.
Old
lirapeiy.
Miuliu.
Silk
nmnnfBC.
1776
1777
1778
1779
Yds.
876,485
731.819
741,426
270,839
Yda.
290,216
381,330
378,077
176,106
Yds.
116,552
182,663
121,934
44,507
lb.
17,326
24,187
27,223
15,794
In most of these articles we find such a, decline of import,
that there is no wonder the revenue should have Buffered.
If it is said that this decreased import is to be attributed
to a preceding poverty ; it will oulv throw back the period
of enquiiy into the years discussed in a preceding section,
ftud from which no national decline can by any means be
deduced.
Some articles of import, howefer, contain such a decline,
as induces me to think there must be more distress than
appears from others. The following are the objects I fii
S-
Raw
Cotton
seed.
seed.
aUt
wool.
yarn.
Hh<i».
Hhds.
Cwt.
11>.
Cwt.
lb.
4,648
41,594
3,860
29,345
1777
32,613
5,988
64,04.?
4,569
27,424
1778
37,211
106
6,664
61,873
4,666
18.327
1779
20,419
..
3.852
29.633
1.345
4,562
These are demanded by the agriculture or the manufac-
tiiree of the kingdom, and are the last that ought to fall.
The declension in the trade of Ireland is not, however,
in importa only ; there is a great decline in many export
firtiMes, enough to convince any one that all is not right in
that country ; the following particulars will shew this.
A TODB nr I
In the
yeiu-
Beef.
Hides.
TftUow.
Butter.
Pork.
K-C--I.
ma
1777
1778
1779
barrels.
203,686
168,fi78
190,895
138,918
No.
108,674
84,391
79,531
55.823
Cwt. 1 Cwt.
50,MB 272,411
48,302 S64,181
38.450 258,144
41,384 227,889
hurela.
72,714
72.931
77,612
70,066
Cwt.
3,216
2.981
3.428
3,527
Cwt
3,lSfi
3
It is some eonsolatioo that hogs have not experieoced Uw]
declension which has attended osea and cows. The arli<Je
beef puazleB me. I have been informed that for these two
years all Qovernm.eut contracts for beef. Ai.'. Lave not been
entered oa the euatom-house books, by an order of Mr
Gordon, the Surveyor General ; if this is tbe fact, it atxoiuij
for the heaviest articles in this declension.' The circum-
stance that the export of oi -horns has scarcely declined st
all, that the export of ox-guts has greatly increased, hjii
that glew has risen, would justify one in supposiug tli&t
something of this sort must have affected the aocoonts of
beef, &c.
In the year 1776
1.21S
1,127
1,154*
I need not observe that the greatest export of provisioM
from Ireland by far ie to great Britain, especiallv in tinii'
of war : now the accounts which have been laid on tbe tahli'
of our House of Commons do not admit the same conclu-
sions as the Irish accounts, owing probably to some ciij
stances with which we are not fully ttquainted, if not to fl
' See abnve, p. 90, (he knthor's note to the avcoiiat of the
Ihe products of pmlurage.
' The preceding tables in thia sectiou are t»ken (rom a MS.
or export and import commuaiL'ated by WiUism Eden, B«q.
STATE OF IRELAND. 267
identical one I have mentioned. The following particulars
are eitracted from the accounta brought in by Lord North.
Imports from Ireland.
Value „i
Value of
Value of
Vftlueof
beef.
butter.
tolluw.
pork.
£
£
£
£
n the y
^ 1768
G5,802
173,259
52,5.'57
38,609
1769
56,107
260,357
4,'),635
18,544
51,695
149,464
22,240
64,072
236.403
43,274
25,504
1772
4S,434
204,810
17,419
22.401
1773
45,384
229.528
43,230
30.198
1774
46,064
211,152
38.247
21,836
1775
50,299
245.624
46.398
40,358
1776
95.194
237,926
48,072
42.737
1777
106.915
274,5.15
41,695
29,575
106.202
210,986
39,209
37,981
As far as this account comes, for the year 1779 is not in
it. here is almost every appearance of increase ; or at least
the decline, where there is any, is much too inconsiderable
U found any conclusions on. Let us examine manufactured
I'tports from the same account.
in the
year.
Linen.
Linen yam raw.
Bay yarn.
Yards.
Value.
lb. Value.
Cwt. lvalue.
17«K
15,249,248
600,778
4.794,926 209.778
21,043 47.426
1769
18.496,271
549.875
4.107,478 1179.702
19,.t32 43,580
I.^O
18,195,087
606,502
6,240,687
2->9,2S0
19,901 44,864
687.407
4,03.>.7.''>6
I76..'"i64
18,588 1 41,894
aw.059
3.608.424
1.^7.649
14,828 1 33,421
595,887
3.082.274
1.34.869
11.073 1 24.964
1774 -21.447.198
714.906
203.911
12,549 28,289
1775 21,916,171
730,539
4,363.582
190,906
13,883 31,294
1776 20.943,847
698.128
3.914.351
I71,2K
18.091 1 40.778
1777 21,132,648
704.418
3,198,4.^7
139.931
17.897 40,289
1778 18,869.447
628.981
3,788,603
165,751
15,053 33.870
Prom hence we find that these articles have not fallen
o5 80 much as might for many reasons have been expected.
Linen yam has risen fronil777tol778 considerably. Cloth
"268 A TODR IN IRELAND.
has fallen, but not enougli to give any alarm. From 1770
to 1771 in linen jam was almost as great a fall, without
any ill e&eots ensuing. The following tabic coulaJaa the
total export from Ireland.
Export of Tarn, Linen, &c
Unen cloth.
Liiien yam. Wor*t«d jam.
In the year 1776
1777
1778
1779
YardB.
20,602,587
1B,7)4,&38
21,945,729
18,836,012
Cwt.
36,152
29,698
28,108
35,673
Stones.
86,327
1U,J03
122,766
100,939
Which does not mark any Buch decline as happened npoo
the bankmptcy of Mr. Pordyce. It is remartable from
these two accounts, how great a proportion of the eiport^d
linen of Ireland is taken ofE by England; in the year 1776
it absorbed the whole. Indeed it appears to have more thaii
done it ; which apparent error arises from the Irish accounts
ending at Lady day, and the English ones the 31st of
December. But, in order to explain this business as mucb
as possible, I shall in the next place insert the English («■
count of all the exports and imports to and from Ireland.
Exports to Ireland of
foreign goods and
rnerchanfiie, in and
out of time, and ex-
ported from Scotlajid
Goods and
freland to
England.
BaluM
i4.-aii»t
£
£
year 1768
2,248,314
1,226.094
3,347,801
1,5^,253
1770
2,544,737
1,358.899
1771
2,436,853
1,547.237
1772
2,396,162
1,416,286
2,123,705
1,392,759
2,414,666
1,573,345
1775
2,401,686
1,641.069
1776
2,461,200
1,654,226
1777
2,211,689
1.639,871
tm
1,731,808
1,610,881
iUI,^
DISTRESSES. 269
D the year 1768, the export and import between Scotland
I Ireland is not included, but in the rest it is. This
B drawn from the accounts laid before Parliament at
e close of the sessions of 177| ; relative to the valuation,
e followed, of the cnstom-house, I should remark it has
lupposed, that the real balance is in favour of Ireland,
withstanding the valuation epeaks the contrary ; and
d North, in December last, gave this as his information
B the House of Commons. But, taking the account as it
md^ here, it must evidently appear that the distresses
Inch have come upon Ireland within the last year or two
t not in the smallest degree originate in her commercial
s with England ; for during the last nine or ten
9 her balance has grown less and less. From 1776 to
t BUnk X230.000; and from 77 to 78 it fell ^50.000.
Aerefore Ireland was prosjverous while she paid us a
moe of 7, 8, and ^00,000 a year, surely she ought not
e more distressed under less than a fourth of it ? That
lom must upon. the face of this account have had a
erlucration of wealth, arising of late yeivrs upon this
' ^ to a very great amount. But this account does not
de the pear 1779, of which, upon the general payments
Iween the two kingdoms, I have no other authoritythan
mention the course of exchange. Mr. Eden observes
»wr leilerg to the Earl of CarlUh) that during the year
"1 and 1779, the exchange of Diiblin on London has
a from 5i to 7|; par. is 8f October 27. 1779 it was
}, which is remarkably low.and proves that Ireland must
e been accumulating wealth through that period.
The reader will naturally remark that these are all external
iitithorities : some of them seem to mark a distresH in Ire-
lind, but others speak very strongly a direct contrary
language; it remains to be observed, that the interior
.iithcwities have been much insistedon. It has been asserted,
iud by very respectable persons, that rents have fallen,
lands untenanted, prices low,' jwople unemployed, and
' Jinuar; 'J4th, HBO, I hare lhi> minute recoiied from my very
'l.ljging friend Mr. BoKon (member for WalerforH) the following note i
" Bulter has been lierc (Wnterroril) all ibis winter at 4'is. per cwc.
I'ork at the banning of the winter iSs. to Tis. 9J. i from that it rose bj
Agrees, and it now 26«. Sd. per twi." The butlfir is very low, lower
270
A TOUH IN IRELAND.
poverty univeraal. The misfortune of these circa
wheo produced as orgumeut, is that tbey admit
I ask for figures, aud you give me anecdote : my
is ruiaed — the Duke of t'other cannot afford to live
Dublin, the Earl of A. has no remittances, Mr. C.
.£18,000 arrears. This is a repetition of the t.'ompL
which the English House of Commons heard bo maoh
in 1773. I am very far from denying them, but only da
that aggertiong may not be accepted as proofs. They
national complaints when a new Byst«m of policy is c&
for ; the palpable consequence of which is, that they
exaggerated — such complaints always were, and always '
exceed the truth.
Let it not however be imagined that I contend Ireli
BufEers none, or very lifle difltress : while we see very gi
distress in England.we need not wonder that Ireland ahui
though in a less degree, suffer likewise. We see the fm
have in a few years fallen 27 per cent. The yeajs' pi
uf land reduced from 33 to 23. The prices of all prodi
fallen from 30 to 100 per cent. Wheat from 7a, to ft
bushel; other grain in proportion. Wool from 18«. toll
all greatly owing to the scarcity of money arising from
liigh interest {)aid for the publiek loans : I can hai
conceive those operations to have drawn money from
channels of industry in every part of this island, wifli
likewise affecting our neighbour, much of whose natid
industry was, if not gapjiorted, at least much assisted
English capitals. Therefore, from reasoning, I should n
pose they must have been somewhat distressed ; but
preceding facta will not permit me to imagine that
to be anything like what is represented ; at the same ti
that they shew it is in many articles wearing out even irii
the complaints are loudest.
Admitting some distress, and connecting it willt t
general state of the Kingdom rather than peculiarly to t
present moment, I may be asked fo what m il owing T f
ihftn for len 3'eara ; but pork keeps up iU price. At Limerii^
ininutes ahew that 39f. ^li. is B Ter; high pric«, and that IVji. wU
price only iileven years ago." I am yet in liope, from an npr«aM
Mr. Bolliiii's letter, lu receive the price of other coniniodicict befon
work is entirely finiblied at pTeai.—{AiitAor'i nale.]
FREE TRADE.
preceding sections have been on answer to that question ;
but to bring their result into a very short eompass I shotUd
here observe, that the causes which have impeded the pro-
gress of Irish prosperity are.
^.
/ L/rhe oppreaaion of the Catholicks, which, by loading the
■■ ^~-^ industry of two milliona of Bubjatts has done more
to retard the progress of the kingdom than all other
causes put together.
n. The bounty on the inland carriage of corn to Dublin,
which, by changing a beneficial pasturage to an execra-
ble tillage at a heavy expence to the publick, has done
much mischief to the kingdom, besides involving it in
debt.
HL The perpetual interference of Parliament in every
branch of domestic industry, either for laying reBtric-
tiona or giving bounties, but always doing mischief.
IV, The mode of conducting the linen manufacture, which,
by spreading over all the north, has annihilated aj^cul-
ture throughout a fourth part of the kingdom, and
taken from a great and flourishing manufacture the
usual effect of being an eweourojemeni to every branch
of husbandry.
T. The stoppage of emigration for five years, which has
accumulated a surplus of population, and thereby dis-
tressed those who are rivalled by their staying at
home.'
' Thi* single circa mslance \% aafficieot (o accouDl for an; distresB that
ma; be found in the north. Men who cmigraw ore, fnno the nature of
the uircumaCitnce, tbo molt actire, hnnly, during, bold, and resolute
epirils, and probalily the most miachievoUB alio. The intelligence in the
iDiDDtCB ipeaki that language ; it was every year the loose, disorderly,
worthless followB that emigrated : upon an average of twenty years the
numbiT was four or five thouBand ; but, from the great increasing
population of the country, the number in the four or five years last past
would have been greater. At any rale, there muat be from Iweiity-fivo
to forty thousand of the moat disorderly worthless spirits accumulated,
much against their wills, at home, and are fully snfflcient to bmmuqI for
violence and riotB, much more for clamour and complaint. — {AtttkoT'i nof; .|
272 A, TOUR ItJ IRELAND.
VI. The ill-judged reatrictionB laid by Great Britain on tl
commerce of Irelaad, which have prevented the gcn«a
induatry of the country from being animated prc^Mtf
tioniLbly with that of others.
Vil, The great drain of the rents of absentees'
being remitted to England, which has an effect, I ]»
lieve, not quite so mischievous as commonly Buppoaed.-
Ib it upon the whole to be concluded, relative U> tk|
present moment, that the freedom of trade now giring tl
Ireland, is a wrong measure ? I by no means either tlui'
or assert such an opinion. In the preceding sections Ilia
repeatedly endeavoured to shew that no policy wac ffl
more absurd than the restricting system of England, wUl
has been as prejudicial to herself as to Ireland ; but. becui,
a measure is wise and prudent, is it proper to admit ll
truths facta which do not api>ear to be founded ? the qafl
tion of political prudence is a question only of the u
but to admit circumstances to speak a national d
which prove no such thing, is laying the foundation off
deception ; it is bringing false principles into the poliC
science, in a point than which none can be more impotUot
ascertaining the circumstances relative to all future cmMH
well aa the present, which pr<ive the prosperity or de^
sion of a kingdom. And here the reader will. I hM
pardon a digressiou on the conduct of one set of menisU
present noise of distress ; it ia a circumstance in the iW
of Ireland, that should make more impression npoo tL
country gentlemenofthatkingdom than it does : tbeyttnl
united with merchants and manufacturers in the vidBil
cry for a free trade, and they have regularly in PariiuMif
promoted all those visionary and expensive projects set M
foot by interested people, for giving premiums and boouM
to the amount of above an hundred thousand poundsafetfi
and which alone accounts for the whole of that national dtMk
and declining revenue, which will make many u.
necessary. The Irish are a grateful and a loyal peoplft w
will not receive this free trade without making a retumB*
it ; that can only be in taiation ; nay. they idready tpt^
in Parliament of a return. Thus have the country g '''
OBSERVATIONS. 273
men of that kingdom been such dupes, as to agree to
mpaaures for running themBeWeB in debt, and have joined
in the cry for a favour, which, I have shewn, cannot be of
anv considerable use perhaps fur half a century, but for
which tliej are immediately to pay a solid return ; and if
that rt-turn takes the shape of a laud tax, they have nobody
to thank but themselves. What I would conclude from
this is, and would urge it aa a lesson for the future, that it
is always for the benefit of the landed interest to be qdiet.
Let merchants and manufacturers complain, riot, associate,
and do whatever they please ; but never unite with them ;
restrain, but never inflame them. The whole tenour of the
preceding minutes proves tliat Ireland has flourished for
these last thirty years to au uncommon degree, I believe
more than any country in Europe. Was not this enough ?
Was not this a reason for being silent and still r' Why not
submit to a temporary distress, rather than by loud com-
plaints, bring the state and situation of your country into
question at ^ ? Why demand useless favours in order to
pay solid returns ? During the whole flow of your prosperity
what have been the additional burthens laid on you in taxa-
tion ? Every country in Europe has added to those burthens
considerably, England immensely, but you Dot at all, or to
so trifling an amount aa to be the same thing. Could your
moat sanguine hopes picture a more happy situation ? And
jet to yourselves are you iudebted for bounties on the car-
ri^e of com, for premiimis on corn-stands, for ideal navi-
gations through bogs to convey turf to Whitehaven, for
collieries where there is no coal, for bridges where there are
no rivers, navigable euts where there is no water, harbours
where there are no ships, and churches where there are no
congregations. '
I^rty may have dictated such measures, in order to
Lder Government poor and dependent ; but, rely on it,
a conduct was for their own, not your advantage ; as
absolute necessity of new taxes will most feelingly con-
' The uwrtiun i> not founiled on the following charge in ihe nttcional
' oueli Qoe might presume sotncthing upon i< :
of Fint-fraits, for bui]<1ing new churches, and
old cliurches, in Bucb parishes as no divine
public service has been performed for twenty years past . ,t;5,000
p.
n.
274
A TOUR IN IRELAND.'
vhice you. Thus have jou been duped by one set i
measoreB, which have impoverislied the public and b
thened you with a debt; and because imotlier deecriptia
of men suffer a, dietreaB, in its very nature temporary, j
join in their cry to buy that, which if any good arose fn
it, would be theirs,' while you only are to pay the pip!
Henceforward, therefore, execrat*, silence, confound, a
abash the men, who raise ela.moura at distreBHes, wh«llM
real or imaginary ; you know from the progre^siTe p
]>erity of your country, that auch cannot be radical j weigh^
experience has told you also, that you may have to p
relief that goes but imaginarily to others, in giving up jav
solid gold for their ideal profits. Keflect that the gre"'
(leriod of your increasing wealth was a time of quirt u
silence, and that you did not complain of poverty until jm
were proved to be a. golden object of taxation. Ponder
well on these facts, and be in future sileut. That tkt
measure of giving freedom to the Irish commerce UAciia
one, I have not a doubt; but I must own, I regret itiat'
having been done upon principles of sound policy, i
than at a time when it can bear the construction, ta
false, of being extorted ; and this leads me to one o
observations on the armed associations, which have taaJta
too much noise in England.
If ill-founded apprehensions have led the Legialatun
Britain to do now what it ought to have done long ago, tt
effect is beneficial to both countries ; but I cannot adir^^
that it is merely giving charity to a sturdy beggar, «!
frightens us by the brandishing and size of his crutch. "
suppose that Great Britain is at the mercy of Ireland, U
that an Irish Congress may arise, supported by forty thU
sand bayonets, is mere idle declamation ; we have tb
strongest reason entirely to reject such ideas, be«!au« it
could not [wssibly end in anything but the ruin of Ireland]
the very conflict would arrest ail that prosperity whicH h
' I am well awaro of wliBt may be here uid upon lb? „
Unillords being in proporlion to tbe prosprnt; of iQUXifkcUtM M
ponimerce : in general il cerCainlj ia so, and atwajawhen thinglin M
a lake their natnral coarse ; bnt when lliey rl«e aboTe lh« lenuV ■
\c text are forced and aniRiial.— (^<tfA«r'i*iA
thai smooth q
OBSERVATIONS.
licen gradually flowing in upon her for these thirty years
(■aat. and leave her exposed, a divided.' weakened people,
open to the attack of every potent neighbour. What a
seneelesB, military mob, led by men who have nothing to
lose, would wish or attempt, may be doubted ; but that
mtUtary associations, officered and commanded by men of
the firat proi>erty, who have not named a grievance without
redress following, and who have experienced more favour
from three sesaioDS of the British FaHIament than from
three centuries before ; — to suppose that such men, having
everything to lose by public confusion, but nothing to gain,
would 80 entirely tiuTi their back to the most powerful
pleadings of their ovm interest and that of their country, is
to suppose a case which never did nor ever will happen.
Apprehensions of any extremities are idle ; but there is this
mi^ortune in a series of concessions, not given to reason,
but to clamour, that they rather invite new demands than
satisfy old ones ; and from this circumstance results the
great superiority of coming at once to a universal explana-
tion, and agreeing either to a ITuiou, or to such a modifica-
tion of one. as I stated in section xrii. In the next phu;e
jjet me inquire what degree of relief (supposing the dis-
jtresses of that kingdom to be as they may) will result from
'the freedom lately given to the Irish in respect to their
"VOollen and American trades, which will naturally lead me
to the question, whether any prejudice is likely to result to
England.
Whatever the distress may be in Ireland, it appears that
these freedoms will not strike immediately at the evil, nor
bring any considerable remedy ; they are general favours,
and not applicable to the distress of the time ; this ought
to be well understood in Ireland, because false hopes lead
only to disappointment. It was highly proper to repeal
those restrictions ; but it is every day in the power of the
Irish to render to themselves much more important services.
In order to convert their new situation to immediate advan-
tage, they must establish woollen fabrics for the new
' Thosu who aiv no wild as for B moment lo conceive an idea of this
sort, must surely tiave rorgiil the Roman ckEhalics in ihat kingdum. It
would bo Fu; M siilarge on this point, but Inr every reason improper.
2t6 A TOt'R IS IRELAND.
markets opened to tliem ; those already iu the kingdoa
cannot suppose to be exported for Ibis plain reason— 4Jwy
are riTalled in their own markets by similar DianufuctuRS
from England, I mean particularly fine broad clothi lal
ratteens ; if the Irish fabrics cannot stand the competitioB
of ours in the market of Dublin, while they hare a heaij
land carri^e in England, freight, commission, imd datiM
ou landing, and while the Irish cloth has a greftt bountr
by the Dublin Society to encourage it, they cerlainlj «lU
not be able to oppose us in foreign markets, where we mett
ou equal terms ; this removes the expected advantage ts
new fabrics, which, let me observe, require new capiult
new establishments, new exertions, and new diffiailutu ts
be overcome ; and all this in a country where the ol4
established and flourishing fabric could ecarcelv be np
ported without English credit. It may farther be o'
that the reason why that credit and support have b
given to the linen of Ireland, is its being a fabric not intM
fering with those of Britain; it is a different n
demanded for different purposes. Had it been oth
the superiority of English capitals, and the advantage «
long-established skill and iudustr}, would have crushed Ik
competition of the Irish linen [ as in future they 9i
crush any competition in woollens if of the same kind* •
manufacture ourselves. When the capital of Iffba
becomes much larger, when new habits of industry ui
introduced, and when time has established new fxmit aj
skill, then new Fabrics may be undertaken with adnnti^
but it must be a work of time, and con no more opente M
a remedy to present evils, than any scheme of the mari
visionary nature. Their West India trade. I believe, witt
be of as little service ; everything in comment dependi OIL
capital ; in oi-der to send ships freighted with Insh coaao-
dities to those colonies, reloaded with West-India goodly
capital and credit are necessary ; they have it not for M*
trades ; the progressive prosperity of the kingdom hu it*-
creased all the old branches of their commerce, but tbej ■<
exhibit a proof that they are still cramped for want d
greater exertions, which time is bringing. If new speoo'*
tions change the current of old capitals, the advantage iM
be very problematical ; if this is not done, new trades w
OBSERVATIONS. 277
■4eiiiaiid new capitals ; and I believe it will be difficult to
I point out three men in the kingdom with an unemployed
wealth applicable to new undertakings.
But it is said that English capitals will be employed ; an
ai^ument equally used to prove the gain of Ireland and the
loss of England j but in fact proviug neither one nor the
other. If the wealth of England is employed there, it will
be for the benefit of England, Before the present troubles
three-fourths of the trade, induBtTT, and even agriculture
of North America were put in motion by English capitals,
but assuredly for our own benefit ; the profit was remitted
to England ; and, whenever the fund itself was withdrawn, it
was to the same country. Is it for the benefit of Portugal
that English factors reside at Oporto ?
Supposing the fact should happen, that English manu-
facturers or merchants should establish factors or partners
at Corke or Waterford, to carry on wooUen fabrics. I see not
a shadow of objection ; the profit of those undertakings
would center most assuredly in England ; and, if in doing
it the Irish were benefited also, who can repine ? Were not
the Americans benefited in the same manner ? That Eng-
land would suffer no loss, if this was to ha]>pen, ia to me
clear; but I beheve Ireland has very little reason to espect
it for many years, I have shewn already that auch a plan
could never be thought of for such fabrics ae are in Ireland
rivalled by English goods of the same sort ; if it was to
happen, it must be in new fabrics ; but let me ask a sensible
manufacturer, whether it would not be easier for him to
establish such amidst the long- established skill and inge-
nuity of England, rather than go into a country where the
whole must be a creation ; where cheapness of provisions,
and the habit of subsisting on potatoes, at so small an
expence, would baffle his endeavours for half an age, to
make the people industrious, and where, under that dis-
advantage, the price of his labour would be as high as in
England? I have a right to conclude this, seeing the fact
in the linen manufacture, throughout the I^orth of Ireland,
where the weavers earn on average Is. 5d. a day, and
where also the cheapness of provisions proves very often
detrimental to the fabric.
As a general question, there is nothing more miatakiii.
278 A TOPH IN IRELAND.
than iWrnesB and cheapness of la)>our. Artuaos anfl
manufoctnrerfl of all sorts are as well paid by the day oa iq
Bngbtnd ; but the quaiUity of work they give for it, and u|
many cases the qvalUi/, diSer exceedingly. Husbandrj
bibour is very low priced, but by no means cheap ; I ham
ill a preceding section shown this, and asserted on eiperi*
ence that two shillings a day in Suffolk is cheaper than s:'
pence in Corke. If a Huron would d^ for twopence,
have httle doubt but it might be dearer than the Irtsbmao'i
ail pence.
If an English manufacturer could not attempt an Iridx
fabric for cheapness of lalxiur, what other motive could
influence him ? Not the price of the raw material, tat
wool is on an average forty-seven per cent, dearer than in
England, which alone is a most heavy burthen. Other
reasons, were the alwve not sufficient, would induce me to;
believe, on the one hand, that the Irish will not iinmediat«I;f
reap any benefit from Enghsh capitals employed in their
woollen fabrics, and, on the other, that if it was to happen.
England would sustain no loss. What time may effect ii
another question ; Ireland has \ieea so fast increasing
prosperity, that she will gradually form a capital of I
own for new trades, and I doubt not will Sourish in theO
without the ivaut prejudice to Britain. Those who an?
to think the contrary, cannot consider with too much att^-.
Uon that case in point : North Britain, which, by metuu ol'
cheap labour and provisions, has not been able to rivk]^<
with any dangerous success, one single English fabric, r«i'
has she raised many to a great degree of prosperity ; but-
she btta flourished in them without injury to us ; and har^
greatest manufactures, such as stockings, linen, &c., Ac
have grown with the unrivalled prosperity of similar faiirict
in England. If KngUsh capitals have been assistant, han
we, upon review, a single reason to regret it ? The plenty of
coahi in Scotland is an advantage that Ireland does Dol
euioy, where fuel is dearer than in England.
But let me snpposc for a moment, that the contrary of
all this was fact, that English capitals would go, that uv-
land would gain, and that England would loue. Is it
imagined that the account would stop there ? By oii
means. Why would Ehtglish capitals go? Because thej
^ in t
OBSERVATIONS. 279
could be employed to more advantage ; aud will anyone
convince us, that it is not for the ^neral benefit of the
Empire, that capitals should be employed where they would
be most productive ? Is it even for the advantage of Eag-
land, that a thousand pounds should here be employed in
a fabric at twelve per cent, profit, if the same could make
twenty in Ireland ? This is not at all clear ; but no posi-
tion is plainer than another, because it is founded un uniform
facts, that the wealth of Ireland is the wealth of England,
and that the consumption in Ireland of English manu-
tactares thrivea exactly in proportion to that wealth.
While the great profit of the linen manufacture centers at
last in England, and while English capitals, and English
factors, and partners, have gone to the North of Ireland to
advance that fabric, ao much to the benefit of England,
what shadow of an apprehension can arise, that other
branches of Irish prosperity may arise by the same means,
and with the same efEect':' Take into one general idea the
consumption of British goods in that kingdom ; the interest
they pay us for money j and the remittances from absentee
estates ; and then let any one judge, if they can possibly
increase in wealth without a vast proportion of every shil-
ling of that wealth at last centering here. It is fur this
reason that 1 think myself the warmest friend to Britain,
by urging the importance of Irish prosperity ; we can never
thrive to the eitent of our capacity till local prejudices are
done away ; and they are not done away until we believe the
advantage the same, whether wealth arises in Eoscommon
or in Berkshire-
Upon the whole it appears, that the Irish have no reason
to look for relief from this new and liberal system, to any
distress peculiar to the present moment ; the silent progress
of time is doing that for them, which they are much too apt
to look for in statutes, regulations and repeals. Their dis-
tress will most assuredly be only temporary. The increase
of wealth, which has for some time been flowing into that
kingdom, will animate their industry ; to put it in the
future is improper, it must be doing it at this moment ; and
he is no friend to Britain that does not wish it may continue
the most rapid progression. In this idea I shall not
litate to dec^re, that the freedoms granted to Ireland,
280
A TOUR IN IRELAND.
whenever they shall take effect to thebenefitof tbat kxngdom,
will prove the wisest measures for enriching this ; and that
all apprehensions of ills arising from them are eqoallj con-
trary to the dictates of experience, and to the conclusions
of the soundest theory.
MODES OF AGRICULTTIEE
RECOMMENDED TO THE
GENTLEMEN OF IRELAND.
HAVING been repeatedly requested, by gentlemen in
all parts of the kingdom, to name Huch couraee of
i;rop8 &s I thought would be advantageous ; I very readily
complied to the best of my judgment with the desire ; Vtut,
a« it is necessary to be more diffuse in explanations than
rtible on the leaf of a pocket-book, I promised many to
more particular in my intended publication; I shall.
therefore, venture to recommend such modes of cultivation
W I think, after viewing the greatest part of the kingdom,
will be found most advantageous.
IWnep Oourte.'
1. Tumepfl.
2. Barley.
8. Clover.
4. Wheat.
ZHrectioTie.
Plongh the field once in October into flat lands ; give the
second ploughing the beginning of March ; a third in
April ; a fourth in May ; upon this spread the manure,
whiitever it may be. if any is designed for the crop ; dung
IS the best. About midsummer plough for the last time.
IIou must be attentive in all these ploughings thoroughly
I ' For <!ry and lighl. soils.
to extirpate all root weeds, particularly couch (Iriiict
repenti) and water-grass; the former in the white i
which is under ground, the latter, that which knots on ti
surface, and iB, if possible, more ouBchievoUB than 1'
former. Children, with baskets, should follow the ploog
in every furrow, to pick it all up and bum it ; and as fi
as it is done, bow and harrow in the turnep seed. The In
way of Bowing ia to provide a trough, from twelve to dxte
feet long, three inches wide and four deep, made of t
deal half au inch thick ; let it have partitions twelve ii
asundt?r, and a bottom of pierc^ tin to every I
diviBion ; the holes in the tin should be just large eii<
for a seeij to fall through with ease, three of them to e
tin; in the middle of the trough two circular h
iron ; the seed is to be put, a small quantity at a t
into the bottomed divisions ; and a man. taking the tn
in his hands, walks with a steady pace oTer the 1
shaking it sideways as he goes : if he guides himself b
centers and furrows of the beds, he will be sure not to n
any land ; cover the seed with a light pair of harrows.
piut and half of seed the proper quantity for a plantatH
ai;re ; the lat^ globular white Norfolk sort, which {
above ground, yields the greatest produce.
As soon as the crop comes up, watch them well to m
attiu^ked by the fly ; and, if very large spaces are quiw
eateu up, instantly plough again, and sow and harrow as
before. When the plant gets the third or rough leai. they
are safe from the fiy ; and as soon as they spread a
diameter of three or four inches is the time to begin to
hand-hoe them, an operation so indispenaably neceasary,
that to cultivate turneps without it, is much worse manaye-
meut than not to cultivate them at all. Procure hand-ho«s
from England, eleven inches wide, and, taking them into
the field, make the men set out the turneps to the distaser
of from twelve to eighteen inches asunder, according to the
richness of the soil ; the richer the greater the distonw,
cuttii^ up all weeds and turneps which grow within thiw
sjtaces, and not leaving two or three plants together io
knots. Make them do a piece of land perfectly well irbil«
joa are with them, and leave it as a sample. They will be
alow and awkward at first, but will improve quickly. Do
not Brpprehead the espence ; tliat will lesBen as the men
become haady. On no account permit them to do the
work with their fingers, unless to separate two tumeps
close together ; for they will then never understand the
work, and the exj>ence will always be great. Employ hands
enough to finish the field in three weeks As soon as they
have done it, they are to begin again and hoe a second
time, to correct the deficiencies of the first ; and for a few
years, until the men become skilful in the business, attend
in the same manner to remedy the omissions of the second.
And if afterwards, when the tumeps are elosed, and
.-xtiude all hoeing, any weeds should rise and shew them-
Bclves above the crop, children and women should be sent
in to puU them by hand.
In order to feed the crop where they gi-ow, which is an
essential article, herdles must be procured ; as a part there-
fore of the system, plant two or three acres of the strait
tiiul)er sally, in the same manner as for a twig garden,
I'uly the plants not quite so elose; these at two years
growth will make very good sheep herdles ; they should be
ti or 7 feet long and 3 feet high, the bottoms of the
aprigbt stakes sharpened, and projecting from the wattle-
wurk 6 inches ; they are fixed down by means of stakes,
one stake to each herdle, and a band of year-old sally goes
over the two end stakes of the herdle and the moveable
stake they are fixed with : the herdles are very easily made,
trat the IJest way would Iw to send over au Irish labourer
to England to become a master of it, which he would do in
a couple of months.
Bemg thus provided with herdles, and making some
iilhdT shift till the sallies are grown, you must feed yoiu"
crop (if you would apply them to the best advantage) with
fat wethers, banning the middle of November, or first
week in December ; and, berdling off a piece proportioned
to the number of your sheep, let them live there, night and
day ; when they have nearly eaten the piece up, give them
another, and so on while your crops last : when you come
to have plenty of herdles. there should be a double row, in
order to let your lean sheep follow the fat ones, and eat up
their leavings; by which means none will be lost. The
great profit of this practice in Ireland is being able to sell
vour fat sheep in the epriug, when mutton eimost dou]
its price. If you fat oxen with tumeps, they must
given in sheds, well littered, and kept clean ; and the "
should have good bay. Take care never to attempt
fatten either beasts or wethers with them that are lean i
putting them to turueps ; the application is profitable im
tor animals that arc not less than half fat.
Upon the crop being eaten, there is a variation i
conduct founded on circumatancea not easy fully to i
scribe ; which is, ploughing once, twice, or thrice for barley
the soil must be dry, loose, and friable for that grain ; aa
as clover is always to be sown on it, it must be fine ; bn
if the first ploughing is hit in proper time and weathe
the land will be in finer order on many soils than aft<
succeEsive ploughings. The fanner in his field must I
the judge of this : auflice it to say, that the right moiaei
to send the ploughs into a field is one of the most diiBca
points to be learned in tillage, and which no instructioi
can tea«h. It is practice alone that can do it. As to tfe
time of sowing the barley in Ireland, I should miss e
season after the middle of February if I had my land i
order. Sow three quarters of a barrel, or a barrd an
quarter of barley, to the plantation acre, according to ti
richness of the land ; if it had a moderate manuring {<
tumeps, and fed with fat sheep, three quarters or a irhol
one would be sufficient ; but if you doubt your land being
in heart, bow one and a quarter. Plough first, (whether
once, twice or thrice) and then sow and cover with harrows
of middling weight, finishing with a light harrow. When
the barley is three inches high, sow not less than 201b. of
red clover to each plantation -acre ; if the seed is not very
good, do not sow less than 25Ib., and immediately run a
light roller once over it ; but take care that this is in a dry
day, and when the earth does not stick at all to the roller.
When the barley is cut, and carried from the Geld, feed
the clover before winter, but not very bare, and do not let
any cattle be on it in the winter. Elarly in the spring,
before it shoots, pick up the stones, clean off where you
intend mowing it for hay; but, if you feed it, this is
unnecessary. As to the application of the crop for hay or
food, it must be directed by the occasions of the farmer ; I
r
MODES OF AGRlCCLTtTRE. 285
■hall however remark, that it may l>e mode exceediugly
iSODducive to increase the number of hogs in Ireland, as it
will singly supjKirt all quarter, half, and full-grown piga.
If mown, it should be cut as Boon as the field looks
reddish from the blossoms : it will yield two full crops of
hay.
Within the month of October let it be well ploughed,
with an even regular furrow, and from half to three
quarters of a barrel of wheat seed sown, according to the
riclmess of the land, and harrowed well in. When thia
crop is reaped and cleared, the course ends, and you begiu
again for turueps as before.
This system is very well adapted to sheep, as the clover
taixeas them in summer, and the tumeps in winter.—
'" icellent as it is for dry soils, it is not adapted to wet
the following is preferable.
Bean Courge.'
1. BeauH.
2. Oats.
3. Clover.
4. Wheat.
Direetioiig.
Whatever the preceding crop, whether corn or old graaa,
(for the first, manure is properly applied, but unnecessatr
on the latter), plough but once for planting beans, which
should be performed from the middle of December to the
middle of February, the earlier the bett«r,^ and chuse
either the mazagan or the horse-bean according to your
market ; the single ploughing given must be performed so
as to arch the land up, and leave deep furrows to serve as
op^i drains. Harrow the land after ploughing. Provide
sUt planed deal [jolea, t«n feet loiig, an inch thick, and two
inches broad ; bore holes through them exactly at sixteen
' For «trong and wet soils.
' In Knglund u Is proper to wait till the beav; Chnitmu fnut Lreaks
upl but, us aiir/h Kiv nre in Irelsod, the isne prectutioo ia not
nfvt3a»ry. — [Antlior'! rn)fe,]
286 A TOUB IN IRELAND.
iselies asunder, paaa pack-tbresds through these holes hi
the length of the lands you are about to plant, and there
should be a pole at every fifty yards ; four stakes at the
coraera of the extreme poles, fasten them to the ground ;
the intention is to keep the lines everywhere at et|nal
distances and strait, which are great ptointe to the W-an
husbandry to facilitate horse-hoeing. This being restdv,
women take eome beans in their aprons, and with a diblwr
pointed with iron make the holes along the strings with
their right hand, and put the bean m with their left ;
while they are doing one set of lines, another should be
prepared and fixed ready for them. Near LondoD they are
paid Ze. and 3e. 6d. a bushel for this work of planting:
but where they are not accustomed to it they do it hv the
day. The beans are pnt three inches asunder, and twu or
three inches deep. A barrel will plant a plantation -acif.
A light pair of harrows are used f-o cover the seed in Ibe
boles, stuck with a few bushes. By the time the <oU
easterly winds come in the spring they will be high enoU)i;h
to hand-hoe, if they were early planted ; and it is of i-on-
sequence on strong soils to catch every dry season for such
operations. The hoes should be eight inches wide, and the
whole surface of the space between the rows can-fiiUj
cut, and every weed eradicated. This hoeing costs, new
Iiondon, from 5*. to 7b. 6d. per English aiTe ; but, with
unskilful hands in Ireland, I should suppose it would r'-si
from 12». to Us. per plantation-acre, according to ihi'
laziness iu working I have remarked there. Wlien thi'
beans are about six inches high, they should be horBe-li>)«d
with a shim, the cutting part ten or eleven inches widcl
A plate of this tool is to bo seen in my Eagttm Tow.
is chea)), simple, and not apt to be out of order ; one hdtl
draws it, which should be led by a careful persor
should hold the shim, and guide it carefully in the c
Itetween the rows. It cuts up all weeds effectual^, I
loosens the earth two or three inches deep ; in a little ti
after this operation the hand-hoe should be sent in a^
to cut any shps which the shim might have passed, aDdM
extract tlie weeds that grew too near tbe plants for t'
tool to take them. This is but a slight hoeing.
weather is dry enough, a second horse-hoeing with tl
MODES OF AORICULTUBK.
287
aEim should follow when the beaus are nine or t«n iuchea
high ; but if the weather is wet it muet be omitted ; the
ha^d-hoe however must bo kept at work enough to keep
Bi« beans perfectly free from weeds. Reap the crop as
loon as a few of the pods turn darkish, and while many
It them OK green ; you had much better cut too soon than
late. You may get them off in the month of August,
1 England the mazagann are reaped in July) which leaves
Insufficient season for half a fallow. Plough the ground
sctly, if the weather is dry ; and if dry seasona permit
it you muBt be guided entirely by the state of the
weather, taking care on this soil never to go on it when
wet) give it two ploughings more before winter. leaving
the lands rounded up ho hb to shoot off all water, with
deep and well cleansed furrows for the winter. It is of
particular consequence for an early spring sowing, that
not a drop of water rest on the land through winter.
The first season dry enough after the middle of February,
plough and sow the oats, harrowing them in, from three
fourths of a barrel, to a barrel and a quarter, according to
the richness of the land. As the sowing must be on this
one ploughing, you must be attentive to timing it right,
and by no means to lose a dry season ; cleanse the furrows,
and leave the lands in such a round neat shape that no
water can lodge; and when the oats are three or four
inches high, as in the case before mentioned of barley, roll
in the clover seed as before, taking care to do it in a dry
season. I need not carry the direction farther, as those
for the tumep course are to be applied to the clover and
wheat.
The great object on these strong and wet soils is to be
very careful never to let your horses go on them in wet
weather ; and, in the forming your lands, always to keep
them the segment of a circle, that water may no where
rest, with cuts for conveying it away. Another course
for this laud is :
In which, the beans being managed exactly as before
id, three ploughings are given to the land, the third
288 A TOL'B IN IHELASD.
of whicli covers the wheat seed : this is a. very profiU
Potatoe Cowne'
1. Potatoes.
2. Wheat.
3. Tumeps.
4. Barley.
5. CIoTer.
6. Wheat.
Direciimtt.
I will suppose the land to be a stubble, upon 1
spread the dung or compost equally over the whole fid|
in quantity not less than 60 uubical yards to a planUtu^
If the land be quit« dry. lay it flat ; if incUuaJjle to w
ness. arch it gently ; in this hrrt ploughing, which ehoulil
be given the latter end of February or the beginuing of
March, the potatoes are to be planted. Women are to by
the sets in every other furrow, at the distance of 12 iuohtt^
from set to set. close to the unploughed land, in order ll
the horses may tread the less on them. There sbonld |j
women enough to plant one furrow in the time the pirn
man is turning another ; the furrows should be not m
than 5 inches deep, nor broader than 9 incites ;
when the potatoes come up, they should be in
inches asunder. The furrows should also be straight, tl
the rows may be so for horse-hoeing. Having fioiahed tl
field, harrow it well to lay the surfaee smooth, and \
all the clods ; and, if the weather be quit« dry, any time ia^
fortnight after planting run a light roller over it fol
by a Ijght harrow. About a fortnight before the pol
appear, shim over the whole surface of the field with 01
whose cutting edge is 2 feet long, going not more tl
inches deep ; this loosens the surface mould, and cuts 4
alt the yoimg weeds that may be just coming up.
UOD£S OF AGRIC'VLTURE. 289
tUe potatoes are three inclies high, horse-hoe them with a
shim.asdirectedfor beans, that cute 12iDche8 wide, andgo
3 inches deep, and immediately aft«r hand-hoe the rows,
cutting the surface well between plant and plant, and also
the spa«t miased by the shim. Repeat both these operar
liuDs when the plants are six or seven inches high ; and in
about three weeks after give a hond-hoeing, directing the
men gently to earth up the plants, but not to lay the
luouJd higher to their stems than three inches. After this
nothing more is to be done than sending women in to draw
out any weeds that may appear by hand. Take them up
the beginning of October, first carrying away all the stalks
to the farm yard to make dung ; then plough them up
i"-ros» the field; making these new lands very wide, that
I- 4, 3. or 6 perch over, in order to leave as few furrows
tiwt way as possible. Providu tit every plough from ten
111 fifteen men with three pronged forks, and a boy or girl
with a basket to every man, and dispose eight or ten cars
along the land to receive the crop ; I used three wheeled
cuts, as they do not require a horse while they are idle.
Have your wheat seed ready brined, and limed, and the
Teodsman with his basket in the field ; as soou as the
ploughman turns afurrow, the seedsman follows him close,
-praining the seed, not into the furrow just opened, but
into the land thrown over by the plough, the fork-men
then divide themaelvea at equal distances along it, and,
shaking the mould which the ploughman turned over with
their forks, the boys pick up the potatoes. In using their
forks they must attend to leaving the land regular and
handsome, without holes or inequalities, as there is to be
no other tillage for the wheat. They are also always to
stand and move on the part unploughed, and never to
tread on the other ; they are also to break all the land in
piec«s which the ploughman tuma over, not only for getting
all the potatoes, but also for covering the wheat. And
thus they are to go on till the field is finished. If your
men are lazy, and do not wort hard enough to keep the
plough constantly going, you must get more; for they
should never stand still. The treatment of this wheat
wants no directions, and the succeeding crops of the course
are to be managed exaif-tly as before directed ; only you
, TOUR IS IRKLASD.
need not manure tor the turneps, if the potatoes bail is
that respect justice done them.
Flat: Cour»e.
1. Turneps.
2. Flax.
3. Clover.
4. Wheat.
Diredionf.
ThiB for flax on light and dry soils, the turneps to bt
managed exactly as before directed, and the remarks on tlw
till^e of the turaep land for barley are all applicable la
flax, which requires the land to be very fine and friable; '
wonld roll in tJie clover seed in the same manner ; and tlu
weeding and piilUng the flax will assist its growth. T
the flax be saved and stacked like com, threshed in I
spring, and the process of watering and dressing g(
through the same as in the common way. Tliis husbant
la exceedingly profitable.
1. Beans.
2. Flax.
3. Clover.
4. Wheat,
Tliis for strong soils. The bean land to be prepared far
the fiaz exactly in the same manner as before directed Uk
oats.
1. Potatoes.
2. Flax.
3. Clover.
4. Wheat.
For any soils except the very strong ones. The potato*,
to be managed exactly as before directed ; only, npoH
taking them up, the land to be left till spring; but, if W '
no water to be suffered on it in the winter. In the sja '
to apply more or fewer ploughings as will best t
fine friable surface to sow the flax in.
MODES OF AGRICULTURE. 2yl
General ObeeniatioM.
_ In very alooey soils, the iinjjlement called a shim cannot
be ufled to any advantage ; in which case the operations
directed for it must be effected by extra hand-hoeinga. By
land I mean those beds formed in ploughing by the finish-
ing open furrows: the space from furrow to furrow is the
la ploughing wet soils be attentive to get these lands
gradually into a right shape, which is a direct segment of
a circle. A large segment of a small circle raises the
centers too high, and makes the sides too steep; but a
small segment of a largo circle is the proper form — for
instance : —
f
^~ Tbp ROD
' The segment of a appears at once to be an improper
shape for a broad land ; but that of b is the right form ;
keeping wet soils in that shape very much corrects the
natural disadvantages. Permitting the t^ams to go on to
wet soils in wet weather ts a most mischievous practice ;
but it is much worse in the spring than in the autumn. In
all these courses, it is proper to remark that, keeping the
fallow crops, that is, the tumeps, beans and potatoes, aheo-
lut«Iy free from all weeds, and in a loose friable order, is
essential to success. It is not necessary only for those
crops, but the successive ones depend entirely on this
conduct. It ia the principle of this husbandry to banish
fallows, which are equally expensive and iiaelesa ; but then
292 A TOt-R IN IBELAKD.
it is absolutely necessaiy to be aeeiduoue to the lastdi
in keeping these crops in the utmost perfection o£ n
ment ; not a, shilling can be laid out on them th&t will B
pay amply.
There are in the prereding courses several refinemeot
and practices, whiuh I not only approve, but have pra
but omitted here, as I do not think them likely to meet «
the necessary attention in Ireland.
Laying Land to Orate.
There ia no part of husbandry in Ireland less under
than this branch ; and yet, where laud is to be laid dow
none is more important
Begin, according to the soil, with either turneps, b
or potatoes, and manage them as prescribed in the
ceding instructions. If the laud has been long under ■
bad system, by which it hag been exhausted aud tilled w"
noxious weeds, take a second crop, managed exactly L
the first, but one only to be manured. After this a
either barley, oats, or flax, according to the t«nor of t
preceding directions ; but, inatead of clover seed rolled in,
harrow in the following seeds, with those spring crops:
quantities for a plantation- acre,
I51b. perennial red clover, called cow gross, {irifriitm
121b. of white clover, {trifQUura reperui).
15Ib. of narrow leaved plantation, called rib grass, (planlogi
lanceolata).
101b. of yellow trefoil.
Which, if bought at the best hand, will not usually eicoeijm
above twenty-five shillings. All the ploughings given Cdv
this end must tend to reduce the surface to an exact lerdg
but then a very correct attention must be used to dig
furrows, in order to convey away all water.
AUTHOR'S APPENDIX.
Deri-y.
'T'HE shipping of thia place iu 1760 consisted of sixty-
■*■ seven sail, from thirty to three hundred and fifty
7 of nn<i above 300 tons, 18 to 20 meu ami boys.
In 1776, about two thirds of the above; the decline owing
to that of the passenger trade, and in the import of flax-
seed; for eighteen to twenty years back, two thousand
four himdred persona went annually; not more in 1772
and 1773 than usual.
I was informed that there was no foundation for Dr.
mpbell's assertion, that this city suffers remarkably in
jpe of war.'
Extent.
'. G-rew calculated what the real contents of England
jbd Wales were, not at the rate of the geographic mile,
|(lt real statute square, one containing 640 acres, and
Fuliticttl Surrey of Bri»in," vol. i. p. 343,
294
I TOCR IN I
AND.
iiiateB it 46,080,000 a«res,' inetead of the geo^raphi
content of 31,648,000. Ireland, measured in the bu
manner, contains about twenty-five milliona of Englii
acres, or fifteen millions and a half Irish ; which, at n'
shillingH and aevenpence an acre, make the
^67,427,083, Those who consider this attentively will u
think I am abore the truth at six millionB ; aa all tmcolt
vated bog, mountain an<l lake, are included
valuation .
Rental.
The rental of England is stated at page 16 of the w
part to be thirteen shillinga ; but it is not accurate :
compare that with the Ss. 7^. Irish rent. The latter u tl
groBB rent of a,ll the island, including every thing, lei w
deductiouB being made for the portions of lake, bog, i
&G. But that of England, at 13«., is only what is occupied I
the fanners or laadlorda, and does not include large rivei
lakes, royal forests, or common pastures (mountains, hogt
marBhes and moors noE to be excluded, as they are parts e
the lauds let, from which the calculation was made). Upa
a very large allowance, if these are estimated at an cighdl
part of the whole, the account will be 7-8tha of England il
13s. and l-8that notJiing, average ll*. 4d. per acre, im '
of 13». The comparison vrith IreLi.nd then will be.
3. d.
Ireland, rent and rciails 10
England, rent II 4
Hates 13)
IS 6i
Irish acre and money 9 10
Which for an Engluh acre and Englit^h
money is 3 7
Instead of which it is 12«. &\d.; consequently the ^
portion between the rent of land in England and Ireland
nearly as five to eleven ; In other words, that space of '
' " Phil. Trana." Ni<. 330, p. Sfifi.
ACTHOR.S APPKSDIX.
which in Irelajid lets for 5*., would in England j
Deiry . . .
Ardfert . .
Connor . .
ClanmEKnoUe
Corke . . .
St. Pfttrick's
KilJare '. '.
Achonry . .
Killaloe . .
KilmacdangL
Lismore . .
Ardftgh . .
Enily . . .
Deaneries of Ireland.
Cbyne
Kiitennra
Droniore
Clonfert
Ijeigliltn
Armagh
Waterford ....
Christ CImrch . . .
Litnerick
Cawhel
Clogher
Tqau)
Archdeaconry of Kells
Idlniegg.
^ Ja Boctedad ecoaomiua, dt: Dublin ha. levautado entera-
mte de nuevo las lencerias de Irlanda ; cuyog kabitantee
aoeeidot de gran indoleneia. Haa citendido su
ricultura. en lugar que antes vivian de ganadoa y pastoa,
9 tai-taros. See the "AppeBdice a la Educacion
tepuhir." Parte Quarta. p. 35. Madrid 1777, by
■ mpomauea.
fall in the Price of the Products of Land.
Having in the preceding sheets mentioned much distreas
being felt in England from the great fall in the price of all
products, I think I may he pardoned one or two observa-
tlona in defence of opinions I have formerly held, and which
then subjected me to much censure from the pens of a
variety of pamphleteers.
From the conclusion of the last peace, in 1762, to 1775
inclusive, the prices of all the products of the earth were at
BO high a price, that complaints wore innumerable. I have
a shelf in my study almost full of publications on the
subject; and Parliament itself was employed more than
296 A TOVR IX IRKLASD.
oace in enquiria^ into the causes. The suppoeitioDs of tl
pubhck were endleBH, then? was scarcely an object in tl
kingdom, which was not mentioned as a cause ; jobbery
regrators, foreetallera, sample selling, export bounty, poit
horses, stage coaches, houndB, &q. &c.; but some iwspecU
able complainants fixed on great farms and incloflUKMi-
During that period I more than once endearuured to par<
siiade the publick, that the complaint itself was not wdl
founded, tl^t prices were not comparatively so high aslu
been asserted ; that the rise was not owing to an; one <
the causes mentioned, and that a considerable increaw '
national wealth was fully sufficient to account for it.
In the years 1776. 1777, and 1778, prices fell oonmdeFl
ably; and in 1779 so low, that very general complu
have been heard of ruined farmers and distressed la
lords ; and at the time I am now writing the fact holdi
that there is a very considerable fall in aU products, &
great numbers of farmers ruined. I have the prices
wool now for forty years before me ; and that which t
1758 to 1767 was from 18f. to 21». a tod. is for 1779 onl
12«. and was in 1778 but 14«. We must go hack to 175
to find a year so low as the last. Wheat and all sorts a
grain are greatly fallen.'
In addition to these facta, let me obserre th&t f^
farms and enclosures are now as prevalent aa ever. If thq
were the occasion of high prices before, how come they na
to have the same effect now ? But it is quite unneceasai
to dwell upon a fact, which at the first blush brings wil
it the most complete conviction.
When, Bi. 10 3t. 6d. which Bve ymn ngo
nm 6t. to It.
B«rley, i,. ditto
3«. M.
UaU, St. ditio
■it. &d.
Benna, H. lOd. to 3i. ditto
3f. ed.
Wool, I2d. to I5t. ditto
I6i. to at*.
Lttmbs. 6«. ditto
12a.
2yeoro]dKBthBr8,IO«. . . wlilcli wer
eao.,
Cowa, £5 to £6
£7 to £9.
H.,gB.aO..
3G>.
4rearold»tecM, £3 10..lo£S
£7 lo £10.
Oak timber, £3 to £< . . .
£3 I0>. to £* lOt.
Aah ditto, £1i to £2 Sf. . . „
£b Itk. to £3.
—iAulf,ar't Ml,;-]
author's appendix. 397
After the peace of 17G2. there was a very great influx of
wealth into this kingdom, which had the effect of Dominally
TsiBing all prices, not of corn and cattle only, but of land
itself; prices have declined in 1776. 1777 and J778, but
greatly in 1779. I am very apt to believe, that as the
former dearnees, as we called it, waa owing to plknty of
money, the present cheapneta is owing to scabcitt ; not t»
a Bc&rcity, generally speaking, because there is a proof that
the specie of the kingdom was never greater than at pre-
sent, but to a scarcity in these innumerable channels, which
like the smaller veins and ramifications of the human body,
carry the blood to the least of the extremities. There is
no scarcity of money in London, as I am informed by
several very considerable bankers and merchants. But
why ifl it BO plentiful there ? In order to be a]>])lied at
seven or eight per cent, interest in pnblick loans. This
tnrcumatance it is which collects it from every part of the
country, from every branch of national industry, and which
oocaaions the effect now so generally complained of, a fall
in all prices. The reason why the farmers are ruined,
which is really the case with numbers, is their having taken
tenures of their lands at a rent proportioned to high prices ;
nor is this the only circumstance ; labour ought to ful with
other commodities; but Government, having four hundred
thousand men in pay, and consequently to be recruited, bids
high in the market against the farmer, Poor-rates also
ought to fall ; but there is bo much folly, knavery, and
infatuation, in every part of that abominable administra-
tion, that I am not at all surprised at seeing them rise,
which is the fact. These three circumstances easily account
for the distress of the farmer.
We may in future, I apprehend, expect to see more accu-
nite ideas of what has been called dear and ckeap rates of
products, and never more to hear of great farms, engrossers
of farms, commanding and monopolizing markets, or
enclosures, condemned for doing that which we now find
them BO utterly incapable of doing, that the farmers arc
ruined and in gaol for want of the power to effect matters,
for which they were before so execrated. We at least gain
something, if the present exjierieace gives the lie direct to
all that folly, nonsense and absurdity, with which the
298 A TOUR IS IRELAND.
publiek wa.9 so repeatedly pestered. And there is the mc
reason for this, because, if aueb a peace Bucveeds the preM
war. as leavra ua a wealthy and prosperous people, pn<
will assuredly rise ; when that folly might a^ia be a
with, if not at present displayed in the true colours.
I know there are persona, who attribute both the form
high, aud the present low prices, to difference wf o
speaking much of plentiful and scarce years ; I have
uniformly of opinion, that the difference of product, np
an average of all soils, to be extremely small, so small
not to operate upon price ; and even upon particular s]
the difference is not nearly so great, as to aecouut for
considerable rise or fall. If this was a proper place, 1 coi
offer many reaaoos and facts for this opinion ; but> if
accept the idea, then there is at once an end to great £ar
and encloBurea as the cause of the rise, which are the t
circumstances the most insisted on.
■' I have lately received an account of a large commoi
field in Tieicestershire. which used to produce annually w
qrs, of corn, besidea maintaining 200 cattle, but wtw
now, in consequence of being incloted and grUing intof«i
hands, produces little or no com ; aud maintaina nomol
cattle than before, though the rents are cousidenbi
advanced." — Da. Pbice'sjShpj>. io Ob». on Rev.Pay.-p.2S
In Northamptonshire and Leicestershire, enclosing h
greatly previuled, and most of the new enclosed l{^rdahi
are turned into [jasturage, in consequence of which mai
lordships have not now 50 acres ploughed yearly, in w
1,500, or at least 1,000 were ploughed formerly; 1
scarce an ear of com is now to be seen in some that b
hundreds of qrs.; and so severely are the effects of t
felt, that more wheat had been lately sold in tit
counties, on an avera^, at 7s. and 7s. 6d. the WiachM
bushel, than used to be sold at 3s. 6il." Bit. 1
ADvniQ'TOs'sReaton* ogaitntEnclotiii^OpenfieldM. Aao
closures have since proceeded as rapidly as ever — pi»y, wfc
is wheat down at 3s. &d. again, if it was endoaing t'
raised it to 7g. 6rf".?
I
KTHTTR YOUNG'S CONTRIBUTIONS ON IRELAND
TO THE ■■ ANNALS OF AGEICULTTJEE."
reatioru on the Commercial Arrangement with Irelatid,
"Annals," ToL HI. (1785), p. 257.
9 9, proposal for breaking down aorae of the innumerable
bars and obstacles to freedom of trade, bad been made in
the last century, we know the reception it would have met
with in an t^e busily employed in multiplying reatrictionB
and prohibitions ; but that eucb a proposition should be
seriously opposed towards the close of the eighteenth cen-
tury, may make one conclude, that the science of politics is
yet in its infancy ; and that traders will nerer t-ease their
arduous endeavours to deceive, whilo indolence and igno-
rance are found to believe them. It should always be had
in recollection, by any person who examines this or any
similar question, that monopoly is the trader's god. Their
first object is to get a market ; and their second, to keep
off all r.'ompetitors ; in proportion aa they can do this, they
buy cheap and sell dear, and a small capital makes as great
returns as a large one would do under different circum-
stances. The desire is exceedingly natural ; and I am far
from reprobating men for pursuing, with eagemesB, what
they conceive to be strongly their own interest. But when,
in order to promote that interest, they bring all sorts of
evidence and allegations to the bar of a House of Parlia-
ment, should they deceive the members of a I^egislature
too indolent to take the trouble of thoroughly examining a
qaestion seemingly complex — such a Legislature may sacri-
fice the interests of a silent many, to those of the clamorous
few : in which case they would merit the reproaches of an
oppressed people.
300 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
The iRoaopoliziag spirit lias filled our statute-books witli
roatrictiona aod prohibitions of almost erery speciee ull
foreign manufacture, in order to give our own tlie unnTalled
command of our markets. There is not a doubt but ths
effect has been iu several instances to vitiate our fabrics;
since nothing tends more powerfully to protect them, than
a brisk competition, which keeps invention aud exertion oB
the stretch. But, to secure the monopoty of our bomv-
market to ourselves, has been thought essential to the
national interests, and yet if the idea became uatversal, &1I
trade and intercourse between nations would ce-aBe ; being
in truth a false and mean principle, as injurious to the
society at large, as it seems beneficial to those who furnish ■
the supply,
la fact, it is only by the competition arising from a, tie
or equal trade, that a nation can discover what are thos
great and leading objects which ought to employ her capit^
and command the attention of her industry. Fabrics that
suit so little the climat«, products, taste, and genius of the
people, as to stand in need of amonopolizing eucouragement,
are of so sickly a growth, that they are rather national evils —
a deviation of capital from more favourable pursuits, than i
beneficial enough to demand such pernicious means of m|^
port. Aforeigncompetitionin our own markets, which tomeA*
aside such ill-employed capitals into more productive chai
nela, in which were enjoyed superior advantages, would h
very far from a national evil, however hard it might beU
on certain individuals. ^™
In every discussion of this sort, we should remembc
there are two very distinct interests in the kingdom, tht
commercial, and the consuming. It is the interest of tha
former to sell as dear aa they can ; it is the interest of thC
latter to buy as cheap as they can. The Legislature t
conducts itself on principles which mark a greater att«ntioa
to the first than to the latter of these classes, proce«ds very
blindly indeed.
We must not be told, that the commercial part of t .^^
society fonns a third or a half of the total, and, therefor^
merits a proportional attention ; this would be entirely
fallacious, for the manufacturing classes rank in botlt
situations, The individual selling Ihe product of his
APPENDIX. 301
niaiiofacture. is in the commercial class ; but buying for
Iiis use the product of other manufactures, be ia clearly
among tlie consumers. A cotton manufacturer is interested
in his fabric meeting with uo competition ; but the greater
the rivalship in all others which he consumes the better.
Thos every manufacturer in England, eicept the Manchester
ones, are interested that cotton goods should be cheap : all
the fabricH in Britain, except the woollen, that cloth should
be cheap ; and the whole commercial interest of the king-
dom, except Birmingham. Sheffield, &c. that hardware
should be no monopoly. Thus the circle revolves, and
arranges with the consuming class, a very considerable
deduction from the commercial one.
To apply these principles ; let us suppose a proposal from
the Court of Versailles, pursuant to the article in the last
treaty, for settling the commerce of the two kingdoms upon
a reciprocal footing, that all the manufactures of each shall
be received in the other, paying equal duties ; should suoh
a proposal be accepted ? The Chamber of Manufactures
might blow their horn for objections from Aiminster to
Olasgow. One place would find out, tha-t provisions are
cheaper in France than in England : another, that nominal
labour is as three to five : a third, that French flax is Itetter
than Enghsh: a fourth, that Prance produces raw silk; a.
fifth, that S6vres porcelaine would rival Worcester and
Derby ; and a hundred others would come, each with his
objection. The scheme thus violently opposed, what ought
the Legislature to do ? Certainly to set aside minute ob-
jections, and look only to the great outline ; the national
advantage upon the whole. That always calls for freedom :
for ever demands the annihitation of restriction and pro-
hibition : two neighbouring, great, populous, industrious,
and wealthy nations are formed to be reciprocal markets to
each other : commercis.! jealousy, listened to in barbarous
ages, and by ignorant legislators, propagated the idea, that
the poverty of one nation formed the wealth of another;
till seasons of peace brought no pacification in industry.
Political friendship existed with commercial enmity : the
war of the sword might cease, but that of duties and pro-
hibitions was endless, There is no friendship in trade.
But it may be said, ought we not to calculate on which
I
302 A TOUR I>" IRELAND.
Bide the advuntage will lay ? The lesa the better. Sae
catculatioDs are Tery cougenial with the warehouse and Ui
counter ; but ought to have little weight with an ealtghteoe
Legislature- A thousand inetanceB have ta\d us buw falU
doua and short-sighted they are always found. PraTisim
7 per cent. ; raw material 2 per coat. ; £uel 4 per cent. ; I&xt
10 per ceut-i uavigation 1^ per cent. It is all agaiost v
We shall be undone ! Such has been the language a thoi
sand times -, and yet events have rarely £aile<l of giving tl
lie to it. To euconn^e freedom ; to break down the mound
that have been raised against mutual traffic ; to auima
industry by competition, and to check the jealousy of tl
commerci^ spirit ; to do all this, is to proceed on sound si
efficient principles that are worth a thousand calcnlatioi
But, if you leiU calculate, do it on grounds which loni
experience has proved to be the true foundation. Enquir
which country 1^ the greatest commercial capital ; themo
improved and animated industry ; the best workmen Si
the best tools ; in a word, which has, in general maaofM
ture, made the largest strides : rest assured that these ai
the circum stances that will decide the future competitioiii
and laugh at the little minds that calculate the minnA
of the lw:lance on paper, yet forget the animating soul a
established prosperity, that inspirits, invigunttes, and a
tends every effort of national industry ; that finds, in pn
sentpossession.the means of future increase; that looks wild
pleasureon the wealth, not thepOTertv.of ueighbouTB,seciU
in the superiority of skill and application for converting tha
prosperity into the means of her own aggrandizement.
But the question is with Ireland ! — It is of no consequenc
with what country. The principle I have touched upOE
Freedom of Commerce, appUes to all ; to France, to S
to Germany. It would be starting a paradox, indeed, I
assert, that that rule of national conduct, which is rigb
with all the world, with foes as well as friends, can hi
wrong with Ireland.
But here I shall be told of manufacturers examined S
the l)ar of the House of Commons, who have t
directly the contrary of all this ; who have drawn parallel
between Britain and Ireland, tending to show that thi
latter has so many advantages that she will run awajr witi
APPENDIX. 303
our ttianufacturea and commerce, and that we shall ^>e
mined by the proposed approximation to a free tradf.
Before I enter into the details necessary to this question,
permit me a word or two upon the credit to be given to
these sort of esaminations of men who conceive themaelvcB
to be very deeply interested in enquiries, in which party is
but too apt to mingle. My observations do not go to any
particular evidence, but generally to all ; and upon other
questions as well as this of Irish commerce.
Those who have read, or recollect the evidence which
merchants and manufacturers have given upon various sub-
jects at the bar of the House of Commons, when they have
had some favourite measure to carry, will be convinced that
all such examinations are to be listened to with great cau-
tion and allowances. I was an auditor in the gallery of one
that lasted a part of two sessions in 1773 and 1774, when
the whole linen trade of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
appeared at the bar to implore for what would now be called
protecting duties, that is, higher customs on foreign linens.
pleading the utter declension and threateued ruin of their
fabrics. Their facts, in the great outline, were all false,
and their apprehensions visionary, as experience began to
prove, even before the examination ended ; and, if the
authentic registers of that trade, such as the import from
Ireland, eiport with bounty, and yards stamped for sale,
be now looked into, the reader that takes the trouble will
be amazed at the hardiness that could raise such a spirit of
complaint, when there was so little reason for it [ the evil
being, in truth, nothing more than a very temporary stagna-
tion, owing to the check which every branch of industry
sustained on the failures of Mr. Fordyce, &c.
Another examination which I heard, and which made a
great noise in its time, was upon the bill for cutting ofE
the commercial intercourse between Newfoundland, the
West Indies, and the revolted Colonies ; the utter ruin of
those trades, if the bill passed, was the object to be proved
at the bar ; and more desperate destruction never appeared
there : but the bill passed, and every iota of what had lieen
so clearly proved, was found to be speculative and imaginary.
In the great declension and ruin, as it was called, of the
woollen fabrics, when petitions for severer punishments
I
304 A TOOK IN IRELAND.
<m niDuiDg (uwlirifj it was then trailed) of raw wool, inj
stricter prohibitions on every species of foreign goodi, im>
ported or suiuggied, were called for ; Parliament waa itttei
with examination B. committeeB sat, and the press s-
with croaking publications. At that very period, wlieii tbt
custom-house came to be examined, the export of oir^^
woollen moDufacture was found to be greater than it ba
ever been before ; and men were with good reason astonisfat
at the commercial impudence whit-Ii had instigated th
whole trade to complain of ruin, because wool happened t<
be a little dearer than commou.
A yet more remarkable instance was the number cf
petitions 'which flowed into Parliament against the bill tlilt
(lermitted the import of woollen yam free of duty. TO*
ebeapnesB of spinning in Ireland is so much greater thut.
in England, that it was apprehended sucha meaanrewooU
totally ruin our own spinning trade. The opposition to tht
measure failed ; and time has now so completely coDTince^i
our manufacturers of that ^regions folly, that should v
duty now be proposed on the import, they would, and mm'
more justly, be in a. flame.
To instants every case vould fill a volume ; our traden
liavo generally been successful, and worried Parliament iilt4
measures pernicious to the kingdom. To this have h
owing the prohibitions and high duties on foreign lineU^
laces, cambrics, and a thousand of other articles, which haTff
induced other powers to copy our policy, and prohiHt o
hardware and woollens ; we have listened to the iuterestvi
manufacturers of petty articles, and by it, injured in almod
eveiy other country our great and essential fabrics, "~
this has been entirely owing the horrible restrictions aai,
oppressions on the colony commerce, which caused thrw
wars, a debt of 200 millions, and at last the loss (i{ it bes
loss) of all America. To this spirit we arc solely obligd
for having the present question before us ; for had n *
Ireland been governed, or rather oppressed, by the sai
prohibitions, in order for her market to be made a monopol]^^
she had not been in the predicament of this day. Th« \om
of America, and the independency of Ireland, are obrioiu^
to be carried to our commercial account.
Such are the fatal conseiuences that have flowed, and
APPENDIX.
305
ROW from conducting the polities of trade, by the
advice of inertlianta and manufacturers !
spirit stjli contiuueB ; and we are now in the
midst of more examiuatioDS, the great object of which is still
monopolr. Keep our markets to ourselveB ; and do not let
the Irish come in competitioa ; if this is not dcue, Ireland
will run away with the supply j the gain will be all hers, the
loss alone ours. Our great manufacturers will emigrate with
their capitals to Ireland, for carrying on their Lusinese to
This wretched stuff, which jt ia a folly to hear, and a
disgrui'e to answer, refutes itself, and has been refuted a
thousand times by experience. There never was a single
examination at the bar for these hundred years past, in
which this identical assertion has not lieen ma.de. The
emigiTttion of great stocks, great skill, and a great manufac-
ture from a rich country to a poor one ! I will venture to
assert that the whole world cannot give an instance of it.
We may defy the men that talk this language lo quote one.
But they say they will do it themselves. — It is now doing.
Springes to catch woodcocks. If it was never done before,
it will not be done now. Will you not believe a man's
positive assertion ? Why should I believe A. more than B. ?
Positive record tells me that B. C. D. E. Ac. appeared at
the bar upon interested questions, and |^ve an evidence
calculated only to deceive. Is it a manufacturer at your
bar that asks for a monopoly ? — Yes. Why then he shall
have no credit from me : whether he comes from North.
South, East, or West ; whatever his fabric. I am now smart-
ing in common with my fellow subjects, under a heavy
category of taxes, owing merely to such evidences being
listened to and believed ; and common sense unites with
experience to dictate my rejecting the whole.
But, let us reason a moment upon the assertion that
considerable manufacturers will emigrate. I am not willing
to repeat what has been written already ; but Dr. Tucker
has fully proved the impracticability of this imaginary
transfer of stocks, capital, buildings, implements, and all
the complex system upon which a great fabric depends. I
shall, however, add that, granting a master-manufacturer
ready to emigrate with his capital, that he will, supposinjf
306 A TOUR IN IRELfL^D.
tlie cheapness of tabour r^atcuded for in Ireland,' find Mv
wortmen of a, very different opinion ; the emij^ration from
high wages to low; from 8s. to ■4a: from beef to pot&toe^
from porter to butter-milk, is perfectly incotnjirehetuible a
their ideas. These men, therefore, who assert that in&nu
focturing labour in Ireland is 100 per cent, cheaper than il
England, and yet that our fabrics will move, start a tnaoi
feat coutradJction. The emigration of a manufacture, U
the emigration of the workmen, not the master : and thotuft
the latter must be a great friend to low wages in theory, d»
will not be so ia practice i for such lowness ia mcre^
nominal: it is the cheapness of barbarity, backwardne
and ignorance ;' it is a dieapuess that keeps men poor a
wretched, without making the masters rich. Com, u
Ireland, sells higher than in England, iind the price o(
husbandry labour but one third of what it is with ub. Whtifc
a fine thing for their farmers, who must all be Huh ! Jut,
the contrary, they are beggars, and for that re&son
truth, mifnufacturers never emigrate hut for higher
than such as they have been accustomed to : they may bl^
aad certainly are, tempt«d abroad, to carry their skill ittU
other countries. But is it by potatoes aod milk ? is it h]
the inducement of low wb^s ? Ridiculous contradiction i
common sense ! Yet has this been awaUowed at the bw d
a. House of Parliament. Upon the article, however, of loH
wages, I lay little stress ; for the fact is not so relative to iki
master- manufacturer, though there is some truth in it re)b
tive to the men : cheap labour to the master, and the beotA
of his fabric, is not to be discovered by the pay per dient
for skill, goodness of work. At:, come iuto the question, a
form a material part of it. To compare the price of laboVE
of two countries, can only be done by taking a pdece
linen, woollen, or cotton goods, and enquiring at wht
' It IB Mvrted to be 100 per cent, cbenper 1
' "IVluwntiMoflabourisiinugBtury ■rgiiment ; f<ir,unin iheioMM
ibnl the price i>f lib-mr is eijual, th? lupi^rinriCy of muiufutura nt
remain with the English. The price of labour risn nitb (he gruwih I
miuinfacture, anrl Is highrsl when tbe manufiulure ia boat. Tba «*
periencc of ever; duty t-'l[> us, that where tbe price of labour
the manuriftunir is able tn leU bis commnditj b[ tbe lowest pnofc*
Mr. Burke's ipeeoh in 1778. on ibe Irish Bill. Pari. Wt)., red. '-
p. 179.
APPENDIX. 307
average pric« it tian be equally well made in both, lu this
mode of enqairy, 10*. per week will generally be found t-o
be cheaper ws^es than 8«.
It has been asserted at the bar of the Houee of CommoDB,
that the price of weaving- labour is 4«. a week in Ireland,
and &s. In England ; meaning, I suppose, on an average.
This iH an instance, and a remarkable one, how little
reliance is to be placed on such examinations, commenced
after some favourite meaaure is to be carried, or api)rehended
evil deprecated. At a time when no public question was in
agitation, when party and commerce were not in any union,
and there was no temptation, because no motive, to dec«ive,
I went from one end of Ireland to the other, and made
innumerable inquiries into the state of all their manu-
factures, and particularly the price of labour. I had my
intelligence at the fountain-head ; for the principal master-
manufacturers gave it me, and it was confirmed by the men.
I found the average of linen-weaving was, in fine goods,
St. Gd. per week, and in coarse ones 6e. 3d. -. I did not meet
with a single instance where it was so low as 4s. This was
not the price in any particular period, but general when the
men had employment ; nor was it the price in any temporary
stagnatiouof the trade, which threw niunbers out of employ-
ment, and in which, of course, earnings would be lower.
If it is said, that some years have elapsed since those
f-nquiriea, the reply is plain, no change has taken place
since in the rates of labour, but what have been temporary,
and owing to stagnations that have nothing permanent in
them ; my private intelligence long since received assures
me of this, and it is confirmed by a variety of authority.
As this point of manufacturing-labour has had a great
stress laid on if, in my opinion very absurdly, I shall add
another circumstance or two. I found in the woollen
fabrics, in the county of Cork, at Kilbrac, that combers
earned \Qs. per week, and weavers the same, losing one day
in 18. At Castlemartyr, combers 8s., and in other woollen
fabrics in that country combers from Ss. to 10s., and
weavers 7c These combing prices are not quite so high as
in England, but they are high enough to banish every idea
of Ireland rivalling us from lownesa of labour. I found
some years ago in similar inquiries in England, that upon
I
au avorage of nine' places, mt^n earned 8». 5d. a wwk:
aixteen' others, men 9s. Bd. women 4>». 7if. and child
2a, 8rf. A weaver, at Norwich, with his boy included, did
earn more than 7s. a week on on average ; but with '
could make more. Darlington, linen weavers 7a. to 8*. t;
Upon the whole, these prices will not allow us to c(
jeuture, that the real value of labour ia lower in IreU
than it is in England ; and, if we lake into the account I
greater cheapness of provisions, the sure encounger
idleness, and consequently of bad work, we shall be M
rinced, that the article labour is more in favour of t
English manufacturer than his Irish rival : but let it ei
be remembered, that this comparison depends on skill,
habitual and steady exertion, which certainly render '
in that view, uniformly cheapest ia the dearest coun)
I have, on another occasion, taken notice of the non
cheapness of husbandry-labour in Ireland: it isS^iift
and I aver that pay (nor do I speak ignorantly, having
above 40 labourers in my employ there) is really
though so much nominally cheaper, than 2a. would be :
Suffolk. It would be very difficult to convince me. tb
something of this sort is not likewise found in manufactun
If it is not, what are the principles that govern a well-knoi
fact, that we can undersell the Irish.and have always dooei
in their nwn morkets.inavarietyofgoods.in spite of nomin
labour-taxes, freight, insurance, Ac? We actually do it 1
some branches, even of their favourite manufacture, lin«i
While the information of the day is au>iject to so mm
error and deception, imrticulars gained and declared pf
vioUB to this public agitation are valuable, and far mo
decisive than any to be bad at preeent. Mr. ArbuthiK
inspector of the linen manufacture in Ireland, wasemploji
in 17S2 to examine the fabrics of the kingdom, and
their state and situation. In his first report in that
' LarenhHtD, Sudbury, Hnlingham, Braintree, Witney,
Ssliabiirr. KumB«y, Gl.nicesler.
' Bectrord.ltntherhiini.Sbeflielil, Wnhpfiplil, Leeds. Ayton,
Newcuile, Carliilc. KenilnJ, Warrington, Liverpool, Msnolwster,
lem, Newcutic, Won-eater.
' Report of the Linen Cominillee, 1773.
APPENDIX. 309
he deecribea the great undertaking in the cotton branch, at
the new town of ProBjjerous. These are the prices of labour
he mmufeB. A sheeting-weaker, who earns only 10s. or lis.
a week, will in the cotton earn 13it. to 15«. A lad of 13.
who had served but a year, earned 8s. or 9«. Active lads at
the spinning-jeunj lie. to 15«. Girls from 9ii. to lis., who
at flax spinning could get uo more than 2s. or 3*. Sueh are
the low ratoa of labour, which we are now told are to over-
tum the fixed established stocks, skill, and industry of our
Manchester fabrics, ae if they were the fabrics of a vision !
The same unim peached authority was informed in Limerick,
by the mauufactiu'ers, that the prices of woollen-weavers
were then higher than in England. And by Messrs. Lane.
near Cork, that the Irish weavers will not work so much in
tlie day as the English.' Does uot this tally exactly with
the result of all my enquiries in Ireland ; and confirm the
suspicion I just now hinted, that the nominal rates of labour
deceive; and that the real superiority is with England?
And does auy reason remain for surprise, that England
actually undersells Ireland in cloth made of Irish yam 'r
The dearest proof in the world that the dear and wealthy
country will, in almost every competition, get the better of
the cheap and poor one.
It has, in the same manner, been apprehended, that they
would navigate so much cheaper, aa to rival us in the carry-
ing, and even coasting trades : but there never was the
shadow of an authority for this idea. I found, at Water-
ford, that ship-building vas .£10 per ton ; that is 20«,
dearer toon in the Thames, where it is dearer than in any
other part of the kingdom.'
At Belfast, Waterford, and Cork, seamen in peace were
paid 28«. to 30«. a month, but in war from iOe. to 60s.
The peace price in England is 25s. to SOs.' Add to all this,
that the freight and insurance from Cork to the West
Indies, is the same as from London.' But, it is furi^her
contended, that should the cheapness of Irish labour not
have the dreaded event, the lowness of their taxes compared
I Third Repon.
" " , Al Hull, Wbilby,*<-.,je; I0». In ths South Biiil WeM,
ittieKl.
Commercial An'SDgcm<'nl uiLli Ii'olBiid cxplaiueJ f
810
A TOUB IN IBELAXD.
with oura would ensure the eTil. This is another vulgar
error, thrown out to catch uninformed people, that have not
taken the trouble to make ihemeelves maBterH of the combi-
nations that regulut« this queatiun. To assert that taxes
cannot ruin a manufacture would be pre]K>ateroUfl ; but
ezperieaue has given us no instances of Jt in this kingdom.,
where it is a fact known to all tlie world, that notwittutaad-
ing our vast increase of taxation, many of our fabrica,-
perhaps the most important of them, have sunk in their
price 1 not because the tases increased, but in spite of
them ; and because lai^e capitals, extensive correspondenae
and credit, improved skill and active industrj, will secure
the superiority, when they come in competition with the no
taxes of poorer countries. For, let it be remembered, that
taxes follow wealth ; and are in every country of the world
paid easiest where they are highest; their height being
little more than a proof of the wealth that is able to sup.
port and even thnve under them. The reader sees, '
course, that I speak iu reference only to the industrious
classes. If this observation was not completely true, all the
export of British manufactures would have jterished long
ago. But the fact is, that this immensely taxed country
undersells every neighbour she luts in the world, much mora
than she is undersold, and none so decidedly as the poor
couDtries that pay scarcely any taxes. Irelaud is a pregnant
instance of this fact. K we have any rivals, we must not
look (or them in poor countries, where the public burthens
are low, we must go to Holland and Flanders, among the
richest and highest taxed territories of Europe : and to
some great wealthy French cities, where provisions ar»
dearer, and taxes higher, than in any other towns of the
monarchv. Irish laud pays no land-tax, no poor-rates, and
is wrought by men at 6^. a day : according to that mode of
reasoning which I am combating, the com of that land
should l>e much more than cent, per cent, cheaper than that
of England. The contrary, however, is the fact ; and it is
uniformly dearer.' Why? I have examined the agri-
' It it no roplj' to my, that cattle being ibo product of IivlaDil, corn
most bu dear ; fur tho soil ia prawr fbr botli, and there is k fne tibrttioa
between diffbrent prodncta ; rattle are cheap, and com dear, which migfal
to encourage the latter ; the real caiue is, that freding cattle demwidi
I
I
APPENDIX. 311
lionlture of both kingdoms, more, I may without ranity
Haerb, than any other mna ever did, and I can reply in
three words — Capital, Skill, and Industry are less. With
6uch a prodigious auperiority in the eye of the theorist, why
do not British capitis go over to improre the lands of
Ireland ? Because nothing is so difficult as the transfer of
capital from one country to another ; a bill of (exchange will
oonrey the cash, but the owner of it is not so easily trans-
ported : habit, custom, enga^ments, fixed property, and a
thousand other circumatancea impede his removal.
I have stated, that th<; price of com is higher in Ireland
than in England ; it ia so ; but provisions in general are
certainly cheaper,' and this is brought as a fact that
threatens us in the future manufacturing competition
between the two kingdoms. But, in the opinion of the
beet writers,' this is not to the advantage of Ireland. It is
an evil in the ideas of all their own master-man ufacturers,
as they assured me themselves ; and the notion was general
amongst the beat iufoi-med people there. The minutes of
my Irish Tour will shew this in various instances.'
no (kill, but the culture of com ii a baiine» Ibit require* nnremitlcil
•tientiox, and the pe'>ple mre ti-o bachwiird to do it to sildinlSKe. I«nd,
ID SafTilk, pays 3t. in ibe pound land-tax, ;u. more pour-ratea, arvd ii
wniught by men who bave I6J. anil I8d. > day ; jm the corn of this
^eonnty, under the expeiuei of land -carriag?, fntigliT, lulmg. nnladine,
iBenrajice. ci"imnis»ion, and purt -charges, uDcl*r»ell« Iri»h mm in the
ksrkets of Ireland.
■ 'Ilie pHce of meal in Ireliwl lo the pHce in EncUnd, ai 1 1 to U
' Ti> ailvauce trade in IreUiHl proTisioiu mual be rendered dear. — Sir
William Tiffnple.
TVade can Defer be extended itfaere the nceea*arie« of life are tary
dMap.— Sir W. Petty, and Sir Joa. Child.
Ptuiitiona cheap in North America, and labour therefore dear.— Dr.
Pnnklin.
Uigh taiea make proiiiioiu dear, and thereby promote indoitry. — De
Wille.
Datch indnatry, fmm high price* of pro'iKioii*, boai|:hl our r*pe, made
OU, and with it un.lerwld u> in our own market*. —Mr. L,<cke.
' Cotlen : The Mnen-raannractore neTer Uounahea when oatowal ia
ofaeap. The i^reBtHt eiponi »bcii it U desreit.
IiarKan: When proriiioniacedieap, tbeweaiert live at wbiiky-boaMa,
Warrenaiowti : When proiiAiunn are dear, the mure linen cooini lo
cloth n
cheap together — Iba m
TOLR IS IRELAND.
312
I am uot surprised tliat, in this general alarm at th»
imagiuarj superiority of Irelaad, the article fuel ebould
have beeo named : but surely never anything vas more'
unfortunately brought in ; for in thia respect there ia no
comparison between the two countries. Ireland has co&U,
but her collieries are worked in so incomplete a manner, for
want of capital, that she cannot with the assistance of a
parliamentary bounty supply even her own capitaJ, It ia a
fact, that the colliers employed in some of her impracticable
coal-mines, actually burnt peat as the cheaper fuel in their
own cottages. But the import of English and Scotch coala
will shew, io a moment, what is to be espeet«d from Iriab
collieries.
Tons.
Average per ann. of 7 yeara, from 176* to 1770 . ISD.nS
Seven do. from 1771 to 1777 204,666
The year 1782 241,331
Value at 15s, . , £180,998.
Ab to peat, it is the dearest of all fires.
When fuel is, upon an average, so much dearer than in
England, what uiUHt, we think of apprehensions, lest Bir-
mingham, Sheffield, Wolverhampton, and Rotherham should
be undi^raold by Irish hardware. Much reasoning on such
(juestiuna as these should be avoided when we can brina
experience to decide them. Seven years ago Lord NortA-
brought into the House of Commons his five trade billa ; ihei
object of which was partially to lay open the colony and'
A^ican trade to the Irish ; and to permit the import, into
Great Britain, of cotton, yam, cordage, and sail-cloth, from
Ireland, duty free. While the resolutions to this purpose
stood ou the Journals of the House, the whole manufacturing
interest of the kingdom took the alarm, and the table wai
covered with [letitions against the measure, as utterl]
s and destructive.
I
The petitions from the following now lie before me i-
Preflton— Jiinen, &C. | Glasgow — Traders Hmd mann-l
Bridport — Sail-cJotli. factiirerB.
Htoarbridse and Dudlej — Glass Walsall — Brium and iron.
and nails. Worcester— Gbves.
APPENDIX,
I
istAl— Merchants and tnanu-
factnrera, lienip, iron, steel,
glaes. anil Huai).
Yeovil, &c. -Bail-cIoth.
Aberbrothock.
Wolverliamntoa —Iron.
Lancaster— Sail-cloth and ttnap.
Newton.
"Warrington — Sail-cloth, &p.
E xetcr — WoojIenM.
Liverpool— Tallow, soap, glass,
nud merchants.
County of Chester.
Stockport— Checks, &c.
Prescot, &c.—S&il -cloth.
Blackbiirn— Calico- prin tere.
!Manrhetjter — Linen anil cotton.
London ^Tallow -cliandlera,
su(^r-relinet», and glau.
»
The number of petitions was 62, the tenour of then
nearly similar: there was not one concession made to Ire-
land, in the reeolutions at which they were alarmed, that
they did not expressly declare would be utterly mioous to
the respective manufavttireTs of England and Scotland.
They urged, that the low taxes, cheap ptoviaiouH and labour,
aad local ailvaDt«.geB of Ireland, would raise a competition
against them, which it would l>e impossible to withstand:
that tJiemBelves and workmen must emigrate, that the poor
■would be without employment, poor rates prodigiously
increased, general poverty and distress the general conse-
quence, and that land-rents must necessarily sink. In one
word, they raised a clamour nearly though not quite so
^reat as exists at present.
A circumstance happened in the progress of those peti-
tions truly curious, and which shewed the grounds lighter
than air on which our manufacturers could bring their
apprehensions before the Legislature : the permission for
importing sail-cloth duty free from Ireland, had been in
being many years before ; but Mr, Burke, without knowing
that such a law exi3t«d, brought in the biU then before the
House. The English sail-cloth manufacturers, especially
those of Somersetshire, took the alarm, and stated the
manifold injuries that would befall them should such a
measure t^ke place. May 4, 1778, Mr. Burke remarks to
the House, that if the bill was to be productive of the con-
sequences stated in the petitions, it was a little extraordinary
the petitioners forgot to liomplain when they were hurt ;
and now feel so strongly when there is not even a possibility
of anstaining any injury. From this he inferred, that the
jealousy entertained of the other Irish bills was equally ill
314 A TOCR IN IRELAND.
founded, and only originated in grose prejudice, (
selfieb views of interested individuals.'
In the years 1778. 1779. and 1 780, all that these petitiooa
apprehended was enacted ; and a great deal more by the
acknowledged legislative independeni-e of 1782. So that,
owing to the liberal spirit of Lord North and Mr, Fox, tJiat
was done, which, according to the t«nour of these petition^
must necessarily entail distress and ruin on bo mail
branches of trade and fabric.
Now let ua enquire into the event, which from five t
seven years' experience enables ua clearly to ascertain ; U
us examine whether the horrible apprehenaiona hreathei
by the petitiona, were founded in truth and propriety, (
whether they were no more than the chimeras of monopoly—
the agitations of diatempered imaginationa.
If the effects which terrified our traders and i
facturers took place, we must £nd them either in a dectin
of our own manufactures and commerce, or in the alarmini
increase of those of Ireland.
Linen aiamped for sale in Scotland.
Yard*.
The highest year previous to 1773, waa that of I
when there were _
In 1782 15,346,74
Iiil783 17.074,"
While Britiah linen has thua thriven, our import of
has not increased.
1775 21,976.822 yardiu
1776 20,989.371 „
1777 21.161.063 „
1782 24,692,072 „
1783 15,912,068 ,.
The registered broad and narrow woollen cloths of
shire have increased.
Broads. N(
Yards. YanU.
In 1778 heins the greatest of any
preceding year 3,795,990 2,7*6.718
In 1782 4,563,376
' Pari. Itiig. vul. ix.,p. 168— ITTH.
The import into Ireland of English woollens,
{actured nlka, and British linon, cotton, and silk, to March,
1784, has increased considerably, as a late ingenious writer
baa shown by custom-house registers ; ' that is to say, they
have increased at the very time the manufacturers of them
ought to have been, according to their petitions, in utter
, ruin. Lord Sheffield, in hia excellent work on Irish com-
> merce, not only makes u similar remark, but foretells the
' utter improbability of Ireland ever being able to rival
\ England in the woollen manufacture.'
Import of Stockiitge.
Woollen pairs. Worsted pairs.
Average 1772anil 1773. . . 191 . . 5,102
„ 1782 „ 1783. . . 1,467 ... 9,280
The cotton manufacture is quite a new branch in Ireland,
but it is said to have thriven wonderfully in four or five
years ; a circum stance, however, in it that deserves attention,
18 its being set on foot and established by captains, colonels,
and the relations of great families. The greatest under-
taking is that of FrosperouB, by Captain Brook. Gentle-
men being thus employed, is the most decisive proof in the
world, and worth a thousand arguments, of tlie want of
capital in that country : we see no instances of the sort in
England, and for a very plain reason. — because we do not
want them. Whatever is done in Ireland, is either by
such artificial means, or by force of public money. Where
are the English capitals that were to emigrate ? Is it not
very extraordinary, that in this new undertaking, in which
the petitioners had such apprehenaiona of their property
and workmen shiftiu)^ to Ireland, not one establishment is
affected by such means, nor is a single inatanc'C to be pro-
duced of it in the whole kingdom ?
But, with all the progress it has made, we may easily
judge in what degree it has rivalled the British fabrics, by
the import of manufactures, and mixtures of cotton into
Ireland,
ith Irolanil ransidcred." 3 edit., p. .IT, 38, 39.
\ TOUR IS IREI.A>~D.
re ending March 17T3 . .
£IS.278 10
103,110 9
Imported of cotton storkinga ii
3 yean endioi; 1773 . . ,
Ditto ending 1783 . . .
reland, average of
Tet, their imports of musUna, in tie same period,
decreased ; but most assuredly not to the prejudice of o
manufacture ; since we find, on tie same authoritv,' that fi
GOttou mills are newly erected in Scotland ; and. in the ci
of Glasgow alouc, alx»ve 1,000 tooma have been set up, It
year, in the muslin branch, which is an almost inci^dil
progress.
The silk manufacture will exhibit just the same
The general import I have already mentioned.
MamifaeUtred SUk.
Bibl>andB. Si]
Average of 3 y
1773
Ditto ditto
ending Miirch
. . 557
17S3 1,864
Our brewera and maltsters being at present alarmed,
us examine what the Irish have done in their way tuwi
that immense improvement dreaded by our petitioners.
Import lisrreU. Ek'
i . i5.SS5 ... iV>MJ
} . 54,546 ... 959
The petitions from our hardware- manufacture were
ticulEirly strenuous in their assertion that Ireland
run away with their export trade. The Irish export
hardware arose from .£16 in 1781, to ^£213 in 1783. A
that of ironmonger' 8- ware fell from X'253 to ^5 ; 1
their import of the same manufactures from Engli
increased.
But. while the advantages which Ireland has derii
from the freedom given her, are not to be found
' Lard Sbcffield oi
riah Trade, p. 199,307.
APPENDIX. 317
referring to theee particular branches of commerce, the
general account between the two kin^oms offers a fa«t
that well deserves our attention, and shews, that if IreLuid
has gained upon the whole, that it has not been without a
corresponding advantage to Britain,
Average import from Britain into Ireland of 3 years Value.
ending 1780 £l,785.95.>'
Ditto 3 years ending MSZ Z^3,ttOtt
Superiority £577,831
To pursue these facts through every article of the iiatioual
commerce would be tedious. The leading ones, and such as
bear immediatelj upon the prayer uf those petitions which
expressed such apprehensions of the future rise and pros-
peritj of Ireland, I have laid Ijefore the reader. They are
very striking, and speak a language too clear to be mis-
represented or misunderstood. It appears evidently from
them, on large and ample experience, that the fears of our
manufacturers were vain, mistaken, and frivolous. That
they suffered themselves to be led away and deceived by
narrow and contracted views ; and that the ardent desire of
monopolies would not permit them to see the hbcration of
Irish commerce in any other light than that of jealousy and
rivalship. To take off commercial restrictions must neces-
sarily be beneficial to any country ; but it is surprising to
many, to see how little Ireland has yet been benefited by eo
liberal a, system. Five years ^o, however, I foretold' this
event very exactly, and asserted that it would bo probably
half a century beiore any very material effects showed from
the new system. I founded the idea on the general back-
wardness of that kingdom ; on the remarkable deficiency of
capital, which in every country accumulates slowly — on the
want of industry and animation, owing to cheap provisions,
cheap labour, and low taxes ; that is, owing to the very
causes which are now, and have been so long apprehended
aa the sure foundations of her prosperity. I viewed the
whole kingdom with attention, my opinion was directly
> Thrra jeara ending IT73 are atill lower,
' Sm the CDDoliuion of my Irish Tour.
318
TOUR I\ IRELAND.
contrary to that of more thim threescore of our gieatas
nianafatituring towns ; the evoat, as far as seren yaair
experient^ Btande, is before the world ; let the reader judg^
whether it confirms mj prophesy or their complaints.
If then the apprehensions of our mauufaeturera in 1779
upon this very subject of Irish commercial freedom, u
upon the same principles, supported by the same aasertioni
and espressed almost in the same words as the preaea
opposition, has been proved by the undoubted evi^nce o
facts, to have been utterly void of foundation, is not this I
most powerful argument for susjiecting the aaserlions whiid
are at present brought forward, and for rejecting petitionst
the prayer of which bo raanifi;8tly tends to sacrifice publiq
to private interests i*
I do not enter into the question, whether the present
proposition conveys a positive and most accorate equalitjt
between the two countries. It is said that in the articles a^^
iron and silk, the duties ought to be a little varied, more U
the disadvanta^ of Ireland : but the contrary is contended
for in that kingdom. This is a theoretical question nol
easily settled to i>ence or shillings ; but certain I am that th
practical advantages will bo on the side of Eugland, ai
that the hardware manufacturers of this kingdom w
retain so prodigious a sui)eriority as to set at deSance t
competition of our neighbours. Kingdoms cannot deal upoi
the huckstering higgling principles of chapmen and pedlan
Propositions are made upon great and simple principles
they must be accepted or rejected. To fritter them dow]
by finding out minute objections, and to think it possiblQ
that such great affairs, when national prejudices mingle i]
them, can be brought to an exact balance of profit and lof
like the pages of a merchant's ledger, is to expect what tJ
nature of the business denies, and must for ever deny,
century of examinations would be insufficient to conduct tl
business to a conclusion on such principles.
As warm a friend as I must declare myself to the genera]
principle of a free trade between the two kingdoms, yet ii
there one part of the proposition which it would have beeQ
better to omit. The application of the future surplus of i
deficient revenue, to the defence of the empire at the disposa
f the Irish Parliament, wns a resoiutiou that had nothini
I
APrE.VDix. 319
at all to do witli the commercial question. If any Idea of
recomiieose came into the measure, of a political nature, it
ought certainly to have been an e^ijlanation of a future
connection between the two kingdoms in ease of a, war. If
it is possible that we can ever be in the predicament of war
with France, but Ireland neutral, it is a subject much more
proper for apprehension, and (Ieman<ls more attention than
fifty surpluses of revenue.
The arrangement of trade can only stand on its own
merits. If it is not found, aff«r mature consideration, to be
aa much in favour of England as of Ireland, it ought not
to take place. We are under no obligation to make pre-
sents or concessions to that country ; and, if the measure
now under consideration could be considered in that light,
it ought not to pass without a very different equivalent
than that I have just mentioned.' The contrary is, how-
ever, the case ; for the more it is examined the more clearly
wUl it appear, that the proposed freedom of trade is as
advantageous to England, as it can be to Ireland ; and, for
the various reasons I have already given, more likely to
bring with it advantages to ourselves than to that nation.
Nor should it be forgotten, that if this measure does not
receive the sanction of the British Legislature, our export
trade to Ireland will be open in future to all that blindness,
prejudice, and illlberality which constitute the commercial
spirit of monopoly in that country as well as in this. We
shall be at all times liable, upon every temporary stagnation
of their manufa^-tures, to the call for protecting duties and
prohibitions. An incessant war of regulations and customs
must necessarily arise between the two countries ; and our
manufacturers, when it is too late, will curse their own follj
that prevented a measure taking place, which would have
secured to them the Irish market upon equal terms, free
from all further restrictions.
Party having mingled very much in this question, though
at prewnt may nut permit to great a political qnestian to be mingled
with Ihe commpniar ani>; and Ibat the repeal in l7H3,nf (he 6th of
Geo, I., wait a proper time to have eettled such a point; an the other
hand, tia ptopoiition now made, (o ghe a Daral recompense, autnallj
* > mil the political and conmcrcial ijuostiDns.
320 A rOl'R IN IRKI.AND.
nothing ought to bo more remote from it, I oumot conclud
without assuring the reajer, that it has not tbe emallea
influence on mj mind. Those who have read the regists
of my Irish tour, as well aa various essays in this work, w'
recoUoct at once, that I have ventured few opinions at pra
sent which I have not on other occasions most strenuoual
defended. The advantages to England, of giving freedoi
to the Irish trade, I have before explained, and attemptei
to shew, that in proportion to such freedom will be th
security of converting the rising wealth of that oounti]
into the increasing prosperity of this. It ia conrietio
alone, an old conviction, that induces me to take up the p
at.preaent ; and by no means a partiality for any minister
a race of men for whom few have less reason than mysel
to he partial to. A race eo generally in the habit of doin
commercial mischief, that it is seldom they merit support
When, however, they are right, the public good calla a
every friend of his country to promote the measure —
motive that has pierced the neglected shade of my retire
ment, and produced this fugitive, but public protest againi
the madness of manufacturing opposition.
Sevieii} of " Observnti'nia on the Manu/actitreg, Trade, ai
Present State of Ire! in()" ; by John Lord Sheffield. 8*
Vehrett. Sa.
"Annals," Vol HI. (1785), p. 836.
The career which this noble author has opened for him-^^
self upon commercial subjects, iB likely to prove as beneficial
to his country, as it is undoubtedly honourable to himself.
In his work on American commerce, he laid the foundatioB
for a growing reputation, and he has, by this new perform
mance, bid fair to outstrip every competitor.
It treats of a great variety of topics, and enters fully ii
the effects which the proposed arrangement with Ireland
likely to have ujiou the agriculture, trade, and manufactnr
of both kingdoms. In general, he thinks, and gives reasoi
highly deserving attention, that the relaxation of tJie nai
gation laws may be mischievous ; but that there is Utile
no danger of Ireland ever being able to rival the
p
I
APPENDIX. 321
I ^ctures of Britain ; contending, at the same time, that, in
the artides o£ silk and iron, the proposed system will not
include a sufficient equaJity of duties Iwing too much in
favour of Ireland. "Ireland might, at least, be satisfied,
until she finds herself in the situation of being able to say
to Britain, ' My ports shall be open to all your manufactures,
free of all duties, on condition that your ports ninxO. be open
to mine in the like manner.' Ireland is hardly in the
situation to agree to that proposal ; and the generality of
Englishmen would probably at first object ; but there is
nothing in it which should alarm them. Great Britain
could undersell Ireland in most manufactures ; such is the
{iredominancy of superior skill, industry, and capital, orer
ow-priced labour, and comparatively very few taxes." He
concludes with a very animated and most interesting
enquiry into the internal and political state of that kingdom ;
and offers many observations, highly deserving attention,
upon the volunteer corps, the arming of the Koman Catho-
lics, and the interference of France in future. Upon the
whole, this work is essentially necessary to all who wish to
be well-infonned upon this eventful subject; displaying
uncommon knowledge in the author, and great abihties m
arranging it for the reader's use.
Extractg.
Abstract of wool sold at BalUnasloe Fair, July 1?71, to
July 1778:—
Bags Boia.
Bags nnscld,
Total.
1771, Jttly . .
1.402
15
1,507
1772 „ . .
1,286
11
1.207
1773 „ . .
1,550
33
1,583
1774 „ . .
1,623
26
1775 „ . .
1,57*
61
1,636
1776 „ . .
1,957
64
2,001
1778 „ . .
1,359
1,912
Total ....
12.743
833
13,577
Yearly average.
1,593
104
1,697
The failure in 1778, arose from the staguatioii of credit,
Lnd a decrease of tlie demand for bar-vam from Englatid.
Sheep Bold at the said fair : —
Sol<t.
Unsold.
Total.
1771, Octolwr .
S1.9S0
_
51,960
1772 ., .
53,032
50
53382
1773 „ .
55,242
6,390
U1,B82
1774 „ .
60,706
5,302
1776 „ .
63,904
1,020
64,924
«39
07,512
1777 „ .
63,792
12,743
1778
44,894
3i;»S
76*J2
Bullocks sold at the said fair :-
-
Sola.
Un-wW.
Total.
1771, October .
10,876
_
10,876
1772
12,346
257
12,803
9,764
469
io.aai
1774
263
H,5D1
1775
10.201
113
10,314
1776
»,63j
14.110
1777 „ .
9.046
1,815
11.461
177B
7,920
4,448
12,368
The noble author gives the followin); accouot of hia
flock : — " The writer of these obserrations can say, from
experience, that the increased quantitj of wool more Uiaa
compensates for quality. His flock, consisting of abore
1,000 sheep, was origmally from the South Downs of Susaei.
It was crossed ten years ago with one of Mr. Bakewell'a
rams, whose wool was by no means of the coarsest or
longest kind. The fleenea of the flock were increased, from
an average of 2jlb. which sold for 9d. per lb., to full 51b.
which sold for Btf. at the time wool was cheapest. The
fleeces have returned towards their former weight; they
average about 2|lb. It sold in the year 1784, at lOd. pw
lb. only, although the price of fine wool is higher than it was
a few jenTs aj^, and although aoine of the fleeiies were ho
fine as to weigh only lib. Sozb. It is clear then, than 51b.
of coarse wool at Sd. answers better than 2|lb. at \0d. and
in general what is moBt beneficial to the individual iu
matters of this kiud, is beat for the country,"
Prices of wool in different parts of England,
1779.
I
»
Norfolkat. _,
SoBsex, South Down, weighs about 2} lb. on an averat^ . 9
The finest sella some years at near I5d. per lb,
Kent—West Kent South Down wool 7
West country Iiomed-slieep brought into West
Kent, weigns about 3} lb. the fleece 6
East Kent South Down 6}
Roniney Marsh (large) 6
West country 4i
Lincoln — Long SJ lb. the fleece 6
Heath wool 5i 05
Nottinrfiam-FaUow-liehUlb. 5
Forest 21b 7i
1778. 177B.
Vork— Long-combina 64 .., 3i
Hog and wether mixed . . . . 9| .., 7
Superfine clothing 17 .,. 16
Second ditto 12 .., I %
Third ditto 8 . 0}
Fourth ditto 6 4
Inclosures and artiBcial grasses have introduued large
aheep, and have, in some parts of Eaglaud, diminished the
quantity of tine wool ; this is the case in parts of Shropshire.
The finest wool of that county is at Morf, near Bridge-
north, and at the Wrekin, the fieece is about l^lb. l^is
year, 1784, it sold at 24«. per stone of 141b, sometimes it is
as low as 18s, or a guinea, or Is, Gd. a lb, is the average.
It is said to be aa good as aoy in England, except that of
Boss in Herefordshire, which rises aa high as 2e. 6d. per lb.
She of Farm».
" The great farmer, of whom so many ignorantly complain
in England, preserves us from scarcity, or extravagant
824 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
prices In slimmer; Iiis opulence auHwers tlie purpose <
public granaries. A good system of agriculture, and intelli-
gence and riches among farmers, are the best granaries oai
which a country can depend, and neither produce eipenoa
nor abuse. Such farmers are enabled to preserve port (
their urop, and to wait the market of the ensuing summe
The little farmer, of very small capital, at the same time
that he is the wretched sport of every irregularity of
seasons, or of every trifling accident, is obliged to go to
market with all his com and all his produce at the time tbs
price is lowest, and before the winter is finished. A moM
pitiable creature does not live, even when compared witl
the lowest labourer. He esists under an unremittiiig bu<v^
cession of struggles and anxieties, useless to himself, oai.
hurtful to the public. For the soil in his hands is noi
sufficiently cultivated, or half stocked, nor half the product
derived from it, that might be in the occupation of a. morfl
opulent man. The expense of cattle, husbandry utensilfl)
of attendance, &c. are proportionably greater than on one <^
a moderate size. The profit is consumed by the team at
necessary cattle on a small farm, or the land is not tilled
at least in dne time." — Nothing can be more true than
these observations.
■■Annals." Vol. III. (1785). p. 388.
Article Vll. Most of the iron slit into rods used i
Ireland has been imported from London, where it is brougbj
from Biiseia, much cheaper than it can be carried to I>ubliiii
It IB frequently imported to London as ballast (with h
in general) at 5e. per ton freight ; the common freight ib 15^
The Irish pay from 30». to 368. per ton, — the insuranci
there 50s. — to England 30«.
There are eight slitting and roUing mills in Ireland,
which it ia supposed slit and roll from 1700 to 2000 tons ■
year. In England, 16 mills slit from 800 to 1500 tons eacT
per year, and some, it is said, a greater quantity. Soia
APPENBIX. 325
naila hare been exported from Ireland to America ; but tlie
experiment is not likely to be repeated, as they were sold to
a lose.
Much atresH is laid on the cheapDt'Bs of labour in Ireland ;
but the fact is. that nails are made, and nail-rods slit,
much cheaper in England than in Ireland.
A considerable manufacturer in this country haa asserted,
that nail rods and hoops can be brought to market in Ire-
land, as cheap as tlie raw material can l>e had in the
London market : the raw material in London haa been at
j614 to j614 10s. per ton ; the price of rod- iron in Dublin is
from ifil8 10s. to JE19perton ; and in England it is believed
now to be about ^£18 per f«n.
Answer YII. The assertion of this manufacturer is
demonstrably true ; nor can it be invaUdated by this artful
method of stating what the price of raw material has beea
iu London, and what it now is in Dublin. The difference
of duty being nearly 50«. in favour of Ireland, and the
waste of metal, and charge of sUtting, not exceeding SOe. is
full proof of this, which is attempted by this writer to be
answered by the difference of freight and insurance between
London and Dublin.'
Article VTII. The state of the iron-foun denes in L-eland
is as follows : — The principal smelting-fumace is at Ennis-
corthy ; its produce annually, when at work, may be about
800 tons, chiefly of castings, from 40 to 60 tons, of which
SOO tons are pigs for the forge. There is another of the
same sort at Mountrath, in the Queen's County ; but, from
the great scarcity of charcoal, it does not work above three
or four months every third or fourth year; when this
furnace is at work, that at Enniscorthy is idle. There are
other founderies in Ireland, but not of the smelting kind ;
they work by recasting pig-iron ; of these, there is one at
Belfast, and another near to the town ; one in Newry, and
five in Dublin ; it is believed there are no others in Ireland.
The ore is English, and is raised in Lancashire.
The oulv iron ore, which, it is understood, has been raised
' If thiB >rguiiieiit were fnlr, i
Uevidenl.~A. T.
A TODB IN IBEIANJ).
H 326
^P in Ireland, is in tlie neighbourhood of Ballyporeen, but i
^r caanot be worked to advantage witLout a large portion o
iron ore from Eluglaud ; this work has l>eeu idle for man;
years past. The founderiee in Irehind which work up<M
pig-iron, are supplied with it chiefly from Bristol am
Chepstow, with some from Workin^;ton, some from Cai
by Glasgow, and last year were supplied with about 151
tons from the south coast of Wales. The price is from JSi
to £6 lOf. per ton. The duty 10«. 6rf. per ton.
With respect to the fuel used at the Irish founderiei
smelting oues use charred wood. Some of the Dublii
founderies, charred English pit-coal (only one of them iti
believed continues to use Kilkenny coal) ; the fuel which i
used in the founderies in the norUt cannot be spoke to w'""
certainty. The general price of coal is from 16s. 6d. t
178. 6d. per ton; and the best coal for this purpose, to b
had in Dublin, is brought from Sarrington, in the neigt
Ibourhood of Workington.
The average price of Kilkeuny coal at the pit is 5d, pe
hundred. The price in Dublin varies with the season. li
winter it has sold for 3s. Gd. iter hundred. In summel
from 1b. Bd. to 2*. 2d.
Kilkenny coal has been tried in the smelting of iron oi
but it will not answer — no raw fuel of any sort, in i
» natural state, can possibly be used with success in obtain
ing metal from its ore ; its quality, whether it be pit coal tfi
wood, must be changed by fire or heat, before it will sm^
with success. Charring deprives both of its sulphur, whi "
is an enemy to metals. Before the late dispute viti
America, Ireland sent there articles of cast iron for flov
mills, such as spindles, forks, gudgeons for water-wheel^
shafts, &c. but since that period none of the produce of fa
iron-founderies has been exjwrted there or anywhere elaa>
Qreat quantities of foundery goods have been importa^
from the northern coasts of England, though on pots tl
is a heavy duty ; but, being entered for the use of the lineii'
manufacture, they are admitted under an easy one, if anjj
at all ia paid for them.
Answer VIII. Nothing conclusive can be drawn from tl
state of furnaces in Ireland, at the present time; it is wi
known that Ireland is possessed of the raw materials £
I
APPEKDIX. 327
iron, ajid labour is i:heaper than in England ; add to thia,
that eke can import ore from Lancashire, on as good terms
as the English fumateu at Chepstow, and other places, in
South Wales. Nothing, therefore, can be wantinp. but a.
perseverance iu industrious and spirited exertions to
improve tbese natural advantages.
Article IX. The price of coal at Birmingham ia €«. &d. a
ton ; and in some places they are cheaper,
The prices of the different kinds of foundery-work both
in England and Ireland, are various, arising from the
goodness of the metal used in making the article, and the
labour employed upon it after it is cast ; aa any of the
most indifferent metal will make sash- weights, clock
weights, scale weights, and all such articles that are used
merely for their heaviness ; these, therefore, fell from j612
to ^14 per ton : jiota, pans, and hollow ware in general,
require the best and most expensive pig-iron, and also
require more time in the moulding, as well as the hand of
the best workman ; the value consequently is greater, and
the prices higher, from .£16 to .£18 and from that to £28
per ton ; such articles as bear the latter price are increased
in value by the work of tlic smith, and the addition of
bar- iron.
The ciiatoniary price for bar-iron made in Ireland is . £20
CaBt hamiiierH and anvils, im|>orted into Ireland, cost . 14 11 8
The imcBs in Ireland IH (I
The July ad valorem.
Bar-iron made in Ireland, and imported.
Per ton.
Irish iron (very little made) 2000
Btockholm iron at £16 Id to 17 10
BuKKia ditto 15 10 „ 16
Answer IX. Much weight is laid on the difference of the
price of coal in the two countries ; but this will be removed
as soon as the Irish work their mines, and complete the
canals, which tbey have already b^iui.' Coals, at Birming-
ham, cost 6s. 8d. at the wharf, but tlie carriage of them to
' Here iit speculation given in answer (o positive fact.
the works is to be added, which makea them It. 44. dearer.
Further, to shew how little weight is to l>e laid on thi*
differeoce iu price of coata, so much iuBisted on hy HoM.
writer, it ought to be observed, that at Londou, and ite
neighbourhood, where moat of the hoops made in the king-
dom are cut, and a great proportion of other heavy work,
such as anchors, ehip-work, ^. is carried on, coals, Sx., ara
at least thirtj per cent, dearer than in Dublin.
Article X :—
Freight uf btu-iron from London to DuUin .... £0 10
Insurance at Up<
irf. per ton, charges 3*. 3rf.
The Portage Act adds .
Doty 10s. ad. per ton, charges 3«. 3rf. U
"■ " ■ ■■ - "
Article XI:—
Freight from Pelershurg £1 1.1
Insurance at £1 lOi. to £4 10«. per cent.
Duty and charges as above.
If a ship is very late in the year, insurance runs highei'.
1 This in a very remarkable ^t, and, as it cornea from tbaH
OppOK Ihe prDpnsitinns.il dtssiveB parliralar attention. ThalL'oall W*
dsarar on thn Thames than in Ireland 1 readily grant; bnl on comparii
the prices generally U-tneen ibe two islnnds, there ia a pnidlgionB
difference in rsvoor of England ; fur the most coiisiderablo wurlu ia
Ireland are carried on by mrana of English coal ; but from this fact "*
must make one observation: il is contended, tbat cheap laboor, ches
coals, and a small difiitrence in dnty, w»uld be suflicii'nt to enable tb
Irisli to run away wiih the hi»p and wire manufactures, the comparisa
being drawn between Ihcirs und ours on the Thumrs; but it not Ibis
most powerful ar^umcnl full in the (eath of those who are enemivs I
the proponitions ; since it appears most manifestly, that cheap labour ao
cheap coals are of so little imporlance in this fabric, thai our mastM
manufaclurera lind it more advantageous ti> keep their works on ill
Tbames, with the deareat luliour and coals of the whulu kingdom, tha
remove them, hs they might do, where Islxiur is much lower, and COk
900 per cent cheaper, than on Ihat river? If such fabrics, owing 1
circumstances that certainly are well underslood by such msstSF'nant
^turerK. can not only hold up their heads in comrietitjon with Mb)
pans of (he kingdom, but cun, and du actually uiidersoll the Irish I
their own markets, how little apprehensinn ought we lo have at iJh
vague and unknown period, in iiredictinns o
shadow of data on which to reason. Should surb a competition a
could not anr fabrics, by parlisllv removing from Ibe
coal-pits, retain their auperJoiity .'-
m petit
TJjaroi
APPKKDIX.
'«l«id, imported in 1TS2 and 1783 from England . . . 7,305J
PAnd from the EaRt eonntry 10,136)
■ Of which, Dublin took from England 3,605
I East country 5,237
Ib per year 4,421 tona ; but on an average of seven years,
* ia only 3.3985- What iron the Irish import from Russia,
' or Stockholm, must be paid for in billa on Loudon, for
I which they are charged by their correspoudeuce half per
oent. for advance, and so much for commiaxion.
, Coals to the Iri>4h flitter cost
How importjint the great difference in the price of coals
■■ ia to the English manufacturer, need hardly be urged,
when the addition of only three shillings a chaldron wae
last year etated as likely to be ruinous to their trade.
»
Ohaervaliowi oh the Earl of Bundonald's Scheme for
irantferring Ike Tax on Salt to Hearths.
■• Annals." Vol. III. (1785) p. 399.
This worthy nobleman, who has lately published a pam-
phlet, entitled " The Present State of the Manufacture of
Halt explained." is at present well known to the public, by
a patent for eitractiug tar from coals, the prolongation of
which has been agitated in Parliament, I mention this
circumstance, as it. gives me an opportunity of adding the
weak voice of my praise to that of many other persons, who
justly commend the pursuits in which a noble person has
■pent his life and a considerable part of his fprtune; a
proof of the highest merit, and doserring that tribute of
applause due from the public to those who labour for the
common good. The process of freeing common salt from
its impurities and rendering it by that means more proper
for curing fish. meat, butter, &c. must depend for its
eatablishment on various experiments. It does not come
J into
ioa itt^l
arlha.™
ciall
irever,
Id&redH
lofthfl
830 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
witbia the spbcrc of this work ; but bia lordsbip, bavin(__
iu the samo performance, propuseil a great poUticalmeaenro,^
which would essentially affect the interests of every order
of men connected with agriculture, it is incumbent on me
tti explain what would bo its coBsequencea, that my readers
may in future (should this plan ever find its way into
Parliament) be prej^red to give it the eiaminatioa i" "
demands.
The Bcbemc is no other than taking off all the preae
duties on salt, andlaying them by commutation on hearths.'
As I think this is most ruinous to the whole landed interest,
and beneficial only to certain classes of the commercial, I
must necessarily condemn it in. toto— m doing this, however,
let it be not be imagined that I am insensible to tbe merit Q*
the noble author. His discovery of purifying salt is, I d
say, highly valuable, and his researches into the evils of tl
salt-tax judicious and useful ; but when he contends, \> _
cause of those evils, not for a remedy, but for bo total a
change, it is incumbent on the classes that Eire intimately
concerned, to sift into the political part of the proposition ;
and with the greater attention, as report has given a siinilar.^
scheme to a right honourable gentleman high in office,' wh(
ia in a situation to support the opinion he imbibes.
The noble earl atatcs, from proper documents, that k
gross receipts of the salt duties amouuted. in 1776,
^895,489. That there is deducted for drawbacks, bountiai
and discount, ^622,866, and for charges of mai
^26.410, consequently that the nett produc " ' _
isno more than .£246,213; but in 1784,owing to new duties"
this nett produce was ^332,735. He also shews, that tber«
are great frauds and abuses in this revenue, and much
encouragement t^Mtmuggling salt from Ireland. To obviate
which, he would revive the tax of 2«. on every hearth,
abolished at the Revolution. This is theouthneof his plan;
the subordinate parts do not demand particular attention.
It is a branch of a general scheme, formed at Urge by Sir
Matthew Decker, of abolishing customs and excises, and
laying the whole amount iipon houses. A part waa carried
into execution by Mr. Pitt's tea commutation tai, which
331
^^^^^* APPENDIX.
^K lias spawned the present propoaition ; and, if this is liBtened
^r to, will Boon produce other copies, till the commercial claaaes
liave thrown their whole share of taxation on the lauded
interest. The subject necessarily forme itself into two
questioue bj the double operation proposed : first, the merit
of taxes on consumption; and second, that of taxes ou
property, on the worst species of property, that of houses ;
for a tax upon hearths, windows, clumnejs, doors, &c. is
ip»ii facto a tax upon houses.
Taxes upon (."on sumption, such as an excise upon salt, are
the very best, and most unexceptionable of all others ; this
ia admitted by the greatest and most enlightened authors;
and indeed their operation in common life is such as ought
for ever to recommend them. The ease and well-being of
the subject who pays the tax, ou^ht surely to be considered
as well as the interest of the exchequer that receives it;
and that method of levying by which the subject cau with
least difficulty pay the most, ought always to be preferred.
Now taxes upon consumption, being blended with the price
of the commodity, are paid without being known or felt ;
he who wishes to consume a bottle of wine, or a pound of
^L Bait, knows the price ; and if that price, including the tax,
^K u too high for him, he can avoid the whole by desisting
^P bom the consumption. This prevents such taxes from ever
" Ijeing really burthensome upon the individual. They can-
not by extension be made so, because, when raised so high
as to cheek consumption, two and two no longer make four,
ae Swift observed, but only three ; and Government would
find, that an increase of the fax would be a decrease of the
revenue. Another admirable circumstance attending taxes
on consumption, is their being strictly proportionable :
every man pays exactly according to his expenditure ; if I
consume lOOO bushels of salt, I pay the tax on that quantity ;
if I consume none, 1 pay no tax. This equitable equality
ia fair, just, and prevents the tax ever being cruel, or even
burthensome. These are circumstances attending all taxes
fc on consumption, which, falling equally on every class of the
f people, are hurtful to none.
I Keverse the medal, and examine a tax that is laid, not
[ upon real property, but its appearance, such as an estate or
I a nuuse, and we shall find it essentially failing in every one
332 A TOUR IN' IREtAND.
uf these particulars. I will not dwell on the foi
though the case is nearly as strong as in that of a boQse,
the real property is in the mort^gee or annaitaiit wl
escape taxation, not in the ostensiblt^ possessor. Bat
what manner, or by what rule, is a house or the number
windows or hearthg, an index to either the property,
sumption or ability to pay a tja in the person inhabitii^
such house ? The wit of man could hardly suggest a more
vague or false estimate. A man of small fortune has many
hearths, a man of immense property may have very few.i
Examine the houses of country gentlemen of ,£2,000
does any person imi^pne they have twice the number
hearths of others with half the estate? But the dispi
portion in every rank of people is so great, that a
rule of ascertaining a man's income, it is obvious could
be thought of.
But this mode of taxation does not only totally fail
equality of burthen, but in the capabihty of pavment when
the tax is demanded. You come to a man for his tai at a
time when he ia utterly unable to pay it without distress
for his having so many hearths in bis house is no pr
whatever that he has so much money in his pocket ; but
going to a shop for a bushel of salt, is a proof that he
pay for it with either money or credit, and no diatreaa
hardship can arise from the tax. It was just so witli tea',
and the change to a window-tax was to the last degree
cruel, if it was possible to have converted the custom into
an excise u|>un the consumption, in such manner as to have
subjected smuggled tea to the tax equally with that ^rly
imported. This salt scheme is open also to another objeo-
tion in common with the tea commutation, Cottages pay
nothing to that window -tax ; yet their inhabitants are very
great consumers of tea ; and there is not in the range Ot
taxation any objects more pmi>er than the luxurious ix>d>
sumption of the poor. Why was not the window-tax
extended to them? because they neither would or cool'
my it. Ask a poor labourer for a hearth-tax of a peuiM
he mill not, perhaps cannot pay it, But excise his tea,
or salt, and he pays you without his knowing it.
minister in this country will ever dare to lay any taxe
the poor, except those of consumption — disgust, disconi
:es8;
'H
t«af^
I
I
riots, and jwrhapa something worse would be the conee-
quence of levying tliem Btrirtly ; for this reason, all commu-
tations which take off taxes on uousuiuption, and lay them
on apparent property, such as land, bouses, windows,
hearths, &c. are bad in principle, tending to esempt the
great mass of the people, whose coasumptiou always yields
the most productive levies, to add to the burthens of those
who are already oppressed by the disproportionate manner
in which they contribute to the ueoeasities of the public.
The noble author of this scheme would copy the old
liearth-tax, which exempted all houses that did not pay to
church and poor — that is, he falls into this great error, by
the necessity of the case, kitowiug how impossible it would
\)e to levy a tax on the hearths of cottages.
The origin of this scheme deserves some attention, for it
may perhaps be a guide to us how readily we ought to
agree to it. I shall not lay any stress on the noble earl
possessing considerable salt works himself, because there is
reason to believe, from his known liberality, that such a
circumstance would not influence him ; but every man
knows the enquiry which has been instituted into the state
of the Scotch fisheries, of which Mr. Dempster was at the
bead. I understand that one great means of promoting
those fisheries, strongly recommended, and doubtless very
ably, has been this business of freeing salt from the duty.
I am too well convinced of the importance of encouraging
fisheries to offer one syllable against giving them all
possible assistance, providing it is done upon fair and
equitable terms ; but I see no shadow of reason for giving
a bounty to fisheries in the western isles, by laying a com-
mutation tax on my hearths in Suffolk. It is not that local
taxes should be laid for local purposes — I call for no such
measure ; if the encouragement of those fisheries is a
national object (of which no one can doubt) let bounties be
given in an effective manner by the national revenue : but
do not take off a fair and equal tax on consumption, which
falls lightly ou an infinite number of points, to commute it
for another tax which would fall with scarcely any weight
on those who are the greatest consumers of salt, but most
heavily on others who consume very little. This is not a
commutation but a trick — Not the change of one tax for
another ; but taking au old tax oB one part of tlie Ieid^-
dom. and laying a new one upon another part : which is a
sort of commutation which I trust will not very re&dily b©
agreed to.
In order to show what degree of fairness there woidd be in
the eiecutioQ of this project.let me take an instance in which
I can be perfectly correct, and therefore reason from safely —
myself. I find, that in the year 1784. my family, ten ia
number, consumed 12Slb. of salt,' or 2^ bushela,' the dutjr
on which, at 58. a bushel, amounts to 11«. Bd. ; suppose the^.,
is added to this 12 per cent, on advancing the ^x, it will>|
not amount to quite 1«. Gd., call it 12g. 9d. for my salt tax.
Now turn to the precious project of the hearth account.
There are 16 in this house, which at 2«. ore ^1 128. instead
of I2r. 9d.' That is to say, an advance of exactly 150 per
cent ! And the noble author gives facts to show that len
than 2e. would not probably answer the purpose.
Connect the idea of laying an addition of 150 per cent.
tax on Suffolk, in order to encourage fisheries in Argyle, and
you have a proposal, to the modesty of which I am ready to
give full credit. I do not lay much stress on the difficult
circumstance of excisemen having a power to enter all the-^
apartments, however privato, of every house : the real
necessities of the State cannot demand this ; to mention it,.
' This is correct, for it was bouglit of the grwer, a
beFore me, frani whii^b I b»e e^itraEled it.
' Lord i>undonald, frum Mims. Neckcr, cakalBies the
sail in France at 19i lb, per beai! of itie wliole p«oplu per
BuppOHB, b(<<-Rii»e nut ia I'henpcr, that tlis average in Englaiirl is !S lb.,
equal lo -23 French ponniis; I am apt ti> believe that this ia an error in
political arithmetic, and that the cnnaumption ia not nearly so large.
That of my family, including bulter, broad, and suited pork, is unly 13 lb,
per head. I have made enqairies among Lho poor, sucb as iabouren,
weavers, combers, ie, , and I find that on an average of lariuas funilies,
their coDSiimption, inclusire of bread, is only half a stone per funilj.
In Franco the use of salt for cattle and sheep i< aiinoBl everywhere
common and considerable^ we have no traces of ancb a practice Id
England. Another circumstHncv is the arbitrariness of the tax, iD
wbiob every family ia supposed to (.■onsumo a cerwin quantity, and ts:ied;i|
ncciirdingly : these poinu make the analogy between the French "'
English consumption a very vague mode of calculating.
' A gentleman, a neighbour of mine, 20 in family, cunsumea SJ
in a year, hia Ux £1 7>. M., bnt he bus 3a hearths, the tax on whicbl
n'ould be £3 lot. '
im ready to
:,he difficult ^_
nter all the-^H
: the real ^H
mention it,.^H
1 bis bill lie« H
oneumptionofB
r annum, and ^M
I
I
APfENDIX. 335
is sufficient to shew, that there is no parallel butweeu sucli
a, power, and that of pa§aing through a houae to view an
inner court. There ia little occasion to be solicitous agaiust
such esertions, in order to laj biid taxes, while the great
jiroBperitj of the kingdom offers so many objects for good
ones.
The noble author of the scheme himaelf starta one objec<
tion, which is very strong, and bv no meana removed bv a
baker's licence. He ia sensible that bakers, who are great
fionsumers of salt, would not sink the price of bread pro-
portioned to the advantage they gained by tak-ing off the
aalt-tas ; he calculates that the quantity they consume
ought to pay at present above .£200,000. It is by no
means a trifling objection to a plan of commutation, when
there are such obvioua means of turning that to a private
advantage which ought to be solely a publie one. And this
extends to a variety of trades besides bakers ; all of whom
are to be greatly favoured at the eipence of the landed
interest, who would most materially suffer by a hearth-tax.
But I return vrith pleasure to that part of the scheme to
which every one must readily agree; that some method
should be found to prevent the abuses that attend the pre-
sent salt-tax. There is sufficient reason to think, that
these take place more in drawbacks than in any other part
of the business, A due investigation by the employment
of proper persons to examine that matter on the spot, and
in detail, would probably suggest effective means of cor-
recting such abuses, and leaving so eligible a revenue open
to few or no objections.
Much stress is laid in this business on a point which will
probably come again and again before the public— the
prevention of smu^ling. Reasons ore not wanting to
imagine, that this matter in relation to salt is much
exaggerated, and that the quantity smuggled from Ireland,
ia not very considerable ; but if it was as great as the noble
Author imagines ; and if similar and greater abuses should
exist in other branches of the revenue, they cannot amount
to any sound argument for changing the mode of our taxa-
tion &om positive consumption to apparent property. That
doctrine, if adopted, goes the full length which Sir Matthew
Decker contended for ; and calls for the abolition of all
A TOUB IN IRKLAHD.
CiiBtome a.ad all excisea which are partly borne b; the com--
mercial classes, in order to throw a most enormous pro-,
portion of the Imrthea on the owners of land and houses.
A doctriue that will always have its advocates, while privatA
interest is found in comniertie and manufacture.
The Minister, in his late budget, has proposed a sa&ll .
extension of the salt-tax. by a regulation of aUowauce ; wei
may, from hence, conclude, that the present project is aat'
in his contemplation. It ia to be hoped that Ike will be too
enlightened to admit the principle on which it is founded i
and too prudent to hazard the practice which the experiment
would necessarily involve.
I cannot conclude this paper, without noticing the pro-
gress made in the ideas of our mercantile dasses, in relation
to taking taxes from their own shoulders and throwing them-
upon those of others. Sir Matthew Decker's scheme is abova ,
forty years old, and has been refuted repeatedly in the moat
clear and satisfactory manner ; but since the tea commuta-
tion tax has given an example, the sjiirits of our mauufac-'
turers are quite animated with the expectation of seein^r
the plan pursued. I have not often met with a more bare*,
faced repetition of these commercial extravagances, than in i
a pamphlet lately published, entitled "Manufactures im-
proper subjects of Taxation," the author of which, in the
true commercial spirit, finds fault with every tax that but
touches a manufacturer, and raises on outcry against even
the receipt-tax (one of the beet ever laid) because it ia
troublesome: he proposes to take oS all taxes that are
troublesome to traide, and lay the lumping amo^mt on the
rents of lands and bouses, with which he is ao perfectly
ignorant as to assert, that Is. in the pound fairly levieOi
would ]>roducc two millions, which is just an error of ft
half 1 and he employs much time to shew that this would
be a very good thing for landlords, because the fanners
would draw back the tax by raising the prices of their
products : in which again he is utterly wrong, and ignorant
of all the priociples of taxation ; because he might have
known that a land-tax cannot be drawn back, and con-
sequently that his scheme would be completely ruinous to
the greatest and most considerable class of people in tli9
State. Such wretched folly would be unworthy of ■!!<
I
APfEN
ism
titteDtion, if aimilar doctrines liad not been broaclied from
much more respectable quarters. The landed interest in
Parliament ought to see clearly, that these plans, which
creep in this manner from speculation to project, and from
project to practice, should be rejected in the first instance
.with the scorn and contempt thej deserve. By n^eeing to
the tea commutation tai ' they have opened the door to
endless schemes equally mischieTOus : a stand must be
made somewhere, and the s<X)ner it is made the better.
A. Y.
Bradfield Hall, Mai/ lOlh, 178
■«^
" Eefieetione on Ike present mallert in digpute between Qrt
Britain and Ireland.'' By J. Tucker, D.D., Dean of
Qloncealer. 8vo. Is. Cadell.
■' Annals," Vol. lEL. (1785), p. 417.
Whatever comes from the pen of the celebrated projector,
who, previous to the American War, gave a well-known
article of advice to his country, which, had it been followed,
would have saved this kingdom above one hundred millions
sterling — ^must deserve no common attention. It will
perhaps be found, that in his present performance he is not
by any means equally happy, though always able, and in a
great measure original.
The ideas started in this pamphlet are peculiar: the
author thiiLks that the freedom of trade given by the first
resolutions to Ireland (not as amended by the Minister in
the debate) will be attended with the following effects :
1. To lay open the monopoly of the East India Company,
by Ireland's free trade thither, which would ensure
that of England.
2. To lay open the monopoly of the trade to Egypt, the
Levant, &c.
3. A free importation of sugar from wherever it is to be
had cheapest.
1 Tlie idea i
window* was o
with eiuxpCion
light be n
•eBBWji but Uying the whole burtUen on
percent, ndditioa on the revenue in general,
jcle!, would have anawered the lamepurpoie.
338 A TOUR IN IRELAND.
4. The entire abolition of the Navigation Act, whicli hsfl
considera as a monopoly.
6. A free import and eiport of grain,
A recital of these advantages will make the reader b
ready to imB^e, that the Dean has written the whol^
ironically, and that he means to condemn the system fot'
having these effects : but it is very sober and scrioui>fl
The Minister's emendation of the resolutions will, if thq
are accepted, overturn most of the benefits whtcb onr^
reverend politician has deduced from them : effectually
those of the East and West Indies. But thia mode of
attaining a right system of British trade, by beginning with
giving it to Ireland, in order afterwards to receive it our- ,
selves, is refining almost to a, decree of paradox
As to the free eiport and import of com, the part of tl
subject which connects the pamphlet with this work, I'
author's ideas are such as it ia impossible to approve,
considers corn as the raw material of a manufacture
" consequently every encouragement ought to be given b
the growth of it at home, and the importation of it fi
abroad."
The idea of classing com as a raw material of n
ture, is totally erroneous, and, if accepted, would lea
immediately to absurd conclusions. Upon this principle^
the cheajier com is the better : but the contrary is fact ; a
very great cheapness of com is ruinous to all manufacturea,
being a sure cause of idleness and profligacy among vork>
men. No sooner does a writer set out upon such an unlucin
atiom, than it is sure to follow him through the wbcu
texture of his enquiry ; and accordingly the Dean treats tl
whole question of com upou that principle only, A fie
import and export, could it be atlained under our gover
ment. would be, for reasous exceedingly different fro
those given by this author, the very best policy of thi
commodity : but every one who reflects upon our coi ^
trade, and upon the effect which clamour is sure to hava
when the popularity of a minister comes in competition
with the public good, must necessarily see, that this pre-
tended free trade, would be freedom of im]>ort without a
freedom of eiport. The Dean himself would i
aqtortation " when crops have failed in other countries '*
APPENDIX. 389
which BhewB what sort ot a free trade it would be : when-
ever prices had risen much, we should suun hear of failing
crops, aud famines ; and we should see a London mob, or
a London Corporation petitioning (as it once did) for boun-
ties upon import. Hence there is nothing that can be
offered on the Bubject ao inapplicable and frivolouB, as pro-
positions for a freedom of trade in this article, which every
man of common sense knows (however desirable it certainly
is) can never take place under our government. The landed
interest ought strenuously t^ resist so fallacious a plan ;
and not he tricked (for it would be no better than a trick)
out of a measure essential to their well-being— a regulation
of import, as they are morally certain there never will be
permitted an unregulated ei:port. The Dean's observations
on the bill now depending for making the prices of London
regulate the export and import of the whole kingdom, are
just and pointed. It is, in truth, one of the most bare-
faced impositions on the public that perhaps was ever laid
before them. But his idea, that the western parts of
Ireland are more likely to become an emporium of imported
com (not much for the advantage of her agriculture if she
was) will probably be thought to have little foundation.
The author anneies an appendix, containing subjects for
dissertations and premiums to be offered to the graduate
students of the universities of England and Scotland. The
first on the comparison or compactability of the military
spirit and commercial pursuits. The second on the proper
military defence oE a commercial people. The third and
fourth on the employment of slaves in the West Indies, &e.
The fifth on the revocation of all monopolies. He proposes
that £200 a year be given in premiums for dissertations un
these subjects ; and very generoiisly offers ^620 himself,
and j£20 more from bis friends ; also that he will continue
his own subscription for life. ITiJa is very noble ; and it is
with great pleasure that I see steps gradually taking, which
seem not only to evince a conviction of the deficient educa-
tion of our universities, but to propose the means of remedy-
ing it.
A TOUB IN IRELAND.
An " Eseay on the Population of Ireland." 8to.
Eicliardson. By the Bev. J. Howleti.
"Annals," Vol. V. (1786). p. 486,
This geutleman, wlio is so well known by his indefatigalile
researches into the population of Enyiland, has turned hix
attention to the neighbouring kingdom, and has, with the
assistance of the Right Hon. Mr. Beresford, First Commis-
aioner of the ReTenue in that kingdom, given the theory of
Dr. Price, in what he lays down concerning Ireland, aa
complete an overthrow ae he had before effected with
relation to English population.
The number of houses returned for the whole kingdom in
the year ending at Iiady-day 1781, were : —
Witli one hearth
Witli from 2 to 5 hearths inclodve ,
With more than live ....
Excused on account of jiui'erty . .
477,602
Mr, Beresford remarks, that deiiejent retiirnB, barracks,
houses of revenue offices, &c., &c. will make the number
500.000 ; which, at five to a house, makes 2,500,000 aoula .
but more probably, he says, at five and a half it ia 2,750,000.
From ■' Memoire of the last Thirty Tears of the Editor't
Farming Life, with notes."
■■ Annals," Vol. XV. (1791), p. 162.
My journies to Ireland, the register of which 1 published.
occupied the years 1776, 1777. 1778. and 1779.*^ Of that
work, I have not much apprehension, though the sucoess in
relation to profit (even with the assistance of a subscription),
' Including B residence in the couDtj of Curbe, of nmelliiagr mon
(ban & JMT, cinplojed in armnging and lelLing part of the estale of
Lord VJMount Kingatnrougb.
APPENDIX. 841
woj) DOthinj^ ; yet it will staad its ground, aad I trust
merit, in some Bmall degree, tbe most flattering eacomiumB
it has received in many parts of Europe.
I cannot, on such an occasion, name Ireland without
remarking, that though the Irish are certainly a generous
people, and liberal sometimes almost to excess, yet I have
to complain, that not a ray of that spirit was by any public
body shed on my labours. Without my seeking it, after I
had left the kingdom, and published the Tour in England.
I received the following letter, written by order of the
Dublin Society: —
" Sir,
" With great pleasure I take up the pen in obedience
to the commands of the DubUn Society, to communicate to
you their thanks for the late publication of your Tour in
Ireland ; a treatise which, in doing justice to this country,
puts us in a most respectable view ; for which reason we
consider you to have great merit. But what particularly
gained the attention of the Society, were your just and
eicelleut obserrations and reasoning, in the second part of
that work, relative to the agriculture, manufactures, trades,
and police of the kingdom. And gentlemen thought the
publication of that part, particularly so as to fall into the
hands of the generality of the people of this country, might
be of great benefit and use ; and we wish you would let us
know your sentiments relative to the preparing of a publi-
cation of that kind, and in what mode you would think it
moat proper, and would answer l>eat, and what you would
think a reasonable amends for all this trouble, that we may
laj the same before the Society at our next meeting, the
beginning of November.
•' I am, Sir,
■' Tour most obedient humble servant,
" Bed. Morres."
"Dublin, Sept. 16, 1780,"
" P.S. — There are a great many useful observations and
hints, interspersed in many parts of your Tour, which may
be of great use to throw into the hands of the public"
mS A TOLR IN IRELAND.
" At a meeting of the Dublin Sociely, at their bouse in
Grafton Street, Thuraday. August 31, 1780.
"The Eev. Dean Woodwakd, V.P., in the chair.
" Eesolved, That this Society do highly approve of the
work lately published by Arthur Toimg, EBq., an Honorary
Member of the Society, entitled ' A Tour in Ireland " ; and
that the Secretary be directed to communicate the thanka
of the Society to Mr. TounR for the eaid work.
" EesolTed, That Mr. Young be requested to prepare the
second part, or Appendix, of his Tour in Ireland, iu such
manner that the same may be published separately ; and
that Sir Lucius O'Brien and Redmond Morres, Esq., b«
requested to write to Mr. Young on this subject.
'■ Signed, by Order of the Society,
" Tbomas LrsTER, Assistant Secretary."
In auBwer to this letter I returned sincere thanka for tha
honour of the vote ; and assured them, that I should be
ready either to publish any part of the work sejiarately, or
to make an abridgement of the whole ; reduced in such a
manner as to be diffused at a small expense over all the
In a few posts I received, under the Dublin post-marl^
an envelope, enclosing an anonymous eaaay, cut out of a
newspaper ; which referred to the transactions of tha
Society relative to me, and condemning pretty heavily
my whole publication : and in this unhandsome manner
the business ended. I heard no more of them. In a Soctetr
which disjioses of ,£10,000 a year of public money, grant^
by Parliament chiefly with a view, as the Act expresses, to
encourage agriculture, but which patronizes manufacturea
far more, there will necessarily be an agricultural party
and a manufacturing one. According as one or the other
happens to prevail, such contradictions will arise. All that
is to be said of my case now is, that it was not so bad as
that of poor Whyn Baker, who settled in Ireland as their
experimenter in agriculture— lived there in poverty ton or
twelve years — and broke his heart on account of the treat-
ment which he met with.
But, while their Societies acted thus, the Parliament of
the kingdom paid my book a far greater compliment tbaa
AfPEKDIX. 343
any Society could do ; for they passed more thttn one Act
BJmost directly, which received the royal assent, to alter aud
vary in a good meaeure the ptolice of corn, Ac which I
had proved was vicious ; but which, till then, had been
universally esteemed as the chief pillar of their national
prosperity : and I had thus the satisfaction of seeiDg the
Legislature of the kingdom improving the policy of it, from
the known and confessed suggestions of a work that, in
other respects, had proved to the author a mere barren
blank. But I have since learned from the conversation of
many most respectable gentlemen of Ireland, as well as
from the correspondence of others, that the book is now
esteemed of some value to Ireland ; and that the agriculture
of the kingdom has been advanced in consequence of it.
But it is time to dismiss a subject upon which I hare
dilated too much, and spoken perhaps with unguarded
vanity and self-love, which would ill become me. I have
but one word to say : to Ireland I am not in debt.'
Siate of Ireland in 1748 and 1792 compared.
" Annals," Vol. XX (1793). p. 215.
1748. 1'
Land about Cork, BdkUbIi acre . 12«. to 22^. ... £2 1
About Dublin, Irish acre ... £2 to £4 ... £51
Wool, per sttme 6». to 8». „. 16s.
Sheep, from 4*. to 14*. ... 12*. i
Oxen, fat £4 to £8 ... £8 1
Milch COW8 £1 15*. to £2 6j. 8rf. ... £5 i
1748.
There h not only now an
ample supply, but Ireland hsa,
upon an nveroRe, exported, lat-
terly, 300,000 barrels of wheat
and 600,000 barrels of oats.
eqnal was the country
ituelf, that Dublin alone paid to
foreign parts, for wlicat and
floor, above £100,000 annually.
I The rtailer will see that t speak nationally, and not of individnali;
Tor I have had many huBpitabln acquaintances there, and some friends ;
•mona (he lalter let me be proud to namo Cornelius BoUon, Esq., of
FailbVegg, near Waterford ; and ihese " Annals" have tesIiUed the
singular allemiun of Uenry Arthur Herbert, Esq. , of Muckmas.
344 A TOUR IN IRZLAKD,
BQUiity nil the Inland CaTria-ge of Com in Ireland.
■■ AnnaU," Vol. ikJx. (179?) p. 157.
Irish House of Lords, Fi-iday, March 31,
On the aecoad reading of tbe Com Bounty Eepeal Bill, the
Earl of Famham opposed it as injurioufi to the agricultura
of the country, and unjust to a numerous class of men, the
millers, who had expended krge eums in the erection o£'
extensive mills, relying on the continuance of the bountj'.
Bis lordship said, that there ha.d been between two and
three hundred bolting mills erected in this country, and
that it would be impossible to make compensation to the
proprietors for the loss of the bounty. He admitted, that
at first great profits had been obtained by the milleri^.
because then there was no competition ; but latterly com-
petition had lessened the profits ; the miller was only th«
medium of the bounty, which ultimately centred in the
farmer : consequently the farmer would be the aiifferei^
and agriculture would necessaxily decline. I will, said bu
lordship, suppose a case, that there had been held out br
Parliament an encouragement to build a bridge, for which,
the builder was to be repaid by tolls, that the tolls turned
out to be profitable, and that the Legislature should say the
builder had got money enough, we will now appropriate
the profits. In such a situation would the millers be left,
if their profits had been taken away. Their com had been
already purchased or agreed for without the k'nowledge of
this bUl being passed ; what loss must they not sustain by
the discontinuance of the bounty ? His lordship eatd he
was not fond of making experiments, particularly on a
subject of such importance as the removal of a bountj'
which had existed iipwards of forty years, and which haA
been attended with the best effects ; at any time such au
experiment would be hazardous ; but, when such aa
encouragement, as there was this day held out to pastura^
existed, it was in his opinion highly dangerous. Hia
lordship concluded by declaring it as his opinion that such
a bill ought not to pass.
The Lord Chancellor said, that the bill was not intended
as a bill of supply; on such grounds he certainly would
APPENDIX. 345
F not harte aupported it ; on the contrary he wo\ild bave
conceived it an unwise and impolitic measure. The city of
Dublin paid iEl 00,000 a year bounty for inland carriage ;
and he was bold to say there was no town in Europe the
marketa of which were worse supplied. Since the year
1784 (when the import of foreign corn was restricted) to
the present day, the market of Dublin hae been infinitely
worse supplied than when it principally depended on a
foreign supply : there had been an export bounty in
England, which enabled the English export«r to come to
our market with advantage over the Irish farmer. A
regulation hiid been adopted by the Legislature of Ireland,
in favour of the Dish farmer, which prohibited importation
till the price of corn rose to a certain height ; and the
market had been ever aince more scanty than before —
What a State solecism {said his lordship) it is. in a country
abounding with navigable rivers, to pay ^EIOO.OOO a year
for inland carriage ! Tou stop export from the city of
Dublin, though the best situated of any other port in the
kingdom for it, and from which so great a number of
Teasels daily sail in ballast, in order to till your market;
and the consequence is diametrically opposite to the inten-
tion. Tour markets are scantily suppued, because there
is no eiport for the redundance. — The inland bounties
operate not only against the supply of the metropolis, but
against the agriculture of the kingdom. It will astonish
your lordships to hear, that within two or three months it
occurred, that not one day's provision of com was in the
market of Dublin ; and that the Lord Lieutenant deemed
it necessary to have vessels in Liverpool freight«d with
com, to prevent a famine in Dublin ! Allow the erport of
com, and the banks of your canals will be covered with
granaries : let the port of Dublin be added to the other
eiporting towns of the kingdom, and her markets will be
equally well supplied, because the redundancy can be
disposed of to advantage abroad, if not at home. I have
no doubt, my lords, but Dublin will then become a great
eiport town, and that its own consumption will be more
abundantly supplied than it has been heretofore. It is a
well-known fact that flour is now dealt out to the inhabi-
tants of Dublin, in such quantities as do not afford a
I>lenty, much leas a redundancy ; and under the
restraining laws that power will continue in tl
liands, and be eiercised in the same way. The principal'
millers in the neighbourhood of Clonmell, a. part of the
kingdom from which there is a considerable influx of corn
to the city, do not complain of the bill ; on the contrary,
many have declared that they will not sutEer any loss from
it. I conceive, said hia lordship, the bounty to be aa idle
expense ; the cause for which it was granted is remoTed —
Ireland has become what she was not when it was given, a
com country, not only of ample supply for herself, but
capable of eiporting a. considerable redundancy for her
advantage ; and under this impression I declare myself an
advocate for the bill : but, I repeat, not as a bill of supply,
for in that point of view I would be adverse to it, Init aa
bill calculat^<d to promote the a^culture of the kiiigdt
and to provide for tbe consumption of the metropolis.
Lord Deaart premised that he did not mean to oppoi
government ; he eooeeived it the duty of every man in
present day to give all possible support to government ;
his opinioa waa that by granting the eiport trade nO'
Dubbn, it would be impossible to control it hereafter,
that it must ultimately be carried to an extent too great.
When the inland bounty was first granted, Ireland had no
^^riculture ; the country was laid out in farms of one, two^
or three thousand acres each, with a few herdsmt
tending cattle. From the encouragement afforded by
the bounty, these large uncultivated tracts of land I
been divided into small farms, at present covered with'
crops, and inhabited by thousands. His lordship contended
that by opening the port of Dublin to export, the exporting
trade of the country towns would be stopped, and conse-
quently the farmer, wanting a market for his provisiouB,
would be discouraged from agricultural improvement, Hia
lordship could not think of supporting the bill, when be
considered that the flourishing state of our agriculture has
been owing to the bounty.
The Earl of Portarlington supported the bill __
ground that England had materially profited by encoi
ing an export trade.
Lord Sheffield said, the great increase of Irish tilh
two
mei^H
ham
«t&^
APPENDIX. 347
must not Ije attributed to the carriage bounty on com ;
that ao examinatioQ of the import and export of com
for the last fifty years, and of the circumstanceB wlitcli
had taken place during that period, would demonstrate
what he asserted. He observed that the quantity of
corn imported and exported on an average of fourteen
years, following the dat« of those bounties, namely 1758,
(when compared to the great increase of export, and
decrease of import, which took place in consequence of
other laws) did not differ much from the average of four-
teen years preceding the granting of those bounties, and
that the export did not exceed the import till other
circumstances began to have effect, namely, the new
arrangement of the English com-laws in 1772, by which
com front Ireland was admitted at a considerably lower
price than had been allowed near a hundred preceding
years, namely, wheat 5», id. per quarter lower. In 1774,
the Parliament in Ireland added a bounty on the export,
and then, on an average of the nest period, previous to
passing the corn-laws in Ireland, in 1783, we find a great
decrease of imjwrt and increase of export ; but after the
establishment of the com-laws, which protected at the same
tim.e that they encouraged Irish tillage, then, and not till
then, we saw, on an average of eight years preceding the
present war, a most extraordinary increase of export, and
the importation sunk almost to nothmg. Here his lordship
stated the average import and export of corn at different
periods during the last fifty years. His lordship observed,
it hEtd been argued, that the Legislature, having by bounties
encouraged an improvement, would do a great injury if
those bounties were not continued : he said bounties were
not justifiable, except as regulations on foreign trade, or to
encourage underfalongs in the beginning, and for a huiited
time. The case in question was of the latter description,
and surely had been most amply enconri^d, and for a
great length of time, near forty years j and when an under-
taking has been established, if it cannot go on by itself,
it is contrary to all policy to force it, by extravagant
premiums of ^£80,000 yearly, on an average ; and especially
at this time, it would be a shameful waste of public
treasure. He then observed that the professed object of
348 A TOrR IN IRELAND.
the inland carriage bounty was the supply of Dublin witj
Irish iuBtead of English corn. The lat« corn-law securedTl
that supply, and the opening the port of Ihiblin for
exportiitiOD will secure a more steady supply for that city,
than had hitherto been the case, by giving a market for a
surplus ; and Dublin, from its situation, is likely to have^
steady and permanent export of com to the north west«l
parts of Oreat Britain, which do not raise nearly siifficiei
for its numerous inhabitants, and which have hitherto b
supplied from the southern, and even very largely from tl
eastern coast of England : and tliis trade is farther secured
to Ireland, by the ports of Great Britain being not long
since open to corn from hence, at lower prices than com
coming from foreign countries. He said, all the other parts
of the bill had been so ably treated by the learned lord on
the woolsack, that it was unneceEsary, and it would be
presumption, to attempt to odd anything. That he seemed
to himself to endeavour to prove a self-evident proposition,
which he argued in favour of the bill, and that he should
apologize for having trespassed on their lordships with so
little pretensions. Ho was happy in the opportunity *
adding, that although he had not the honour of resioi ,
long in the country, no man could more ardently wish t
promote the prosperity of Ireland than he did.
The bill was then read a second t ime, and committed i
to-morrow.'
A. T.
' In the year 1779, I explained hilly, Troni Ter7<telailed ckkuUlioiu,
ihe misohieTOUs tendency of the inland baunlj, ao much lo tbe tati«-
faction of the leading men in that kingdom, that the rery next cnsaiog
sesiions of ParliuneDl (aa appears by Sir tienry Carendiib't " Slate uf
ihe Public Revenue") it was reduced li*lf, (o the WTing of £40,000 per
nnniim to Ireland. Ac last the whole meoaure is repealed. It is not
eiery individaol that bos the o|;portunity, in ao obsFure a aituatloa ■■
myself, to make BBvinga for the public. 1 ahould not ' ~ '' *"
if it was not a matter uf public record. I hore upon
ineiilioned the return which n public body in Ireland at that time ml
me. -A. y.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR YOUNG.
By John P. Anderson, of the Bhitisu Ml'seum,
I. Wok KB.
U. Tbanslatiohb into Foeeion LxNairAaES.
III. Appendix ; — Biography, CriticiBm, Ma^zine
Article a, etc.
IV. Cheonolooical Ijst of Woeks.
V. Aethitb TouNo'a CoNTKiBmoNB to the "Annals
■ AORICPLTUBE."
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR YOUNG.
e furmer mogiulne otily boeiui
SS
} Hfipvai Id
»
WORKS.
The Theatre of the Present War in North America. By
4_ Y * * * * London, 1758, 8vo.
Reflections on the Present State of AiTairs at Home and
Abroad. London, 17G9, 8vo.
[Accoccling to tha " BiogiBplile Unkerwlle" (ti
1TS9 B, peiiudlml ailed "Tha 0nlTuniB.I Uamii
arier nix nnnibisn, by ths ndvioe o[ Dr. Jahn»
(lU'conllng to [he nanie sulhnriij) t" U"> ■' Mnn*
tbese diLtea muat be wrong, an ine i
ITdJ uid ths latter in 17" '
The Parmer's Letters to the People of England; containing
the sentiments of a practical hnsbandmas, >&□.
London, 17(17, Bvo.
Second Edition. London, 1768, 8vo,
Third Edition, enlarged, 2 vols. London, 1771, 8vo.
A Bii Weeks' Toar through the Southern Counties of England
and Wales, &c. London, 1768, Bvo.
Beprinted in Dublin. 1768, livo.
Second Edition. London, 1769, 8vo,
Tbird Edition, London, 1772, 8to.
Letters conoeming the Present State of the French Nation, J:c.
London, 1769, 8vo.
An Essay on the Management of Hogs 1 including eiperi-
ments on rearing and fattening them, &c. London, 1769, 8vo.
Essays on the Management of Hogs and the Culture of
Cole-seed. Second edition, with additions, 2 pts.
London, 1770, 12ino.
TheExpediencyofa Free Exportation of Com at thin time, &e,
London, 1769, Svo.
' Second Edition. London, 1770, 8vo.
A Six Months' Tour through the North of England ; contain-
ing an account of the Present State of Agriculture, Manufactures,
and Popolation in several Coontles of this Kingdom, interspersed
with descriptions of the Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, &o.
4 vols, London, 1770, 8to.
Seoond Edition. 4 vols. London, 1771, Svo.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
EilrftOtH from Mr. Young's Six Months' Tonr through t .^
North of England, &o. London, 1774, 6t^^
The Farmer's Guide in Hiring and Stocking Farms ; with
plans of Farmyards and seotionB of tJie necessary Buildings, Ac.
2 vols. London, 1770, 8vo.
Rural (Economy ; or, Essays on the practical piiria of Hus-
bandry ; to which is added The Rural Soorales, being c
of a [Swiis] Country Philosopher [M. Hirzel].
London, 1770, 8voM
Eeprinted in Dublin. 1770. 8vo.W
Second Edition, 1778 ; and reprinted at Philadelphia. *
177S. 8vo.
A Course of Experimental Agriculture; oontaininR an exact
register of all the bnsiness transacted during five years on near
three hundred acres of various soils ; including a. variety of
experiments on the cultivation of all sorts of grain and puledi, f
both in the old and new methods, kc. 2 vols. I
London, 1770, 4to.l
The Farmer's Tour through the East of England ; being tha ]
register of a journey through various Countien of this Ein *
to enquire Jnlo the state of Agriculture, &b. i vols.
London, 1771,870.
The Farmer's Calendar; containing the business necessary to
be performed on various kinds of Farms, during every month of -a
the year. Loudon, 1771, 8wo«f
[There ftfB nillnonMlM oditions of thin work, ]
Proposals to the Legislature for Numbering the People ; eonA
tainingsome observations on the population ofQreat Brilain, Ao,]
London, 1771, SvoM
Letter from Arthur Young, dated North Mimms, Mardi 28,V
1772, in answer to Dr, Price's observations on the decreaa
of population.
[In " LoodoD Miigiuine" for 1772, pp. l«Z-tQG.|
Political Essays conoeming the Preeent State of the Briliali^
Empire, Ac. London, 1772, Ito
>d )nr t>niiil» or Watta. Olm hen on the aulhi:
iniDti of A. Vaiuig. In the " Qtuutarl; Journal oi
Obsprvalious on the Present State of the Waste Lands of
Oreat Britain. Ac. London, 1778, 8vo.
Political Arithmetic ; containing observations on the Preeent
(itate of Oreat Britain and the principles of her pohoy in the
encouragement of Agricnltnre. Ac. London, 1774, Svoii]
Political Arithmetic. Part II. Containing consideratioi:
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3SS ■
OQ tbo msons of rueing the supplies within the year. Occasioned
by Mr. Faltenej'e pamphlet on that Gubjoct.
London. 1779, Svo.
A Tour in Irsland, with general observationB on the Present
State of that Kingdom, made in the years 1776, 1777, anil 1778,
and brought down to the end of 1779. 2 pts.
London, 1780, 4 to.
Reprinted in 3 vols. Dublin, 1780, Sfo.
Eeprinted in Pinkerlon'e "General Collection of Voy-
" &c. Vol. iii. 1808. 4to.
Also, in part, in Mavor's "British Tourists," vol. iii.
1798, 12mo.
Aod again ia vol ii., 1809,
Another Edition [containing only a few extraota]. A
Tour in Ireland, 1776-1779. Londop. 1867, 16mo.
I lixvi. of "fasseU'd NalioQiJ Liliraty.")
An Innniry into the Legahty and Expediency of incraftsing
the Royal Navy by subscriptions for building County Ships,
Reing the cnrrespoadence oa that subjeot between Arthur Yoang
and Capel LofTt, Esqs. London. 1783, 8vo.
Annals of Agrlcalture and other useful Arts ; collected and
published by A. Young. 46 vols. Loudon, 1784-1815, 8to.
Vol. slvi. oonsistfl of No, 270, " An Inquiry into the pro-
gressive value of Money," Jkc, dated 1812 ; and No. 271, " AiJ _
Inquiry into the Rise of Prices in Europe," &,o., daled 1816. J
IFur A. V.'a wntriliuUoDH to Che "AiiiuLlit,"M]e below.] H
The Question of Wool truly stated. In which the facts artf
examined for and against the BUlnowdependiugin Parliament. '
Londan. 1788. 8vo.
A Speech on the Wool Rill that might have beeu spokeu in
the House of Commons, May the let, 1788, ou the QneBtion of
adjourning the consideration to tbat day three months.
London, 1788, 8vo.
Travels during the years 1787, 1788, and 1780; undertaken
more particularly witli a view of ascertaining the cultivation,
wealth, resources, and national prosperity of the Kingdom of
France. % vole. Bury St. Edmucda, 1792, 4to,
Second Edition. London, 1794, 4to.
Reprinted in Pmfccrfwi'* " General Collection of Voy-
ages," vol. iv. 1808, 4to.
■ Another Edition. Travels in France during the yeai« [
1787, 1788, 1789, with au introduction, biographical sketoh, and ■
notes by M. Betham- Edwards,
Second Edition, Londoo, 1889,
IPut of " Bohu's 8CamlBTcl Llbmi?." N.fi. Tbta Kditlon amita tbe SpuiU^fl
uid Italian partloiu o[ the TiuvbIii, aa alHo the statistical portluns ol luL " ' ^
BIBLIOflRAPHY.
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Address proposing a Loyal ABBoeiation to the ii
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A Letttr on Titbes to Arthur Yonag [by J. S.], with his |
remarks on it ; and a second letter to tlioee remarks-
London, 1792, 8vo. 1
The Example of France, a warning to Britain. (Appendix).
London, 1798, 8-»o.
Second Edition. Biiry HI. Edmunds. 1733, 8*0.
Third Edition. Bnry St. EdniTiodB, 1798, 8vo.
Fonrtb Edition, London, 1794. Bro.
An Abetrikct of tbe Example of France, a warning to
Britain. London, 1793, 870.
General View of the Agricnltnre of the Countj^ of Sosbsx.
Drawn up for the consideration of the Board of A^culture, ke,
London, 1798, -Ito.
Another Edition. London, 1808, Svo.
Poslscript to tbe Surrey of Hampshire. [By A. and W.
Driver.] London, 1794. 4to.
General View of the Agrionlture of the Connty of Suffolk, with
observaliona on tbe means of its improvemeat.
London, 1794, 4to. ■
Anolhfr Edition. London, 1797, Svo. 1
An Idea of the Present State of France, and of tbe coDee- *
qnencea of tbe events passing in that Kingdom. Second Edition,
London. 1795, Svo.
Tbe Constitution Safe witbont Reform ; containing some
remarka on a hook entitled "The Commonwealib in Danger,"
by J. Carlwright. Bury St. Edmunds, 1796, 8vo.
A Farming Tour in the South and West of England.
" Acnab of Agriculture." vols, xxviii., Ac, 1766, ic.
National Danger, and the means of Safety. [Being Letters to I
the Yeomanry, Ac, snbBoribed by A. Y.] London, 1707, 8*0. i
An Enquiry into t)ie Slate of the Fnblic Mind amongst tbe
Lower Classes; and on the means of turning it to the weUare of
the Slate : in a letter to WiUiam Wilberforce. London, 1798, Svo.
General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lincoln.
Drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture msd
Internal Improvement. London, 1799, Bvo.
The Question of Scarcity plainly stated, and Bemediee oon-
sidered ; with obaervations on permanent niDasiues to keep
wheat at a more regular price. Loudon, 1800, Bvo. |
An Inquiry into the Propriety of applying Wnates t
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London, 1801, 8vo. ]
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1
BIBLIOGRAPHT.
S5S
Lettera from George Waahington to Arthur YoTine, &c.
[Letters on Agricnlture. Edited by Artbur Young.]
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EsBsy on Manures. London, 1804, 8vo.
An EsRay on Mannres. (Art. x. of the Bath Society Papers,
vol. s. pp. 95-198). Bath, 1805, 8vo.
General View of the Agricnlture of Hertfordshire. Drawn
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General View of the Agriculture of the County of Norfolk.
Drawn np for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture and
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On Hogs and their Management. — On CarrotB. — On Beans.
(I^ssaya in " Georgieal EssayB," by A. Hunter, vol. v, pp. 64-98,
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General Bi?port on Inoloeures. London, 1807, 8vo.
On the Advantages which have resulted from the Establish-
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ilvl. of the " Annals of Agriculture,"}
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Collected by Arthur Young. Londnn, 1815, 12mo,
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Arranged by A, Young. London, 1817, 12mo.
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Recueil d'ouvrages d"
de ranglais. 2 voId.
Le Quid a du Fermier,
aoheter et tend re lea betes i
PttriB, 1774, Svo.
adreaseo aux aocidtiSs eoouomiques
IparM. Fr6ville; 2 torn.
La Haye, 1775, 8vo,
politique et rurale, tradtu(
Paria, 1780, 8vo.
Isstructiona poor clever, uourrir,
Mb, &o. 2 p»rts.
Paris, 178-2, I2nio.
L Angleterre, on Cor-
Paria, 1790, 8vo.
pen<Iaat lee anu£es 1787-90 ; traduit de
SooliJB, aveo notea et obsen-ations par
et pris des laiues e
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voyage eu Fran
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Seoonde (Edition. 3 vols. Paris, 17S4, 8vo.
Nouvelle traduction par M. Leaage. 2 vols.
Paris, 1880, 12mo.
L'Exemple de la France, avis aux Auglaie et aui autree
nations, Jtc. Bmxellea, 1793, 8vo.
Voyage en Italie, pendant les anneea 1787-90, traduit par F.
Soulds, Paris [179GJ, Svc
Voyage en Italie ot on Espagne pendant lea annees 1787
et 1789. Traduction de M. Lesage. Paria, 1860, lijmo.
' Voyage en Irlaude, traduit par Ch. Millon, aveo de
. oIierolieE but I'lrlande par le tradacteur. 2 vols.
Paris, 1799,
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 357
■ la nature dea engrais, tradnit par M. M * * •.
Paria, 1808, 12mo.
Mfmoires but I'education, les maladies, TeQ^^is, et Temple
dn pore. Paris, 1823, 8vo.
Seconde editiou, conigfe et angmentce, &c.
Paris, 1885, 8vo.
Annaten des Ackerbauea und die Eiinate ; ans dem Englischen
tqh Uahneiuann, mit Anmerknngen von Riem.
3 Tlile. Leipzig, 1790-1BI)2, "
Politische Aritbmetik ; aua dem EngliEcheii (vod G
Kiaus). KdoigBberg, 17TS, 8vo.
Beiaea dnrch England, in Abaicht anf die Oekonomie,
Jlanufaeturen, etc. 4 Thle. Leipzig, 1772-75, 8vo.
Reieea durcli Frankreich and einen Theil von ItaHen in
dem Jahren 1787 bia 1790. Aua dem EDgliachen von ]
W. Zimmermann. 3 Bde. Berlin, 1798.9S, 8to.
Beise darcb Irland ; aua dem EDgliachen.
2 Bde. Leipzig, 1780-82,
Ueber OroEebritanniens Staatawirtbscbaf)^ Polizoi and Hand'
long; ana dem Englischen von F. A. Klockenbring.
Gotha, 1798, 8vo.
lAccorrllng Lciihe " Blogmphlo Viilroraallo." the three EncUsh Tonn {" 8ti
Week«' Tuur through the Hoiilhem Cunntiw," "Sll Monttii' Tour thnmgh
the North of Engbuiil." and "The P&nner'B Tour through the East ol Edg-
luirt,") "era truubttecl Into Bumlon tiy order ol CntherineU. tlie "^
Weekn' Tonr" waa oertainly no tnuulnled. See "Annals of Agricnltnw,"
Toi. u., p. 2sa.i
Auauaire Neorologique. Mfthal.
Paris, 1821, 8vo.
Aj-thur Yonng, pp. 384-890.
EauJrillurt, Henri. Publiciates modemes. Paris, 1863, 8vo.
Second Edition, 1873.
Arthur Young et la Franco de 1789, pp. 22-(18.
Biographie universelle, ancienue et moderae.
Paris, 1828, 8ro.
Artliar Young, torn. li,, pp. 602-503.
Also the last edition, Paris and Leipzig, a. d.
Vol. ilv., pp. 273-277 ; article by Desprda,
Noavelle biograpbie gun^rale (Hoefer). Paris, 1B66.
Vol. sill, pp. 902-905.
Biographie universelle et portative des Contemporains, &,e.
Paris. 1834. Svo.
Atthnr Yoang, vol. iv., pp. 1C15-1617.
Cartwright, John. Tiie Commonwealth in Danger; with ma
introduction, containing romtuks on Home late Writings of
Arthur Yonng. London, 1796, 8vo.
Day, Thomas. A Letter to Arthur Yomng, Esq., on the Bill
now depending in Parliament to prevent the Exportation of
Wool. Loudon, 1788, Svo.
Dictionnaire d'cnocomie politique (Coquelin et Ouillanmin).
Paria. 1873.
Arthur Young, vol. ii., p. 870.
DonaldeoD, John. Agricultural Biography; containing &
notice of the Life and Writings of tlie British Authors on Agri-
culture, iic. London, 1854, 8vo.
Arthur Young, pp. 56 -67.
Egremont, John. Observations on the Uildew, suggested by
the Queries of Mr. Arthur Young. Loudon. 1806. 6vo.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 359
The Encjclopeedia Britanuioa, Ninth Editiou.
Edinburgh, 1B88, 8vo.
Arthur Young, voL sxiv., pp. 755-766,
|By .1. K. IngTam. Them is olun a brief notke in the Sth eititfoD.]
Knight, Charles. Ths English Cyclopedia.
London, 1857, 41o.
Arthur Young, vol. vi., pp. 878-884.
Pall, Albert, Arthur Yonng. Published for the Farmer's
Clob. London, 1883, 8to.
Public Charaotera of 1801.1802. London. 1801, 8vo.
Arthur Young, pp. 559-S94.
Sinolur, Sir Jolm. The Correspondence of Sir John SinoUir,
Bart. 2 vole. London, 1831, 8vo.
Arthur Young, Tol i., pp. 40C-408.
Somerville, J., Lord. A Letter to . . . Lord Sonierville . . .
with a. review of the pamphlet of Arthur Young and William
Brooke upon the present high price of provisions.
London, 1800, 8vo.
Stuart, Daniel. Peace and Beform against War and Corrup-
tion. In answer to a pamphlet, by Arthur Young, entitled
" The Example of Franoe, a warning to Britain." By D. Stuart,
London, 1794, 8to.
Upeott, Willtaoi. A Biographical Dictionary of the Living
Authors of Great Britain and Ireland, &o. London, 1816, 8vo.
Arthur Young, pp- 403-405.
Wakefield, Edward, An Account of Ireland. 2 vols.
London, 1813, 4to.
Arthur Young, vol. i., p. viii., *c.
Wright, Rev. T. The Formation and Management of Floated
Meadows ; witli correctiona of Errors found in the treatises of
Messrs. Davis, Marshall, Bosnell, Young, and Smith.
Northampton, 1808, 8vo.
(Tliflreiiio.nolioeot Arthur Youni in 'ol.ici., pp. 108-111 of Dbvj'b Suffolk
CollecLtons, [n the MS. DepC. Britiab Muwnm.]
A. Y. gives some autobiographical notes in his Annala of
Agriculture ; —
VoL iii., 1785, pp. 66-58 and 481 [imimportBDt].
Vol. xiii., 1790, pp. 154-158 [on his retnru from France].
Vol. IV., 1791, pp. 152-182 [interesting and important].
Vol. iiiu,, 1797, pp. 167 and 473-490 [on the Irish com
bonnty, and on the ofQciol translation of A. Y.'a wotlu
into French].
IFoin full list ot A, Y.'s contributions to the "Annals of Agrtcttllare," tet
BIBLIOIfRAFIir.
Young, Arthur. —
Account of. Europeau Magazine {with a portrait), vol.
xxviii,, 1795, pp. 868-865 ; alao vol. Invii., 1820, giving detail*
about biB death,
— — Agriculture of tlie County of Essex. Monthlj Beview,
vol. Iv-, 1808, pp. 158-161.
Agricaltnraot Hertfordshire. Monthly Review, vol. ilv.,
1804. pp. lBl-157.
AgricnUnre of the Coanty of Lincoln. Monthly Iteview,
vol. HI., 1799, pp. 55-60, vol. xxxlv.. 1801, pp. 367-874.
- Agriculture of the County of SuSolk. Monthly Review,
sviii., 1799, pp. 09-79.
Agriculture of the Obunty of Subbci. Monthly Review,
vol. Is., 1809, pp. 187-147.
Annals of Agriculture. Monthly Review, voL lixvi., 1787,
pp. 39-42.
Biography of. The Annual Biography and Obituary for
the year 18^1. London, 1831, 8vo.
Arthur Young, vol. v., pp. 121-137.
Eifttnple of France to Britain. Critical Review, vol.
1798, pp. 277-282.
Farmer's Calendar. Monthly ReiHew, vol. ilviii., 180S,
pp. 288-286.
Inquiry into Waste Lande. Monthly Bevisw, voL x:
1602, pp. 415-420.
Memoir oC Quarterly Journal of Science, by J
PftriB, vol. ix., 1820, pp. 279-809; Bama article in German in
Zeitgenosseii, Bd. vi., 1821. — Coagregational Magaeine, vol,
1820, pp. 4G5-471.— Gentloman's Magazine. voL ic. pt. 1, ISaOJ
pp. 469-470.
Political Arithmetic. Monthly Review, voL li., 1774.
pp. 470-473.
Present State of France. Monthly Review, voL xvi.,
1795, pp. 287-'295.
Les ReformnteurB agricules du xviii'' ei^cle eu Angla-
terre. Bevuc britannique (from the " Quarterly Journal of
Aericulture"), 18Bfi. pp. 67-79.
Tour in Ireland. Monthly Review, vol. Ixiii., 17B0,
pp. 8B-45, 97-104, lGl-171.
Travels iu France. Monthly Review, voL i„ 1798,
pp. 1-13, 152-168, 279-290; vol. xvLii,, 1796, pp. 308-212.—
Critical Review, voL xviii., 1796. pp. 264-278.
Works of. Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, by C,
W. Johnaon, vol. liil, 1842, pp. 129-152.
CHEONOLOGICAL LIST OP WORKS.
The Theatre of the Present War in North America. 1758.
BeflecHonB on the Present State of Affairs at Home and
Abroad. 1759.
The Farmer'H Latters to the People of England. 1767.
Six Weeke' Tonr through the Southern Counties of England
and WalsB. 1768.
LettersCortcemingtheFreeent State of the French Nation, jcc.
1769.
Essay on the Management of Hogs. 1769.
The Expediency of a Free Exportation of Com at this time,
1769.
8ii Montli's Tour through the North of England. 1770.
The Parmer's Guide in Hiring and Stooking Farme. 1770.
Rural (Economy. 1770.
Course of Experimental Agrioulture. 1770.
Farmer's Tour through the East of England. 1771.
The Parmer's Calendar. 1771.
Proposals to the Legislatnre for Numbering the People.
1771.
Politioal Essays conceming the Present State of tlie British
Empire. 1772.
Observalions on the Present State of the Waste Lands of
Great Britain. 1773.
Politioal Arithmetic. 1774.
Political Arithmetic, part ii, 1779.
Tour in Ireland. 1780.
Annals of Agriculture. 1784-1815.
The Question of Wool truly stated. 1786.
Travels in Franca during the years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792.
The Example of France a Warning to Britain. 1708.
Qeueral View of the Agriculture of the County of Susses.
1793.
BIDLIOttRAPHr.
General View of the AeTieulture of the County of Baffoik.
1794
The CouBtitution Safe without Reform. 1796
An Idea of the Present State of Franoe. 1796
National Danger aud the Means of Safety, 1797
EnquiTV into the State of the Fubhc bfind amongsl the Lowei
ClaBoes. 1798
General View of the Agrioulture of the Connty of Liocoln.
1799
The Qaeation of Scarcity plainly stated. 1900
Inquiry into the propriety of applying Wastes to the bettei
maintenance and support of the Poor. 1@01
Esaay on Manures. 1804
General View of the Agriculture of Hertfordshire. 1804
General View of the Agriculture of Norfolk. 1804
General View of the AgricuUnre of the County of Essei.
ieo7
General E«port on Incloanres. 1807
On the Advflutageg which bays resulted from the Est&bUfih
mevt of the Board of Agriculture. 180S
View of the Agriculture of Oifordahire. 18M
Ou the Haabandry of the three oelobrated Farmers, Bakewell
Arbutlinot, and Ducket. 1811
Inquiry into the ProgresBive Value of Money. 1812
Inquiry into the Hiae of Prices iu Europe. 1815
Baxter] ana. 181S
Oweniana. 1811
AETHUE YOUNG'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
"ANNALS OF AGEIOULTUBE."
Vol. I., 17M.
An enquiry inlo the sitaation nf the kiugdoui on the conoliuiioQ
to the late treaty, and into the Barest uioaus of aildiug to
tlie cational reBOnrces by a proper application of the arts of
peace, 9.87.
A emip d'mil on the present stale of the nation, 119-123.
Experiments to aeoertftin how Tar and in what form pblof^ton
ia the food of plantB, 139-189.
On the price of land at present in England, 203-206.
Advertisement in Italian, FreneL, and Latin lor the ouoperittion
of Italian, French, and Oorman writers on agrionltnre,
between pp. 220 and 221.
Experiments on the food of plants, 2S4-2T2.
Experiments on fattening lio^, 833-85 8.
Review of vols, iii.-vi. of Eobert Wight's "Present State of
Husbandry in Scotland," 857-869.
Review of Lord Sheffield's " Commerce of tbo American Stales,"
869-388.
OoneiderationH on the connection between the agrionUnre of
England and the commercial pohcy of her Sugar-islands,
pariioaJftrly respecting a free trade with N. America,
437-447.
Review of M. d'Anberton'a " iQBtmotion pour les Bergers,"
447-461.
Appeal for more subsoribers to the Annale, 461-467.
Vol. II., 1784.
Observations on the petition for an Act to restrain the export of
rabbifs-wool, 13-17.
Experiments on manures, 17-32,
A Fortnight's Tour in Kent and Essex, 33-104.
A Five Days' Tonr to Woodbridge, &c-, 105-168.
Obaerratio
a Memoir inscribed t
Peterabnrg, 2&S-25'6.
Observations on tUe window-tax as a
on tea, 301.813.
An observation on the brick and tile tax, 314-316.
w publications raiating to agrionlture, 816-842. j]
A minute of the husbandry at Helkham of Thomas Wm, Cok^
Vol. III., 17S5.
On housing cows, B8-G2,
Experiments on manures, C3-81.
Continuation of the experiments on the food of plants, lOS-lri
On emigrations to America for practising agrionlture viQ
advantage, 109-183.
On anonymous correspoadf
Price of provisions at "
Observations od the
237-291.
Beview of Lord SliefBeld's " Observations on the Manafaetnreii
Trade, and Present State of Ireland, 836-342.
Observations on the late Count Benttnck's proposed embwi
ment against the sea, 853. 359.
Cooiparative state of the iron manufactory in England and £
land, 388-411.
Observations on ths Earl of Dundonald's scheme for transferri
the tax on salt to bearths, 809-411.
Beview of Dr. Tucker's " Reflections on the Present Matters ^
Dispute between England and Ireland," 417-421.
On the growth of trees, 4'29-432.
Thouglits on establishing a Chamber of Manufaoturers, 452-
Cunsiderations on the means of ascertaining the prices of ci
for the regulation of export and import, 456-468.
Qneries concerning phlogiston as the food of animals, 476.461J
Beview of Neoker's " Administration dee finances de la FrauM
504-625.
Vol. rV., 1786.
How far a new arraogemeat of trade between Great Britain H
France may aEFect the agriculture of either kingdom, 16-J
Beview of the 8rd vol. of Nocker's " Adminielration des finaacij
de la France," 53-56.
French Edict in consequence of the scarcity in France, '
observations, 03-71.
On the French Edict prohibiting British manuOietQreB, 116-191
BIBLIOGRAPHV. 365
On the ei:pences of keeping horses, 124-132.
On a Bort of wheat called " velvit," 132-185,
<Jiteries on sowing wheat, 135-137.
A Tour to Shropshire, 188-190.
Publishing account of Vols. L, II., and III. of tha " Anuals of
Agriculture," 249-252.
Price of bullion, 280-287.
Memoiis of com for the last foarteen years, 361-410.
An idea of an eiperimental farm, 455-46C.
Beriew of French official publications on agriculture, 52a-527.
Vol. v., 1786.
On the conduct of esperimeute in agriculture, 17-4G.
Minutes In rural (economy taken at Raiuham, the seat of the
Lord Viscount Townshend, in Jan., 1785; 110-137,
Slate of the manufactures at Lyons and Carcassonne, 150-155.
Influence of liberty on the prosperity of nations, in reply to M.
de Lazowaki, 164-180.
Minutes relating to the dairy farms of High Suffolk, taken at
Aspal, the seat of tha Rev. blr. CfaevalliBr, in Jan., 1786 ;
1B3-224.
Beview of French official publications on a<^iculture and of
French pamphletH printed in London ; 299-306.
Review of Sonebior'e " Ueclierohes Bur rinfloenoe de la lomi^re,"
*c.; 306-317.
Resources of the kingdom .^Inoloaure of the Royal Poreate;
386-410.
Observations on spinning, 419-422.
FarmtDg news from abroad, 430-43'2.
Iteview of the Memoirs of the Literary and Philoaophioal Society
of ManoheGter, 47S-465.
Eeviow of J. Hewlett's " Essay on the Population of Ireland,"
485-486.
Review of J. Howlett'a " Enquiry upon the Inflnenoe of Enolo-
Bures," 486-489.
Review of Frenob publications on agriculture, 489-496,
Review of James Anderson's " Present State of the Hebrides,"
49G-609.
Experiments on the food of plants, 1785 ; 516-585.
Vol. VL, 1786.
A Tour to the West of England, 116-151.
Farming news, Bohemia, France, Germany, and England,
169-173.
Additional notea to the Tour in Suffolk, 217-230.
On the air expelled from the eartl]. Ice. ; 265-328.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Abstract of an Act appointing Cm
Crown Lande, with observations; 3!)6-405.
Experiments on tlie food of plants, 1T8G ; 442-4S2.
A ten day's Tour to Mr. Bakewell's, 452-602.
ObBervatiouB on the Bil! for restraining the growers, tee.,
wool, 00G-53B.
Vol. VTI., 1786.
Observations on tlie Duke of Grafton's sheep- farming, 16-30,
On the price of provisions, 42-58.
On the Wool Bill, 94-96 and 134-175.
Review of Dr. Hunter's edition of Evelyn's " Silva and Terra,'
192-199.
Eiperimsnt on the culture of boana, 204-210.
Experiments on expelling air from soils, 217-346.
On the commercial treaty with France, 265-276.
On the Wool Bill, 288-291.
Review of Marahaira " Ratal (Economy of Norfolk," 343-854.
Review of a " Commeroio-Political Essay on the balance t
foreign trade," 354-362.
Review of Baron Reisbook's " Travels through Germany,
862-368.
Review of " Observations on the Com Bill," 868-878.
To anonymous correspondents, 360-381.
The philosophical syBtem of the an ti -phlogiston itea, 397-104.
Reply to the Mannfacturor's Jefence of the Wool Bill, 405-4Sa
Of the population of different periods, 429-457.
Review of " Collection ilea Memoires presenti^s a I'AuembU
des NotablBS," 460-473.
Sale of Grown lands, 476-480.
Review of Gilbert's " Considerations on the Bills for the betU
Relief of the Poor," 480-482.
On the necessity of avoiding all public regnlations relative to th
size of forms, 610-526.
Review of M. Herrensch wand's works oa " Political Economy,
530-566.
A journey to Dover (en ro-afe for France), 661-674.
Vol. Vrri., 1787.
Experiments on expelling air from calcareous earths, 14.ai
A Tour in Wales (in 1776 and 1778), 31-88.
Some parlicolare relative to the late John Wbyn Baker, Esq^
125-133.
Ou the chemical analysis of soils, translated from the Italian t
Fabbroni; 178-181.
Tonr in Catalonia, 193-276, (Reprinted in an abridged form ii
the"TravBl8 in Prance.")
ni!iLiouR,\i'nv. 367
A cmiji d'fp'd on the prcBont Bituation of Europe, 276-284.
On a method of fattening oxen in Limosin, in France, 825-382.
Farming news ; Italy, France, and Lorrnine ; 843-341).
Review of French pubhcationa on agricnltare, 351-370.
E>^perimeut on the smut in wheat, 409-418.
Account of the net protluce of all the taxes, with obaervattonB ;
414-427.
Review of the Rev. J. Howlett " On KnoIoBuree," 427-439.
Reviews of two pamphlets on the laws relating to tlio woollen
manufactory, 430-4G7 [misprinted].
On the export of wool anil the bill now in Farhament, 467-490.
Vol. IX., 1788.
Review of the " Memoires d' Agriculture de la Sooiete Rojral
d' Agriculture de PariB," 1786 ; 82-40.
Act for encouraging the growth of hemp and flat, with observa-
tioas; 73-81.
On the abolition or slavery in the West Indies, HS-9B.
Experiment on the oomjiarison of different preparations for
barley, 129-164.
Review of the Chevalier Lamerville'a " Observations pratiques
snr tes bStes & lame," 174-178.
Notice of pamphlets concerning the poor, 178-179.
On the profit of a farm, 235-244.
Effect of the monopoly of rabbit-wool, 244-247.
Keview of " Whilst we live let us live," 248-252.
On the prioesofwoolandetateof spinning at present in England,
266-876.
Review of John Hustler's " Obaervations on the Wool DLU,"
458-465.
Bounty on the growth of heinp and flax, 473-477.
Experiments on mdnures for potatoea, 651-654.
Oa the Hay Bill, 655-657.
To the wool-growers of Great Britain, 657.
Vol. X., 1788.
The Wool Act, 1-126, 139-186, 521-524, 545-669, and 577-689,
A dav at Mr. Ducket's, 186-198.
Royal Society of Agrioalture at Paris, 214-216.
Note concerning succory, 216-217.
Experiment on the smut in wheat, 231-233.
On ibe police of wool and the neglect of the farmmg interest in
this country, 285-282.
West Indian agriculture, 335-362.
ObservatiDiiB on Mr. Moses Grant's " Letter on Tithes," 899-402.
On the necessity of County Associations of the landed interest,
402-418.
Itaviow of M. de Freane's " Trftit6 d' Agriculture," G17-519.
Sheep ooQtroveray between UesBieurs Cbaplin and Bokewelt
660-579.
ConoluBion of the firet tan volumes of this work, 589-594,
Vol. XI., 1789.
Review of Adaru DickaoD'8"Husbandry of the Ancients," 66-7'
Euasian fanning newH, 148-145.
Extruots (with notes) from the Count de Mirabeau'a " De ]
monarohie pmssienne," 14C-169.
A Tour in Subbbi, 170-304.
CommuBiaalions relating to tbe late serere frost, 821-842 an
617-662.
ObBBrvations on wool, 371-373.
Eeview of Sir Johu Dalrymple " On the Foreign Policy of Enf
Eaview of tbe Rev. T.
376-377.
Review of Dr. Priefltlej'i
Policy," 377-380.
Ou the HeBsian fly, 88G-8'
Wright " On Watering MeftdowA
"Lectures on History and OaDoe
'0 and 406-618.
Vol. XII., 1789.
Course of the esohsinge for the year 1788, 86 . . . ^^^
Someminuteatukeu at Houghton, theaeat of theEariofOxfoH
40-63.
Further Bitracta (with notes) from the Count de Mirabe^^^
"Da la monarchie prussienne," 111-132, and 465-4TI
280-303. ^™
On the winter and aprtng provision for aheep and oattle, 221-2
Uemarks on Mr. Morlcy's tare and buckwheat hnsbaadn}
303-309.
n expelling air from soils, 302-413.
Vol. XIII,, 1790.
n the prohibition of the export of c<
ExpBrimsntB i
I, U2-16l^!
Observations
163-182.
The Editor's return to England, 164-163.
Circular LaUer on the Com Laws, 185-187.
On tha Com Bill, 456-460.
Vol. XIV., 1790.
Observations on the present season, July, 1790 ; 64-74.
Review of intelUgenoe on oom. 75-79.
Eiperimenta in weighing fatting oaltle ahva, 140-163.
On the effect of electricity upon plants, 221-226.
Observations on a projaot for the cultivation of commonabl*
lands, 812-314.
Circnlot letter on sheep, wool, and com ; 405-407.
BiBLioGRAPny. 369
Vol. XV., 1791.
llemoiTB of the last thirty yearB of the Editor's famung life,
with notes. 15a-197.
Experiment in tba introdnotion of Bonth Down sheep iuto
Suffolk. 286-384.
Average prices of corn, 1787 ft&d 1788, with observations,
872-378.
Review of Lord Sheffield's " ObservationB on the Corn Bill,"
886.394.
An account of eiperiments witb ohiekory, 895-400.
A few notes taken in Suesei. 427-434.
Heview of Townsend's " Journey through Spain in 1766 and
1787." 459-481.
English settlements in the Crimea, 547-6S2.
Vol. XVL. 1791.
MifcellaneouB notes, minuted at Houghton in April, 1791, 41-43.
Account of grazinp twelve bullocks, 1790-91, 64-80.
On the taxes paid bv landed property in England, 103-112.
On the present season, 1791, 121-123.
Plan for a barn, and the buildings necessary for cattle, 149'15d,
Upon the irrigation in Cambridgeshire made by Fallavicino,
177-182.
Observationa on tythes, 278-283.
Observationa on Russian agriculture, 381,
Miscellaneous notes, 351-365.
Experiment on dibbling barley, 882-864.
Enquiry how far the common practice of a country is to be con-
sidered experimental, 412-420.
Notes on the cultivation and advance of value of burnt fen In
the county of Suffolk, 462-476.
A Month's Tour to Northamptonshire, Leicestersbire, Ac,
480.G07.
Vol. XVir., 1792.
Gleaninea in an excursion to Levres Fair, 1791, 127-178.
Circular on a proposed premium for ascertaining the merila of
the different lireoda of sheep, 208.212.
Sheep, Table raUovni of the contents of Vols. I.-XVII. of the
Annals eonoeming, 602-627.
Vol. XVirr.. 1792.
Some experiments in a winter's support of cattle and sheep,
84-124.
Notes on a report of the Committee of Twelve in the Frendi
National Afisembly, 144-147.
Tha Farmer's carl, 17B-I92.
A few notes on an eicun^ion to Bedfordshire, 220-228.
Review of " Wool enoonraged without Ezportation,** fcy
Wiltshire Clothier," 821-330.
A week iu Ebhoi, 391-444.
French events applicable to firitieh agricaltnTe, 486-49S, i
682-696.
Vol. XIX., 1793.
French events applioable to British agriculture, SG-51.
Experiment of meadow land, 211*216.
On the variety of teama used in diSerent eotmtriee, 419-422.
A week iu Norfolk, 441-499.
Vol. XX., 1793.
Circular letter on the spinnine of wool, 178, 179.
Experimente on chickory, 188-203.
Plan for establisbins a Board of Affricnlture, 204-213,
State of Ireland in 1748 and 179a compared. 'J15.
Some farming notes iu EHsei, Kent, and Sussex, 220-297, I
499-512.
Experiments in laying down arable land to grass, 612-52&,
General iadei to Vols. I. -XX. of the Annals.
Vou XXL, 1793.
Eiperiments on the foot-rot in aheep, G8-69.
Agrioulture aa capable of being made a pursuit for the edaori
of children, 4c„ 229-279. ^^
Arrangement of the Agricultural Snrveye, 846-854.
Writers on Husbandry, 4B0-4C3, and 674-GOl.
Experiments on chicory and the Bummer support of slic
COl-620. Also, Vol. iiiv., 23-29, and Vol. uvi., 489-494
Vol. XXII., 1794.
Of the drill haabandry before the late improvements, 72-90.
A Tour through Sussei, 1793, by the Rev. ArtboT Yoti
171-334, and 494-631.
Vol. XXIII., 1786.
A fortnight's Tout in East Suffolk, 18-fi2.
Un some watered meadows in Hampshire, 264-263.
An idea of the present agricultural stale of France, Ac, 274-8
Of the rent of land, 330-340.
On planting, 8S3-408.
On keeping grsiBs a year before feeding, 406-410.
tiome notes at Biddiesworth, 137-444.
Experiment on some oourses of crops, 471-507.
Vol.. XXIV., 1795.
Estimate of Waste Lands in Great Britain, with sketeh of
Act for a General Ecclosore of Commons, 10-17.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Circular on the scarcity of provisiona, 42, 43.
CousequeDces of rioting ou account of ths high priae of pro-
visiona, 580-545.
Subslitutes for wheat flour, 57C-578,
Vol. XXV., 1796.
Queries conceruiog: the food of horees, 26, 26.
Tlie Constitution Safe without Reform, 248-293.
Tax otCoi-n in kind levied in France, 294-297.
Political remarks on the high price of com, 449.473.
A good method of assisting the poor, S30, 631.
Bice bread, 636-fi37.
Vol. XXVI.. 1738.
Sermon on the scarcity of corn, 197-208.
A furmer's letter to the jeonionry of Suffolk, 51G-521.
Vol. XXVII., 179G.
A farmer'a letter to the yeomanry of England, 49-54.
Excursion to yorkshire, 287-312.
Etperiments on some grasses, 372-407.
Eerradilla, a Fortu<;ueae grass, 603-610.
A farmer's second letter to the yeomanry of England, 628-538,
Bong by "aSulIolk Yaoman" — "Hear ye not the din from far?"
Vol. XXVril., 1797.
A farming Tonr in the south and west of England, Gl-109,
118-1-29, 225-240, 363-370, 460-483, 620-640.
A farmer'B third letter to the yeomanry of Britain, 177-187.
Experiments upon the winter and summer support of sbeep,
258-269.
Queries on horses, 405-407.
A word in season (Letter iv.) at a critical moment, to landlords,
yeomen, and farmers, 426-143.
Vol. XXIX., 1797.
Potatoes, 36-62.
A terming Tour in the south and West of England, 89-08,
195-208. 300-318, 427-480. BS7-587.
Note on the repeal of the boanty on Che inland oarriaga of corn
in Ireland, 1G7, 168.
Rome notes on the Earl of Exeter's husbandry, 379-880.
French translation of tlie Editors works, 473-482,
Petworth Priie Meeting, Nov. 20, 1797, 605-520.
Mr. Benthun's panper tables, 656-667.
I
I
bibliogaapby.
Vol. XXS.. 1798.
A fEimting Tonr in the south tmd w«Bt of England, 72-1
165-201, 299-319, 880-867.
On oertaiii principles of taxation, 177-1B4.
General indei to VoU. i.-xxx.
Vol. XXXI., 1798.
A farming Tour iu the south and west of Eneland, 79-04.
HoldemeBE, Beverley, Hull, Bome notes in 1797, 118-164.
Some notes at Newark, 2()l-'203.
Experiments on the winter and sninmer sapport of ihm
304-224.
Noles on inclosnres, 529-G54,
Vol. XXXII., 1799.
Queries relating to tithes, *p.. 275-278.
Some notes on the Earl of WinohilBea's hasbnndnr, 351-382.
On the conduct of WorkhonseB, 382-888.
Vol. XXXIII., 1799.
On waste lands, 1*2-50.
Eiperimeots ou the winter and summer support of she
180-190.
Warping in Lincolnshire, 883-399.
Remarks on the late severe nintsr and backward Bpring, 400-4
Circular stack and threshing yard, 468-4S8.
On the price of com and the situation of the poor
winter, 621 629.
Vol. SXXrV., 1800.
Experiments in planting, 54-68.
Price of proTiEions and state of the poor, 100-107.
Ou the state of the poor, 186.192.
Experiments on the winter and Bnmmer support of ek*
414-425.
1600.
Vol, XXXV
Note on the esaminnlion of the \
tbe House of Commoos i
land, 478-474.
ObESrvBtiouB on the price of
Vol. XXXVI,, 1801.
Circular letter on the state of the poor, 113. 114.
Obiervations on the King's Proclamaiiou concerning the pi
HUoity, 196-196.
I September, 1800, 5C9-St
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
373
General EncloGnre, 210-214.
Inijairy into tlieprnpnetjr of applying wastes to the m&inteDatioe
of the poor, 437-547.
Vol. XXXVir., IBOl.
EiperimentB on the winter and summer eupport of sheep,
278-276.
Sennon to a ooontiy congregation, 614-638.
Vol.. XXXVriL, 1802.
Experiment in making hay, 1, 2.
Oa premiums offered by AgricuUurfil Societies, 322-324.
Vou XXXIX., 1803.
Adfty atBnxhnII,73-83.
A year's observations on hogs, 871-382.
The husbandry of His Grace the late Duke of Bedford, 8S5-458.
Doubts concerning the seaBon of m.akiDg farm-yard
Vol. XL., 1808.
Beflections on the political economy that ought to be pursued id
peace, 79-92.
Experiment in manuring the soil of Bagshot Heath, 97-104.
On Sainfoin, 142-lGO,
Lucerne and Guinea grass in Bengal, 164-166.
On some circum-^tances to be attended to in the efltablishment of
a new colony, 437-440.
General indei to vols, xxxj.-sl.
Vol. XLI., 1804.
Cironlar letter to Agricultural Societies, 25-27.
On the new Malt Tax, 89-52,
Of the English Poor-laws, 52-71.
Eiperimenia on some oonraes of crops, 97-158.
A day at Ardleigh, 497-505.
Vol, XLII., 1804.
Useful borae-shoe, 84.
Idea of a cottage, cheap to build and warm to inhabit, 284-28S.
On the effects of the modern agricultural aystem, 299-318.
Mole-plough drawn by the force of women applied mechanically,
418-422.
Parliamentary enclosures in the connty of Cambridge, 471-502,
Also vol. xliii. 42-59 and 111-118.
Some notes at Cricklade, 517-S26.
;e of C(
BIBLIOGRAPUr.
Notes on a fallowed farm, 101-110.
New informatioQ oa paring and burning, 133-152, 198-231,
800-8'21, and 639-573.
On the crop of 1604, 244-253.
EiperimentB on tnanares, 433-455. Also vol. iliv. 314-859, and
vol. \lv. 105-100, and 880-839.
A farmery, 473-47B.
Vol. XLrV., 1806.
Minittea on enoloenreB, 39-62, 174-201, 288-307, and 42C-
A day at Noddiahall, 257-272.
An ass-car, 866.
The example of Europe a warning; to Britaia, 880-410.
Monument to the memory of Luther, 506.
Vol. XLV„ 1808.
By what rale ought tithes to be rated ? 193--208.
The abolition of the slave trade, 211, 212.
The fen paring -plough, 230-231.
The lale of Tbanet shim. 240-241.
Account of a flock of Southdown sheep, 298-31G.
On iiemp, 821-830.
Circular on stopping the malt -distillery, 513-^15.
Evidecce before the House of Commons' Committee on tbj
grand distillery question, 578-G04.
Plain facta on the grand distillery question, 006-608.
I
\
**«. Tlie publication of the Annals was discontinued after pago
64 of this number (270). But the following tracts, publisljed
in 1812 and 1B15 raspectively, and paged continuously, were
marked as Nos. 270 and 271 of vol ilvi. :—
Au enquiry into the progressive faluo of mouey in England,
pp. viii. and 187.
An enquiry into the rise of prices in Europe during the last
twenty-five years, 141-219.
List of publications tor and against the Corn Bill, 1814-15, 220,
1
INDEX.
ABSENTEES, 5«Lan.!lord
and Tenant.
AureRRe of Ireland, vol. ii. 3 ;
vol. ii. 293.
cuttle trade in, vol. ii. 105.
lalwar, price of, vol. ii 36, 51.
Palatines, particulars of Iiiih-
baudry relating to, vol. i.
377, 378.
Quin, Mr., pftrticudars of hna-
bandry, voL I 373, 376, 377.
tithea , cborch lands, vol, iL 1 OU .
Agriculture —
modes of, recoiumended to
gentlemen of Ireland by Um
author, vol. ii. 281, 282,
283, 284, 2S5, 286, 287, 288,
2Sg, 290, 2»1, 292.
neglect of, as an art, vol. i. 10,
sacrificed for manufacture,
vol. ii, 214,213, 216, 217, 271,
support of monarchy, vol. i. 2,
Ainaworth, Mr., of Lecole, vol.
I for Btncco
i. 140.
Alabaster, nee
pla»ter, voL L 148.
Aldworth, Mr. R., Anneagrove,
acricnltnral particulars , vol.
i. 93, M, 200y 300, 3U1, 302.
Alexander, Mr. K, , Derry,
herrina Hahery, voL i. 167,
169, 170.
Altamont, Lord, Westport
entate, vol. i. 250, 233, 254,
255,259.
Altavilla, voL L 373.
" Annals of Agricultore" —
Buthiir'n contributions to, on
Ireland, vol. ii 299, 324,
329, 340.
Anne« lirnve —
Aldworth, Mr. R., por-
ticnJars of ImHtmndry, vol.
i, 93, 94, 296, 297, 298, 299,
300, 301, 302.
cattle trade in, vol, ii. 105.
labourers claiming to be of
ancient family and diepos-
sessed of their eetates, vol.
i.300.
products, vol. ii IS, 38.
rental of, vol. ii. 12.
tithes, vol. ii. 109.
wool.BmugglingintoEnglond,
vol. i. 299.
.Antrim —
acreage of, vol. ii, 3.
hualxuidry and mannfactnre,
vol. i. 146, 147, 14S.
rental of, vol, ii. 14,
Slianes Castle. See thai titU.
Antrim, Lord^
estate in Antrim, vol, i. 146.
Ara1>ela —
land, condition of, vol. i. 367>
Palatines, colony of, vol. L368.
provisions, price of, vol ii. 74.
Arbutus tree, vol. i. 94, 95.
Ardfert—
Bateman, Mr,, ogricnltnral
experiments, vol. i. 370.
Crosby, ImtA, vol. i. 371.
bhaimon, moathof, voLL37)>
Ardpfttrick, rich InnJa in, vol.
1. 381.
Ards—
husbandry and tuannfacture,
fol. t. 138, 139.
products, ToL iL 19, 20,
rental of, vol. ii. 11.
Armagh^
acreage of, vol. it. 3.
farms, division of, between
father and son, voL L 120.
labour, price of, vol. ii. 50, 62.
manufactiire and hasbundry,
vol. i. 119, 120, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126.
Oakboys' and Steelltovi' riot-i,
vol. i. 124.
potatoes, vol. iL 38.
provisioni, price of, vol. ii
religion of, vol. L 124.
rental of, vol. ii. 11, 14-
Kobinaon, Archbishop, public
buildings and improve-
menta, vol. L IIT, 118,
Baker, Mr. ^Vhyn, vol. ;
159—
' Unblin Society, vol. iL
farming experinentn, wMit of
capital, vol. i. 2B.
Balbriji;v;an —
Haniiltou, Baron, building
of the pier, vol. i. lOT,
108.
labour, voL i. 107 ; vol iL 50.
Balliua—
agricaltnral particulars of.
275.
L 274,
Armstrong, Mr., of King's
County, vol. i. 34.
Ashbrook, Lord, plantationi,
vol. i. 469.
Athy—
products, vol. ii. 19.
rental of. vol. ii. 10.
Walflh, Dean, vol. i. 70.
Atkinson. Mr. W.-
orchard liusbandry, vol. L 417.
Author —
" Annals of Axiionlture,"
contribationa to, vol. ii.
299, 3-24, 329.
land -steward to Lord Kinga-
borough, vol. i. 403.
tnemnira of last thirtv veara of
author's farming life, vol.
works by, vol. ii. 340, 351.
352.
Aj-rea, Colonel, vol. i. 341.
vol. i. 245,
partici
Hallinosloe, vol. i. 247, 249.
Itallybar. vol. i. 73.
Bftllybofev—
Ik)[!s, vol. i. 176. 177.
oxen drawing sled
vol. i. na
Ball yean van-
cyder making, an at
voL i. 416, 417.
fishery industry, vol. i 41
Hies, destruction of cropffi
voL L 415. i
husbandry of the neighU
hood, Mr. Bolton, 1
Wyse. vol. I 406, 408, ilQ,
411,412, 413.
', condition of.
u51.
245.
»9. ■
J
labouring poor,
vol. i. 411 ; VI
polatoes, vol,
[jroductH, vol.
rental, vol. ii
tithes, vol. ii.
Ballygarth —
Pepper, Mr., partieul&n
husbandry, voL L 1"~ "
Ballyraote —
bogs, vol. i. 222, 223.
manufacture, entabliahnu
of. vol. i. 223. 224. 225, __
227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232,
i
MlynAt^ill (continutd) —
potatoea, vr)l u. 3S,
Vicara, Mr., pitrticnlEirs of
hugbundiy, vol. i. Tl.
Bully nogh —
1mabatidr)[. vol. i. 21^
Inbour, price of. vol.
nnllyroaa Inn, vol. i. 40S.
BELllyswIiire —
falls, deitoription of, vol. i. 241.
gentlemen of the eunntiy,
Cromwell's soldiers nnd
Welsh families, vol. L 243.
ImabBindry, pfu*tJciiUrs re-
lating to, vol. i. 241, 242,
243.
lead mine, vol. 1 238.
oysters, eonsuniption of, shells
lined for lime, voL i. 242,
243.
Ballyshannon, salmon ■ leap, voL
1. 187-
Itallvapellan, vol. i. 468.
Baudon, vol. i. 341,
Bangor, Lord, of Ca-'itleward,
vol. i. 143.
Bargf and Forth Baronieii —
baabaadrv, particulara of,
vol. L 86, 87, as, 89.
labonr find condition of the
wTsa
vol, i
products, vol. iL 19.
proviaioni, price of, voL ii. 73.
rental, voL li. U.
Saxon ponnlation, voL i. S5,
89 ; vol. il. 146.
atraw hats, worn by men and
Barretta. rental of, vol. ii. 12.
Barry Barry, Mr., estate at
Drewstown, vol. i. 53.
Barrymore, rental of, vol, ii. 12.
Btttenian, Mr. —
agriciiltaral experiments, vol.
i. 370.
auinre, use of, vol. ii. 94.
ttle on the Boyne, vol. L 1 10.
104.
improvements in Beadfort,
vol. i. 50, 51. S2, 53.
Belfaat, vol. i. 135.
description of, vol. i. 146.
DoneKal's, Lord, e.^tate, voL
148.
provisionH. price of, vol. ii.71.
rental, vol. ii. II.
trade, vol. L 144.
Belle isle^
bustiandry, Earl Ross's estate,
vol. L 197, 19B, 199.
lahouring poor, condition of,
vol. i. 198 1 vol. ii. SI.
products, vol. ii. 20.
provisions, price of, vol. ii. 7*.
Belleek water-fall, vol L 187.
Belvidere, Lord^
Tuliainore estate, vol. i. 61.
Blackwood, Mr., vol. i. 135.
Bland, Bev. Mr., bogsy land,
improvement of, vol. i. 366.
Blarney ^ —
Jefferys, Mr. S. J., bnildinc
the town, entablisbment n
manufacture, &c, voL L
312. 313, 314, SKI.
Blennerhosset, Mr.—
manure, use of, vol. ii. 94.
mountain improvement, vol.
i. 369, 370,
Blewstone—
Oakhovs' riots, vol. i. 124.
BotfN, See Land.
Bolton, Mr, C, of Ballyconvan,
husbandry, vol. i. 406,
409,410,412,413,414,416.
Boyle, vol. i. 222.
Buyne, field of battle, descrip-
tion of scenery, vol. i. 110.
Lord, Slaine estate, voL L
Bro
Townshend, Mr. C, Suasex
fwinerB, vol. i. 342. 343.
Brown, Archbiahoji of Tuani,
vol. i. 201.
Brown, Mr, of BrownHliilJ,
liuslianilry, vol. i. 72, "3,
Brown, Mr., of Kortlanii, hus-
bandry, vol. i. 213, 244.
Brownlow, Mr,, uf Lurgau, vol,
i. 127, r-
3S4.
Buildinjji, improvementu, pro-
motion of civilizaCiun. vol.
i. 463 ; vol ii„ 2G3.
Bullocks. See C&ttle.
Bunratty Cuitle, O'Brien?,
Prince of Thomond, vol. L
392.
Buntin, Mr, A., vol, L 148.
BurEli, Prime Sergeant, vol.i. 20.
Burke, Mr., " conuivonce ia tlie
relaxation of Slavery, not
the definition of Lil>erty,"
vol. i. 114.
Burton, Colonel, vol, i. 104—
maine niilla, vol. i. 37, 43.
Buahe, Mr., husbsindry, pnr-
tionlars of, vol. i. 73, 76, 70-
Bntler, Mr. Jainea^
cattle trade, voL ii. 101.
hnabandry, voL i. 73.
Cabino —
building and cortA of, vol. i. 55.
cattle in, vol i. 78,
description of, vol, ii. 47, 48, 40.
doj^ in, vol. L 160.
Dromore cabins, vol. i. 133.
dungliills, moving cabiuB to
Cet away from, vol, i 257.
abitanta of, as well ott' as
most Enirliah cottoi'eni, vol.
1.35.
Cabins lamtiitued] —
Inns, vol. i. 105, 177.
Monknewton, preference 1
mud hutiB, vol. L 47.
number residing in, vo.
Paddy Macguire's, vol. i. IBS
rents of. vol. ii. SB.
windows and cliimneya, i
of, vol L 35.
Bc/er also to Labouring poOR
conditions of.
CaldweU, Sir James, vol L 183
190, 193, 194.
Campbell, Dr.—
Cork, sutferings of, in
Carbery, vol. i. 341.
Carlow, vol, i. 71, 72. 73.
acreage of, vol, ii, 3.
rental of. vol. ii. 13.
Whiteboy riots, vol. i, 8- , _
Corluw, Lord, Uawsoa Uun
vol. L 424.
C-arrick, liord. Mount Jnl
vol. i. 76.
Corrick, manufacture, vol. i. <
Cars. Ha Roads.
Cartown, Unke of LwubI
estate, voL i. 31.
Cnsbel, voL i. 394.
Holland's iun, vol. i. 46a
titlies, thureii lands, vol.
112.
ploughiDD by the tail, va
240.
wakes, hiring men and wn
to howl, vol. i. 249.
Castle Caldwell, vol. L 167-
liusbanilrv, particulars
vol. i. 187, 1S8, 189,100,11
labouring; classes, vuL
101 i vol. U. 38.
manure, use of, vol, ii, 9A.,
pottLtoes, vol. ii. 4fi.
products, vol. ii. 19,
rental of, vol. ii, II.
aceberv, description of,
102,'lB3, 194.
Caatle Connell, vol. i. 450.
Castle Coole, Curry, Lowry,
Mr., vol. i. 100.
Castle Home, voL i. 105.
CtwtleisUnd —
condition of lawl, vol. i. 367.
rental of, vol. iL 12.
Caslle Lloyd—
Itev. Mr. Lloyd's improve-
ments in husbandry, &c.,
vol. i. 450, 4oI, 452, 453,
454, 455, 456, 457.
Castlenuvrtyr —
bullocks drawinf; by the
horns, vol. i. 32S, 327.
manufacture, vol. i. 325, 330.
potato huBbandrj, vol. ii, 38,
rental, vol. ii. 12.
Roclie, Mr. K., fl^cultnral
improvements, vol. i. 330.
Bhannon, Earl, liuBbondry,
particulars of, vol. i. 321,
manufacture, vol. 1.
Caatle Oliver, vol. i. 2»fl.
husbandry, rich land, &c , vol.
i. 380, 381, 382, 383, 384,
3S5, 386, 3S7.
labonriniir poor, potato hns-
bandry, &c,vol. 11.36,38.
Palatines, Mr. Oliver's colony
of, vol i. 388. 387.
pictures, Mr. Oliver's, vol. L
.387.
potatoes, vol. ii. 38.
products, vol. ii. 20.
rental, vol. ii. 12.
Castletown, ConoHy, Mr., de-
scription of house, vol. i. 30.
Castle Wanl, UaoKor, Lord,
estate, vol. i. 143.
Catholics. See Religion.
Cattle-
cattle business, laxy farmers,
vol. iL 22.
drawing by the horns, vol. i.
379
Cattle (FO«((H»«rf)—
manafeinent of, table of priras
aadprofits, vol. ii. 104, 105,
106, 107.
plouEuing with oxen, vol. i.
vol. i. 176.
trade, improved condition of
the people, vol. i. 294.
winter food, vol. ii. 107, lOS,
aurea^ of, vol. ii. 3.
plou!;TiinK by the tail, vol. i,
211.
rental of, vol. ii. 14.
Caves, Htiilactite cave at .Ske-
heenrinky, vol. i. 464, 465.
Celhridge—
labouring pooi
bandry. So:., vui, u. ou, .
Marlay, Colonel, vol. i. 25.
products of, vol. ii. IB.
rental of, vol. ii. 10.
tithes, chnrch lands, vol.
109.
Charleraont, Lord —
Dublin, house in, vul. i. IS.
Marino, villa at, vol. L 19.
Cliarleville^
JuUnston, Captain, vol. ii. 62.
rental of, vol. ii. 10.
rich lands, vol. i. 381.
Charter-school, French, Mr.,
supported by, voL i. 273.
Chinnery, George, Dean of
Cork, vol. i. 332.
Church. See Religion.
Clanwilliani, Earl of, Tippe-
roiT, vol. i. 383,
Clanwilliani , Lady, plantine
trees, vol. L 301, 392.
Clare-
acreage of, vol. ii. 3,
religion, vol. i. 288.
rental of, vol. ii. II.
wool smuggling, vol. i. 28I>.
Clare IslandTvol. i. 250,258, 280.
Clements, Mr., long-lefTjed
sheep, vol. i. 25.
^ ^BJB
■ 880 IHDEX. ^^^«
1 CUbborn. Mr., linen nibnnfAO-
Connolly. Mr., hoane at CoattwB
W tare, voL ii. 129.
town, vol. i. 30. fl
^ Climate, avenige rainfall, mois-
Conorj-, John, vol. i. 397. ■
ture without rain, &a., voL
ii. 8.
Convoy, Mont^meiy, Unfl
oxen dran-ing slodge — tW
CloDleigli-
vol. i 176. V
huabonilrviparticuloreof, vol.
vol. i. 4'2. 43. M
i. 1T3.
rental of. vol. ii. 11.
Coola\-in, Mocdermot, PriMifl
tithes, church lands, vol. tL
of, vol. L 219. ^^M
109.
Clonniel—
labouring poor, potato h«»«.^
More, Mr., husbandry. &e..
bandry. &c., voL L MO;
vol. i. 3H. 385, 3B6, 397.
vol. ii. 36, 38, 39.
Sterne, birthploee oE, vol. i.
manure, ose of, vol. ii. 94.
3M.
dry, vol. L 336. 337, 338.
291.
339. 3*0, 3*1.
CloonaliB House, O'Connor,
rental of, vol. ii. 12.
descendant of Boderick
Cooper, Mr.-
O'Connor, King of Con-
huBbandr>- , reclaiming of bogiu
nanifht, vol. L 219.
fo!., vol. i, 231, 238, aSM
CloM, Mr. Maxwell, vol. i. 124.
2*0,2*1.
Coals—
mules, use of, vol. L 240.
Coote, Dean, vol. i. 67, 70, 41
of ijuaDtities, &c., vol. ii.
Cork-
127, 128, 129.
acreage of, vol. ii. 3.
Irish coals, nangation, want
beauty of the environs, to
of capital, vol. u. 127, 128,
341.
\'J9, 130.
mine near Kanturk, vol. i.
vol. i. 332, 333, 33*. SM?
308.
rental of, vol ii 14, 15.
Coleraine-
Bpaniard* in, vol. U, 145,
emigration, vol. L IM.
tithes, vol. ii. 112.
rental of, vol. ii. 11.
war-time— Cam pbell'B, ]
Bolraon Saliery. vol, i. 163, 164.
OBsertions, vol. ii. 293:
Colonies, government of, ccni-
Cork, Dean of, vol. L 332.
merciai svBtein, vol. i. T, S. 9.
Corn-
burning of in the straw, ,
meree.
Conlians, vol. L 92.
i. 249, 259.
Connauglit-
inland carriage of, bon
acreage of, vol. ii. 3.
on. Sa title TndeKoAo
libourers. S'fcLalMJurinKpoor,
O'Connor and Macderwot,
Corran Baron v, Siigo.rrf. i.
vol. i. 219.
Milesian race, voL i, e3&
Corry, Mrs,, vol. i, 196.
276.
■• Connivance U the relaxation
condition of.
orBlavery.notthedefinition
CoalthiirHt,BirJohn.olKnU
of Liberty," vol. i. at
bridge, vol. L 343.
Courtown^
rental ot, vol. ii.i1.
Wliitelwy riotit, vol. i, 92
Courtown, Lord, neat at Ccmr-
town, hQHiMindry, &e., vol,
i. BO, 91, 92, 93.
Cove, Lota, view of, vol. L
317.
371.
Cnllen—
colony of French and English
Protestants, vol. i. 111.
hiubandry, Lord Chief Baron
ForBter,&c.,vol. L 110,111,
113,113, 114, 115, 391.
Lloyd, Rev., huabajidry, vol.
i. 450, 421, 453.
potato huHbondry, vol. ii. 30,
46.
products, vol. iL 20.
rental of, vol. ii. 11, 13.
Roman Catholica in, Boher
and industrious people, vol.
tithes, vol. iL 109.
Cunninghani, General —
arbutus tree, vol. L 94, 95.
Mount Kennedy, DUTlicnlarB
of liuBbandrv, vol. i. 1)4, 93,
B8, 97, 98, Hfl.
Ciuragh ot Kildare, ftunous
turf, voL i. 424.
description of, vol. i. 404, 405,
406.
Earl TvTone'K estate, hus-
handiV, vol. i. 400, 401, 402,
403. 404, 405, 406.
manufacture in, vol. i. 402.
CuHtiima and Exrise. Set
Revenue and trade.
Cyder-
Dnnkettle, making cyder in,
vol. i. 317.
how to make c^der.
orcbardu, vol. i. 237,
Daly, Mr., vol. I 20,
Dancing, love of, by the iieople,
voL L 366,446; vol. li. U7.
Dan^n, l<ord Mornington'a
improvement*, vol. i "
jle, descri "' '
102, 103, 1
Dawson's Court, Lord Carlow'a
improved landn, vol. i. 424.
Dean, Sir B., of New Grove.
vol. i. 310.
Deaneries, vol. ii. 295,
De Montatt, Lord, lin»>jandry
at Dundruin, vol. i. 392^
393, 334.
acreage ot, vol. il. 3.
dancing amongst tlie poor.
173.
, 172.
hurling; match for a wife, Tol.
i. 146, 147-
husbandry, Mr. Head's im-
provemente, &c, vol. i. 167,
440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445,
446, 447, 448, 449.
labonring poor, vnl. i 444,
445,447; vol. ii. 36, 51, 52.
London companies, vol. i. 164.
potat*«B, vol. ii. m, 46.
products of, vol. ii. 2a
provisions, price of, voL i.
447; vol.11, 74.
rental of, vol. ii. 12, 14.
scenery, vol. i. 173.
shipping trade, v<d. ii. 203.
tithes, vol. iL 109, IIS.
Derry. Bishop of, vol. i. 164, 166,
167.
Desart, Lord, Com Bonnty Re-
peal Bill, vol, ii 346.
De Vesci, Lord, plantations
in (Queen's Connty, vol. L
460.
Dissenters. See Religion.
DistresH, decline in trade and
commerce, free trade, &c.,
voL iL 260, 261, 262, 2fi3,
2M, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269,
270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275,
27fl, 277. 278. 279, 280.
Bnlibin'a Inn, vol L 46S.
Ill il lard atown —
huHbatidry of the neighbonr-
hood. vol. L 32;
liiluiirin)^ poor, vol. iL 36.
potatocH, vol. ii. 36.
(•roduete nf, vol. i
tithes.
Done(;al —
vol. i
[e nf, vol. i
109.
«i.
eheep, profit on, vol. ii. lOfl.
Down—
ncresKe of, vol. ii, 3.
renlftlof, vol, ii, 14.
titheii nnd church lands, vol.
ii. 112.
Down Bny. vol. i. 143.
Down, Binliop of, voL i, J33. ■
Downpatrirk, vol. 1, 143.
Drewstown, Mr. Barir Barry's
eatAte at, vol. i. S3.
Dniglieda. vol. L 109.
Droinoland—
cattle tnule. vol. ii. 104.
cyder orehanle, vol. i. 2H7,Q88.
labonr, price of, voL iL 3I,fi2,
lower clfLsses, condition of,
vol. i. 288.
iimnu fuel ore, vol. i. 289.
O'Brien, Sir Lucius, )>articii-
lars relating to ngricutture,
vol. i. 284, 28fi, S86, 287,
288, 289, 290, 291.
potntoBB, vol. iL 38,
Dromoland {continued)—
products of, vol. ii. 20,
provisions, price of, vol. U. 7*'
religion, vol. i. 288.
rental of. vol iL 12.
tithes, vol. ii. 100.
Druiu, description of scenerr,
vol. L 100, 101. "
Dublin— ^
atreage of,
author's rccepti
rentarnf, vol. ii. 14,
Donegal, Lord —
Belfast estate, vol. i. 146.
Inch Island, vol. L 167.
Doneraile —
hnnhnndrv, vol. i. 304, SOS,
306, .W.
labour, price of, vol. ii. SI, S2.
nianufncture, vol. L 302, 303
provisions, price of, vol. ii. 74
Dnneraile, Lord —
husliandrv particulars, vol. i
304, 30fi, 306, 307.
e of, vol. L 306 ;
^<il, i
13.
list
city, description of, voL
18. 21.
Claremont, Lord, house ii
Dublin, vol. i. 18.
coals, importation of. £c
litlt Cools,
com, inland carriage. Sri
title Trade and commerce.
labour, price of, vol. ii. ."ift. l»
I a1 muring poor, \
cabins. &c., vol. iL 36.
Pitrlinnient, debates in,
20.
potatoes, vol. ii. 38.
products, vol. ii. 19.
provisions, price of. ToL i.
vol. iL 73.
rental of, vol. iL 10, 13.
wicietj- in Dublin, voL I, ^
tithes and church luids,«
iL 112. '■
Dntilin Society-
author, letter to, vol. it 1
oriKin of, its a^ricnltara) kbA
niannfa(>tnring improve-
ment scliemes. vol. iL |3|,
\S&, 13.1, 134. 135, 138, 137.
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143.
144.
Duellin);. £« Manilcrsand cu°-
Dundalk, "Clanhrassie Amip."
115.
Duudofis, Sir I^uri
223.
Dundonald, Earl,
hearth tax, vol.
Dundmni, Lord D« Mi
vol. i, 39S " "
Lit
^^ jncliills. Ste title Manure.
cotton RpinniDe, vol. i. 212.
reiitnl ol, vol. ti. 13.
Dmikettle—
labouring poor, vol. i. 316 ;
vol. ii. 3ft
potatoes, vol. it. 38, 39.
¥-oiluclA of, vol. ii. 20.
rent, Mr. O., husbondr;-.
Bcenery, pic lures, voL i.
316, 317, 316, 319, 330.
Ditnleary, vol, i. 17.
Dunow, vol i. 469.
Eagla Island, vol. i. 194.
Eaules, Qiiachief done by, in
Mayo CO., vol. i 200.
EdacatioD —
charter school, Mr. Fi«ndi'«,
vol. i. 273.
Elm Grove,
(irovement,
Kmliargnea. •?» Trade and com-
145.
cause iind extent <if, vol, ii.
56, 57.
Coleraine, vol. i. 164.
DUsenters, vol. i. 115.
dUtresHin Ireland,vo]. ii. 271.
Gnlwav etniKranta, vol. L 2T6.
LesUe'Uill, vol. i. 163, 161.
Lurgan, vol. i. 128.
Newfoundland, Irish emi.
grants to, vol. i. 88, 402, 406,
Newtovm Liwavady, vol. i.
166.
C)akbo>-8, vol. i. 124.
Roman Catholics, vol. i. 129.
"Employ, don't hang them,"
vol. I. 399.
Enniskillen, vol. i. 196.
Florence Court, hiiBbandry
Enniskillen {eonliniied) —
and niannfiLctiiTe, vol. i. 200,
201, 202, 203. 204, 205, 206.
manure, use of, vol. ii. 94,
rental uf, vol ii. II. Set alio
Horenre Court.
Erris Barony, vol. i. 246, 249.
Extent of Jretanii, vol. ii. 3.
Grew's, Dr. , calculations, voL
ii. 293.
Faithleg){ Hill, description of
scenerv, vol. i. 409, 410.
Falls of BaUysadare, vol. i. 241.
cAange-iiale, changing land
every yeAT, vol. i. 161.
division of famia bet wee i
parent* and cldldren, vol, i.
120, 150.
ploui^ing. Sfe that litlt.
riindalc, division of farnis
hy balks. See Farming in
partnership.
Farniing; in partnership, vol. i.
79, ISO, 151, 188. 212, 210,
259; vol. ii. 31, 32.
Famhain —
deacriptian of, vol. L 206. 207.
hushandry, vol. L 207, 208,
209, 210, 211.
manure, use of, vol. ii. 94.
plongliingby the tail, vol. i,2ll.
potat<ieB, vol. ii. 33.
products, vol. ii. 20.
rental, vol. ii. 11.
Farnliaui, Earl —
Corn Bounty Repeal Bill, vol.
ii. 344.
husbandry, vol. i. 20", 208, 209,
Fermanagh-
acreage of, vol. ii. 3.
rental of, vol. ii, 14.
Fermoy, rental of. vol. ii, ]2.
Fini.'all,inliabitantsof,vol.L107.
FiBlieriea—
Arahela. price of lisli in, vol. i.
384 IN
Finlieries (i-on/inut'i/)^
BallvcRnvan, vol. i, 412.
Caatlebur. vol. i. 250.
i^ -cod finbery, vul. i. 183.
Connemara, utm- fishery, vol.
i.276.
Derry, herring fiBherVt vol. i.
188, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173.
Ualwfky, vol, i 276.
Kill&la, ftbandauce of fieh,
voL i. 248.
Enockninny. vol. i. 2D0,
Mount Cliarles, herring fish-
ery, bnnnty, &c., vol. i.
177, 17S, 170, 180, 181, 182,
18a
NedeenorKenin(ire,vo1. i.34S.
oyaters, toI. i. 242, 243, -SM;
pBckeiuiKm, children fishing
Kt, vol. i. 59.
Siroh in Irish Ultes.vol. i.2O0.
ortaferry, vol. i. 137.
salmon fislier;-, vol. i. 162, 163,
187, 245. 2t6,
. Shannon, vtil. i. 438.
trade «£ Ireland, table of par-
ticulars, vol. ii. 241, 242,
24.1, 244, 245.
■Waterford, vol. i. 407.
whale fiHbery, gun -harpoon
invention, vol. l. 183. 184.
WeBtporti abnndance of fish,
vol. i. 256.
. "Wexford, herringH barrelled
at, for West Indies, vol. i.
89.
Fitigerald, Mr., «t Promoland,
husbaadrj', particulars uf, vol.
i. 291.
Fitzcerald, Mr., of Woodford
hugbandry. vol. i. 372, 373.
FiUmaurice, Hon. Mr., manu-
facture of Ballyuiote, vol. i.
223, 224, 225. 226. 227, 228,
Florence Court —
Enniskillon, Lord, husban-
dry and nianufactnre. vol.
i. 200, 201, 203, 204, 205,200.
Florence Court («»i((Hu«rf)— .fl
labour, price of, voL ii. SI, r
manure, use of, vol. ii. ft^^
potatoes, vol. ii. 38.
prodncttj, vol. ii. 20.
Iirovisioas, price of, voi,fl
rental, vol, ii. 10.
sheep farming, vol. ..
Forster, Lord Chief Baron—',
agricultural impro'
voL i 13, 14, 16,41.
colony of French and Englii
Protestauts, vol. i. 111.
manure, use of. vol. ii. 93.
Forster, Mr., of Itushwee Faik*
provisions, price of, vol. ii. 74.
Foster, Mr, of Branchsle, di
tillery, fat beasts, vol. L M
Foxtoni. vol. i. 2*8— ^
rental of, vol. ii. 12,
Fownes, Sir W., Woe
vol. i. 80.
French, Mr.—
bog in] provement. agricultnral
experiments, tree planting,
&c., vol. 1. 261, 2WZ. 283,
264, 265, 266, 267. 268, 26S.
270.271,272.273.274.276,
280, 281.
manure, u^e of. vol. ii. 94,
Monivea, charter school, 1
i 273.
Presentment Bill, voL ij. i
Furnace —
labouring poor, conditaoufl
vol. i. 423; vol. ii SI, «"
Nevill. Mr., hmbftndiy, t
i. 419, 420, 421, '
potatoes, vol. ii. 38.
prmiucts of, voL ii. 2Ck _
provisions, price of, vol, U. 7i
bheep, profits on, vol, ii, IHO.
•Jty
BMoery, vol, i. 4(15, 488,
467. *G8.
»lway, acreage of, vol. iL 3 —
r emigrants, vol. i. 276.
t Uoen manufacture, vol. i.277.
r rental of, vol. ii. 14
■•Imon and herring fishery,
vol. L 278.
;, Mr., of Foxfonl, vol. i.
8.
i -Gale-posts, planting trees for,
vol. L as.
Geese plucked alive, vol. i. 259.
Uurrard, Mr., of GibbBtown,
vol. i. 4«.
Giant's Causeway, vol. i. 163.
Gibbatown —
cattle trade, vol. ii. 104.
Geiranl's, Mr., estate, vol. i.
49.
Glaoloagb, description of, vol. i.
124.
Glenfi. See Killamey, descrip-
tion of scenery.
Glendonr, Lord, uf Anifert, vol.
i. 372.
Glostet —
iabunring poor, rent of
Cftbini, &e. , vol. i, 429 ; vol.
I ii. 36, 51. 52.
m 426, 427, 428, 421), 430, 431.
1^ potatoes, vol. ii 38, 46.
prodacU, vol, iL 20.
proviaionn, price of, vol. 1.
431 ; vol fi 74.
rental, voL iL 12.
sheep, profits on, vol. ii. 105.
Goldblg, Mr., of Clonleigh, vol.
L 173.
Gordon, Mr. R.—
manure, use of, vol. ii. B4.
New Grove, B«riciiltiiral iiri-
IX. 385
Gosport, L^ird, Marlcet'hilt
estate, vol. i. 116.
Government of Ireland. See
Parliament.
Granard, vol. i. 212 ; vol. iL 11.
Grand Canal. See Public works.
Gully Island, description of, vol.
1. 1Q5.
Haliday, Dr., of Belfast, vol i.
133.
Hamilton, Mr., of Corloff, vol. i,
73.
Balbriggon Pier, Ttaron
Hampton, vol. L 107, IU8.
Hampton Hall, voL L 106.
husbandry, vol. i. 105, 106,
107,
labouring poor, rents of caliins,
Sic, vol. ii. 36.
manure, use of, vol. ii. 91.
products, vol. iL 1(1.
rental of, vol. ii. 11.
tithes and church lands, vol.
_. 109.
Harbours, «
.pabilities of coni-
L81.
Harcourt,I»rd,vol, L17,2.^,104.
Horpson, Sir H., of Castle
Oliver, vol, i. 383, 388.
Harrowine by the tail. See
Plonjjhing.
Harte, Mr., " Essay on Hus-
bandry," voL i, 11.
Hosier, Hit Juliti, vol. i. SO
Uassel, Colonel, Palatines in
Arabela, vol, 1. 3ti8,
Hayley, Mr., of Joluutown, vol.
L4H8.
Head, Mr., of Derry —
hushandry,improvementa,&(^,,
vol. i. 440. 441, 442, 443,
444, 44S, 449 ; vol. ii, 105.
Headfort—
improvements, Lord Bective'e
hnsbiindry, vol. L 50, 51,
52,53.
Heiwlfort (eonliniieiD—
laUiur, Cnnnaught Ubonren,
&c, vol. i. 53; vol. ii. 50.
manare, use of, vol. ii 91.
lH)t*toeB, vol. ii. 38.
I>roilucts, vol. IL IS.
Hearth tax. Earl l>niidonai][l'B
Bcheme, vol. ii. 328.
Herl>ert, Mr., of Mucrosa —
agricultnrftl experiments, im-
provemenbi, vol. i. 351, 352,
354, 363. 30*. 305, 366.
Oroch's Hill, description of,
vol. 1. 350.
Herring fishery. Stf. Fisheries.
Herring Iitlani), vol. i. 194.
Hillsborough Church, vol. i. 133.
Hitt, Mr., "Treatise on Hna-
bftodry," voL i. II.
Hollymonnt, Mr. Lindimy's m-
tat«,&c.,VDl.i. 280; vol. ii
Holme's, Mr. P., vol. i. 13.% 432.
Hops, trained horizontally, vol.
1306.
HouKhtoQ, Mr., vol. ii. 239.
Hewlett, Rev. J., " Essa^ on tlie
Population of Irelnnd," vol.
ii. 310.
Horlinft matches for wives, voL
i. 440, 447-
Htiflwniiry—
Dublin Society sclierae. Sre
that hriuiivij ; refer also to
title Acricalturu.
Hussy, Colonel, monument' of,
vol. i. 367.
Hatcliinson, Biahop of Killala,
vol. i. 246, 248.
Hnls. Set Cabins.
Hyde. Mr., vol. i. 301, 302.
Indiiqoin, Lord, of Rostellan,
vol. i. 3.32.
luishfallcn, Isle of, vol. i. 358,
Iniwhoen, labour, ptxiviHiim
proiiucte, vol. ii 20, SI, 7
Inistioge, vol. i. SO
Inlajid carriiMe o
Trade and comnier^
Inland revenue. ,
and taxes.
InnialvUUng. Set Enuisld
liallyroan, vol. 1. 4 .
Hoi land 'a, at Cashel,
468.
Killarney, want of, Bt, t
382.
miserable condition of, i
450.
Irish Diceti. See Mannen 4
Jacknon, Mr,, Coleraine luUninn
fishery, >'ic.,vul. i. 163, liM.
Jehh, Mr., Slaine mills, vol i
37, 44, 45.
Jefferys. Mr. S. J., Blam.
C^tle, huildinK the l«." .
eatalilinhnient of manuii.
tnre, &c„ vol. L 312, .m
314, 315.
Jephaon, Mr., of Mallow, v<ii
307, 303, 300.
Johnston, Captain, of Cliarli'-
viUe, vol. I. 62, 64. 65.
Johnston, Mr. A., liadeninii
House, vol. i. 143,
Johnstown —
IiuHbAndry. Mr. P. HolnH>-4,
liaronies in eo. Tippenirv.
&c., vol. i432, 433. 434,435.
436.437,438,4.19,440.
labouring poor, expePHOS i.
receipts of. vol, L 488, 4
vol. li. 36.51,02.
potatoes, vnL i. 437 i
Ptijohnstown [continual) —
rental, vol. ii. 12.
scenety, descriiitiaa of, vol. i.
439.
tithes, obnrch lunds, voL 1,
437 ; vol. ii. 109.
village, built by Mr. Havley,
vol. L 4US.
Jnnes, Mr., uf BsJlina, vol.i. 245.
Jones, Mr., of DuUardstawn,
Kelly, John, cottar on Mr. Fitz-
in&Drice's entate. vol. L 233.
Kenmore. .Sea Nedeen.
Kerry—
acret^e of, vol. ii. 3.
climate, vol. i. 348.
laboi
r, uiiiiernble cc
ilition bt, vol. i. ;
Spaniards in, vol. ii. 145.
Kerry, Karl, seat at Lixnaw,
I' curioQH anecdote about a
^H lease, increneed value of prii-
^K perty, voL i. 37'2.
^KKiJcuok-
^^B biisbandry o
^^B llOOd, NO., --. - -
^V tabonr, price of, vol. :
^V provisiouB, priee of, v
^HKudare —
^M acreage of, voL ii. 3.
^f Curragb, the, fariio
■ vol. i. 424.
W rental of, vol. ii 15.
■» Kilfftine—
farming in partnenhip, vol. i.
79.
husbandry, voL i. 75, 70, 77,
78, 79.
labonrinc poor, condition of,
rent ol cabins, &e., voL L
78 ; vol. ii. 36, 61, 52.
potatoen. vol. i. 78 ; vol. ii. 38.
prodneUi, vol. ii. 19.
rental, vol. ii. 10.
tithes, chnrcb I onde, vol, ii. 109.
turf,
iX. 387
Kilkenny —
acreage of, voL ii. 3.
rental of, vol. ii. 15.
Whiteboy riots, vol.i. 81, 83, 92.
Killnlo—
lisheriea, vol. i. 248.
laboor, prioe of, voL ii. 31, 52.
post - house, market . town,
justice of peace, none of,
vol. L 247.
Jroviaions, price of, vol. ii. 74.
lala, Ilishop of, vol. i. 246.
Killamey—
co]>per mines, diansed, vol. i.
352.
Herbert'a,Mr.,im jirovements,
vol. L 350, 351, 352. 354.
inns, vant of, vol. i. 302,
reutidof, voL iL 12.
scenery, description of, vol. i.
349, 350, 351, 3.13. 354, 355,
366, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361,
362, 363.
husbandry, vol. i. 105.
labourinR poor. vol. iL 36>
products of. vol. ii. 19.
rental of, vol. iL 11.
Kiliybegs, acenerv, voL L 177.
Killylea, vol. i. 124.
Kilmacrenan, vol. L 183.
Kilijiore, Bishop of, vol. i. 306.
Kilnalallon, rental of, vol. "' "
12.
i.284.
King. Right Hon. Mr., vol. t
245,246.
Kiugvliorougb, Lord, Miti^heU-
ton-n esUta, vol. i. 458, 459,
460, 401, 463. 463.
King's county —
biu^nies, vol. i. 425.
extent of, vol. ii. 3.
rental, vol. iL 13.
Kingston, vol. i. 222 ; vol. ii. 1 1.
Kingstown. Ste Dunleary-
Knockninny, vol. L 190, 9)0.
Lalx)uring poor (rondniicrf)—
dothing, vol, iL 47.
OODilitimi of, cottar ay stem
of labottT, price of labour,
&e,,TOl. 169.68.78,79, 1)9,
106, 111, lU, 117, 120, 120,
127, 128, ISO, 161, 174, 186,
IBO, 186, 2a% 208,211, 213,
214, 217, 237, 247, 27S, 288,
■JM, 299, 300. 308, 316, 340,
348. 366, 369, 373, 375, 377,
378, 384, 3B1, 400, 401, 402,
411,412,413,419,423, 42S,
42S, 436, 437, 444, 445, 4S5,
456, 461, 462, 163; vol. ii.
35,36,37,38,39.40,41,42,
43, 44, 46, 46, 47. 48, 49, 50,
61, 53, 63, 54, 56, 66, 67.
Connaught labourerB, vol. i.
Set title Trade
ediK'ation, vol. i. 446 : voL ii.
147.
" Employ, don't hang them-,"
vol. i. 399.
exMDBes and receipts of poor
landliea, vol. i.42a, 436. 444,
445. 455. 4.16, 457 ; vol. u.
36, 37, 38, 39.
fsrmn, divinion of, between
tuenta and children, vol, i.
20, IM
&(berlnen'B wKges, division of
produce, vol. i. 107.
food.healthineaBoftlielaliour-
ing poor, vol. ii. 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46. 47.
burling match for a wife, vol.
i. 446, 447.
idleness, vol. iL 295.
incoaie. deficiency in, liow to
make gooil, vol. i. 445.
indnetrioiis labcurerH, vol 1
88, 89, 106, 111.
Irish namea changed to Eng-
liah, vol. L 259.
labourers clsiniinit to 1>e of
ancient faiuilf and diapoa-
Labouring poor (rem (in w
se'sed of their estat
i. 300.
land given tocu!tivat«oi
lawless people that will 1 „
lietray each other, mniming
cattle, &c., vol. i. 429, 430.
live Btcick, vol. ii. 4», 50.
marriages, populatioD, vol. IL
119, 120.121.
O 'Brien , Sir Luciiu, labo
vol. L 290.
oppreasioiiH of, rol
vol. ii. 53, 54, {», »
also tiUt Keligion, i
sionof theRomanCat
Palatinefi. See that title. J
]ii^ and children, vol. i. 4
religion. Ser that title. _
tNEKon and native pupulatum,
vol. i. 39.
Btraw Iiats worn liy men and
wonien, eoniie appearanee,
vol. L 89.
teadrinking. Spemh-kta
condition of, imjira.
thieving nTiiongat tito i
vol. I. BO. «4. 68, S"
114, lis, ITS, IM),2I
vreavem, condition of, li
kept bj-,&e,, vol, LU7,lS
wbiskv honses, vol i ISIUj
Wliiteboy riota
title.
Iiog and mountiUn, imn
ment, vol, i. 178, 177
202. 263, 264, 206. 207, SCR.
.^63, 365, 380 i vol. ii. 7, 05.
m. 97. 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,
\0a. 142.
extent of Ireland, vol. ii. ?.
203.
improvement, good invc-:
ment. vol. ii. IB.
Ireland's advantage over Edk-
land, vol. ii. tT ^
land b; the ounce, voL L 8
■Xand [eontiniird) —
land-pirates, vol. i. 369.
open iielda, eiKrlusiu;; of, vol.
ii. 298.
tnxn. See tUtt Revenne and
. 295, 296, 287,
SJUH,
Landlard and tenant—
abflenteea, vol. i. 13, 43, 69,
114, 133; vol. ii. 114, 115,
J 16. 117,272.
cottar tenantry of Bollycaa-
van, yo\. L 413.
intermediate tenant or middle-
man, vol. i. as, 47. 114,146.
151, 189, 190, 191, 273, 298,
462 i vol. ii. 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30. 31.
land- pirates, re-letttng cabin
lands, vol. i. 369.
occupying tenants, rirenm-
Rtances of, vol. ii. 29, 30, 31,
32.
Bnal laws. See tilU Relieion.
otesrtanta' leases, vol. i. 67.
rental of Ireland, vol. ii. 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
294,295.
rents, raising of, vol. i. 114,
124 : vol. u. 254.
resident land lords, treatment
of small tenants, vol. U. 31,
33, 34.
ten ants, perpetuities, vol. L
145.
La Touche, Mr., vol. i, 101.
LauglinsloMfn, Baker, Mr. W.,
' tarniing experiuientB, vol
huBbandry and maniifooture,
vol. i. 140, 141, H2.
labouring poor, vol. ii. 36.
manure, use of, vol. u. 94.
products, vol. ii. 19.
rental, vol. ii. II.
tithes, vol u, 109.
Leighlinbriiige, Butler, Mr.
Janies, vol. i. 73.
Leighlinbridge, Mr. Mercer's
mill, voC i. 74-
Leinster, acreage of, vol. ii, 3.
I^inster. Duke of, vol. i. 31, 32,
Leitrim, vol. i. 212. 214—
acreage of, vol iL 3.
linen mannfacture, voL L 238,
mines, vol. L 238.
Leslie, Mr, —
demesnes, vol. ii. 150.
estate, description of, parti-
culars of husbandry, vol. L
373, 374.
manure, us« of, vol. ii. 94.
Leslie Hill-
demesnes, vol. ii. 149.
emigration, vol. i. 163, 161.
lal>ouring poor, conditiou of,
&c., vol. i. 161 ; vol. iL 91.
Lesly, Mr., buabanilry, vol. i.
153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,
159, 160.
potatoes, voL ii. 3S, 30.
provisions, price of, vol. ii. 74.
Lealv, Mr. and Mrs,, of Glaa-
lough, vol. i. 125.
Levellers. Ste Whitebuyn.
Leyny, Milesian race, voL i.
duelling and ravishing, vol. ii
152, 153. 15*.
lawless people, ni aim ing cattle,
scattering stock, &c. , vol. i.
429,430.
penal laws. 5m fi'Wc Religion,
' Koman Catholics.
110,
liberty, England's greatness,
not trade, vol. i. 7.
Lighthouses, Millen Hill, suit-
able place for, vol i. 137.
Limavady —
labour, price of, voL iL 51, 62.
jirorisions, price of, vol. ii. 74,
/)'rr also lille Newtown Lima-
Limerick—
»creage of, vnl. ii. .1.
cyder, Liitieiick fatuonB /or,
vol. i. 3H6.
By city, vol. i. 295,
Kjuring jioor, ml. ii. 38.
prosperity and progreBs, vol.
prnvisiona, price of, vol. L
74.
12.
*
2BS ; vol.
rental of, voL
(toil, rockiDesa of, vol. u. o.
SimniardH iii, vol. ii. 145.
Lindsay. Mr., of BallinEi, vol. i.
245.
Llnibuw, Mr., of Hollymount,
voI.i. 260, 261.
Liabnrn. niHnufactnre of the
neigbl)ourliood, vol. i. 133,
134. 135.
Lisle, Mr., " Oliservtttions on
Hjwbandry," vol. i. 11.
LiHtowel. vol. i.372.
Literatare, Iriith aathore, vol.ii.
1S5.
Lixnaw—
Earl Kerry'i estat«. vol. i. 372.
increased voliie of properly,
curiaUB anecdote alioul a
lease, vol. i, 372.
Lloyd, Mr. J., of Gloater, vol.
I 4», 425.
Lloyd. Rev. Mr., of Caitle Lloyd ,
Tol. i. 450, 4fil,457.
Londonderw- See Derry.
LoDftfield, demeHnea, voL ii. 130.
Longford, vol. i. 214.
aitreaga of, vol. iL 3.
cattle trade, vol. iL 104.
labouring poor, vol. ii. 36.
potatoes, vol. iL 38.
products, vol, ii. 20.
rental, ™l. ii. 11, 12.
Loni^ord, Lord —
deniesnes, vol. ii. 4S.
Pftckcniiam Hall,voLL 53,5!).
dcstrription of ncenery, vol. i
317.
Ho;.*rH. Mr. 1''.. estate, vol. i
LougliEani.v(.I.L 195. 1110,11
Lough NeauL, vol. L I4f ~
LoaUi-
B<^reage of, vol. ii. 3.
piodnctH, vol. ii. 19.
Luo
1, vol. L 3a
Liirgan —
Brownlow, Mr., vol,
emigration, vol. i. la
labouring poor. vol. i. 12&.4
market day, sale of imtnL
factured materials, voLfl
128. ■
rental of, vol. ii. 11.
Luttreli, Colonel, voL i. _.,
Luttrelt's To»-n, a^cttltw
prodncta, vol. i. 21, 2H, 23,
LnttrelUt<)wn, provisionn, price
Lynch, Mr'., CoI.'l 24&
Macartney, demesnes, vvL i
150.
Macarthy, Mr., of Tipw
vol. 1. 388, 38F "*
Macdermot, tlie
Coolavin, ulrange
tion of I..ord KingBboro
Mr. i;)-nara, Mr. T
ford, and othera, i
219.
■arlan, Mr., mannra, n
vol. ii. 93.
Mad an. Dr. Bainoel, DnU
Society, vol. iL 131.
Mftglian HoOHe, vol. i. 126l ■
Magherabov— M
cattle trade, vol. H. 1M, j
labouring iioor, voL i. '
vol. ii. 36,51,62. 1
husliandry, vol i. SM, M
•2X. 23l, 238. 239. aiO. I
iiianufncture, vol. i;'
Mftgheralmy iroiiUiiiicJi—
potatoes, vol. ii. %S.
proJucUi vol. ii. :M.
rental, vol. iL 12.
tithes, vol. ii 109.
MaJion —
husbandry, vol. L 125.
HiRnufacture, vol. ii. 206.
products, vol. ii. 19, 20.
rental, vol. ii. 11.
MaboD, Mr., vol. i. 2U, 215,
217, 218, 219 i voL ii H4,
U9.
Mallow—
BgriPttltnnil partio.alarB, Colo-
nel .lepliBun, &c, vol. i. 207,
20S, 209.
labourin); poor, vol. il. 30.
niimiire, nae o/, voL ii. SM.
potatoes, vol, ii. 39.
prodttotB, vol ii 20,
rental, vol. ii. 12.
waters, drinking of, vol. i.
foreignem in Ireland, vol. ii
145, 140.
rich Irixh, vol. ii. 1*7, 148,
119, 160, 151, 152, 15.1,
154.
sQiftll coontry gentlemen, vol.
iL 155.
Manofactare —
agricnltnnil sacrifices for,
vol. ii. 214, 215, 21fi, 217,
271.
Annes (irove, wool amiiggted
into England, vol. i. 2tJ0.
.4rmagh, vol. i. 122, 123.
Ballymote, voL i 223, 224,
225, 22S, 227, 228, 229, 230,
231, 232, 233.
Belleisle, vol. i lOS.
Blarney, vol L 312, 313, 314,
315.
Carrick, vol. i. 402.
Castlemartyr, vol. L 325, 3.30.
Castle Mary, vol. i 331, 332.
cloth rubbing, vol. :. 131,
335.
Cnrraghniore, vol. i 402.
Dronioland, smuggling wool,
*c., vol. i. 2»9.
Dublin Society, nianufactnr-
ing improvement acheniex,
vol ii. 132, 133, 134, 135,
136, 137, 138. 130.
expenditure of money for the
enconragement of, vol. ii.
207,208,209,210,211,212,
213.
exports anil imports, tables
of quantities, &c., vol. ii.
198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203,
204, 205, 2Dfi, 207, 220.
free trade, England hostile
to. See title Trade and
Gal way, vol. L 277.
Ut-rmany the rival, not Scot-
land, vol. i 123.
history of linen and woollen
majinfacture, England lios-
tile to woollen manufacture,
vol. ii. 102, 193, IM, 196,
196, 197.218,219,220,240,
241. Effer aim to title.
Trade and commerce. Free
improvement of land, profit
on, compared witli profit on
manufactories, vot L 329.
incrense of, vol. ii 254.
InniekilliDg, vol. i. 204, 205.
- — — niuaeture, coinpora-
B of.
I.organ, vol. i. 128.
Market Hill, vol. i IIB, IIT,
Monivea, Mr. French's e«tate,
voL i. 271,
Now Grove, vol. i. 312.
Protestant niaaufactnreTS,
vol. i 117.
Sheffield, Lord John, " Obaer-
Manufactni
Trade." &c, vol.
Strokwtown, vol. i. 217.
Tippeiury, vol. i. 39*.
bleaching KTeeiw, vol. i. l.tl.
Wariniwtnwii, vol, i, 129, 130,
131, 132, 133.
See tille Labouring
■Weatpi)
IVWtport, Lord Altamont's
estate, vol. i. 255.
Whiteboy rioM. Sett/tat title.
Manure —
burning dunKbilla, vol i. 44.
cabins, nnmneof, to getaway
froDi dnn^hillB, vol. i. 257.
com[>oBt, iineommon in Ire-
land, vol. i. 100,
seU'Weed, use of, for land bv
Sason population, vol. i.
89.
table of quantitiw lined in
Ireland, vol. ii. 93. M, 95.
Market HiU-
busbanilry, Lord Gosport's
eaUte, vol i. 118, 117.
labour, price of, vol. iL 50, B2.
manufactDre, voL i. 116,117;
vol. ii. 206.
manure, uxe of, vol. ii. M.
pravifdnns, price of, vol. ii. 73.
Marley, Colonel, farm at Cel-
bridKe, &a, vol. i. 25, 28,
27, 28 ; vol. ii. 149.
Marltield, Moore, Mr., hns-
bandrv, vol. i. 394, m.,
396, 397.
Marly, Mr., of Pachenbani, vol.
i. 57 i vol. ii. 93.
Marriajtes. Si\« Poimlntion.
Matliew, Mr. Franein, of
Thoinastuwn Castle, vol. L
468.
Maurice, Mr., of Slwne, vol. i.
Maynooth, New Town, vol. i. 32.
^^ge of, vol. ii. .1.
linsbaudry, aiiifjularitie^ of,
vol. i. 259,
Mayo (fwn(Miiffrf) —
Milesian rai'e, vol. i
rental of, vol. ii. 14.
Meatli—
acreage of, vol. ii. S.
soil, roclcinesa of, vol. iL'B
Mellifont Abhey, vol. i, i ~
Memoirs of last thirty y
autlior'H farming life, vol,
U, 340.
Mercer, CaTitain, Leigbliu'
bridge mill, vol. L 74.
Mercra. Ser Magheraliosr.
MidillutoQ, Lord, vol. I.
146.
L. 319,
a^
Milesian n
Milford Haven, badnexs mi
expensiveness of route Iv,
vol i. 408, 417,418, 4la
Military establisliuient, Ire-
land's contributions tu the
empire, vol, ii. 249, 25a
Militarv mob, distrewi in Ire-
laml, vol. ii. 274,275,
mllen Hill, lighthouse, vol. L
1,37.
collieries at Kanturk, roal>
three sliil lings a liarrel, vol.
Mitchelstown. vol L 419, A
author as liuid Mswi..
Lord Kingabonragb, <■
4ft3,
build ing promotesoivilix
vol. L 463.
cave, stalactite, de«
of, vol. i 4ft*. 46S.
den of thieves and vagKbondi
vol. i. 46,1
Galty mountains. >>eantr of
scenery, Ac, vid. L 463,
466, 467, 468.
UlKiuring poor, vol. i. i
462 : voL iL 36, SI, J"
MitcheUtown Irontinvtd] —
Kingaborniigh, Lord, particn-
lara of improvenients, Sic,
' '. 458, 459, 460, 461,
pigs and children, vol. i, 461,
4«2, 464.
polatoee, vol. iL 3fl.
prodncts, vol. ii. 20.
provuioDB, price of, vol, ii. 74.
rental of, vol. iL 13.
sheep trade, vol. ii. lOS.
Molyneux, Sir Capel. vol, i. 125,
Moitftghan, acreage of, vol. ii. 3.
Monarchy, support of, by agri-
cultnre, vol. i. 2.
MonnHteriea, vol. i. 469.
Monivea —
cattle trule, vol. ii 105.
clifirl«r schonl, supported by
Mr. French, vol. i. 273.
farniH round Monivett, vol. i.
273, 274. 275.
French. Mr,, ai^cultural
experiments and nianuffic-
ture, vol. i, 261, 262, 263,
264, 25S, 266, 267, 368, 260,
270, 271, 272, 273, ■274. 275.
labouring poor, vol ii, 36, 51,
S2,
potatoes, vol, Ii. 38.
prodncts, vol. ii. 20.
Protestanta in. vol, i, 276.
proviiHoni, price of, vol. ii 74,
rental of, vol, ii. 12.
Honknewton—
husbandry, vol. i. 46.
hnta and the common farmers,
vol. L 47.
Mont^mery, Mr., vol. i, 176,
177, ITS, IBl,
Moore, Mr, —
demesnes, vol. ii 149.
husbandry, &c., vol. i 304,
305, 3S)6, »07.
Rheep, vol. ii. 105.
Momington, Lord, iinprove-
nient« at Dangan, vol. L 36.
Mount CbftrleH —
flnheriw, vol. i. 177.
husbandly and manufacture.
labour, price of, vol. ii. 51 . 62.
proTisions, price of, vol. ii. 74.
Mount Juliet, Lord Carrick's
«eat, vol, i. 15.
Mount Kennedy —
aibntus tree, great curiosity,
vol. i. B4.
Cnnuingham's, General, seat,
vol. i. 94.
huslnndry, particulara, vol. i
05. 96, B7, 08, 00.
lalmar, price of. vol. ii 50, 64.
manure, use of. vol. ii. 03.
products, vol, ii, 10.
lirovisions, vol, ii. 73.
rental, vol. ii II.
tithes, vol. ii. 100.
Mountains, vol. i 465, 466, 467 i
vol. ii, 7,
Mountains, improvement of.
See Land.
Mountrath, vol. i. 425.
MuckrosH —
ibbey. vol i, 348, 350, 357.
' " vol. i 363,
dancing, love of, by the people,
vol. 1. 366.
Herbert, Mr., agricultaral
improvements, vol. i. 3.i0.
351, 352, 36.1. 361, 366, 366.
manure, use of, vol, ii. 94.
Menery, vol. i. 348, 340, 356,
357.
stones, breaking of, by lire,
vol. i. 363.
Mules, use of, on farms, vol. i
340,244.
Mullingar, vol. i. 61 ; vol. ii
Murray, Mr, Maurice, of Cool-
^^^HBUI
394 IXDEX. H
Necleen, vol, i. Ml.
Norfolk bailiC Ste Sbelba
laboimng poor, vol. il 3(3, 51,
Lord.
52.
Noun, Colonel, vol. i. 88^ «
manure. oBe of, vol. iL M.
provisiont., price of, vol. ii. 74.
roads, vol. i. 343.
OakboT riota. S« Whitl
riota.
Shelbume, Lord, improve-
O'Brien. Sir Lucius—
ments, vol. i. 344, 346, 34lt,
347.
agriculture, voL L 2M,i
Nephin Beg, vol. L 245.
288, 287. B88. 2S9.
Se»bit. Mr., of Famhani, vol. 1.,
laliourers, vol. i. 290.
206.
O'Briena-
Netbit. Mr., of KUuis«reDan,
origiTi of. vol. il 14&
vol. i. 183.
Pnncesof Tbomond. voL %:.
O'Briensbridge, vol. i. 4fia -
iia
Neville, Mr-, M.P. for WexforJ,
derick O'Connor, Kiam
vol. i. 85.
Connanrfit, vol. i 2WU
O'Hara. Mr.. Maodem
Nei-Ul, Mr..ofFnrnBPe-
demesues, vol. ii. LW.
(Prince of Coolavin) n^
hasbwidry, uarticutan, vol. I
41U, 430, 421,422, 423.
tion of, vol. i. giS. ^
O'Hanui, origin of. vol. iL Hff"
Sew Gr«ve, Ckredon, Mr. , manu-
Oliver, Rev. Arclwleaeon. of
facture and a^cnltural ini-
Cocilmore, at.'rii-utttiral par-
ticulars, vol. i. 336, 3.37, MS,
proveineuls, vol. i. 310, 3H,
Sl2.
33fl. 340, 341 i vol. it I.tO.
Newbroofc, vol. i. 280,
OUver. Bight Hon. Mr. . of Caotle
Newcoinen, Mr., vol. i. 212 ; vol.
Oliver, husbandry particn-
larx, rich lands, &c, vol i.
ii. 14fl.
.180, 381, 382. 383, 3M. 38S,
emiKration. Sff that headiiii-
trade witb Watertord. ««
386. 387 ; vol. iL laOL ,^
OliverCastle. A-wCaWleCffiifl
tUU WnterfoM.
O'NeU, Mr., of Shanes CSH
Ne«-ry, fluurisliing taym, vol. I
voi.i 140.1601 toLSIM
iia.
O'Neils, origin of, i-cd.M. («■
Newtown Limavady—
<^»™«. „...._i „f „-i !i mt:^
Bishop of Derry, vol. i. 164.
0«lK)/n, Sir W.- ^H
emigration, vol. L IIMt.
vol. i. les, 166i vol.ii.205.
caUivat«. vol. i 396,. fl
nannre, me of, vol. ii. 94.
3SS, 390. 400. ^H
iwtatws, vol. u. 38.
orator, vol, i. Sa ^H
products, vol. ii. 20.
Owncy and Arra barony, vd^l
renUl. vol. ii. 11.
443. ^H
Oxen. Sie. lillu Qattla^H
46.
Ploughing. ^^1
New-town Pery, vol. L 202.
Newtown Stewart, vol. i. l.W.
Nicholson. Mr., vol. i, 80.
cattle trade, vol. iL 1IH..^H
1 Wore, baakP of, I.ord Carrick"-*
labouring poor. vol. C'^H
k Mat. vol L 75.
vol. iL 36, 38, 50, GS. ^H
!, use of, Tol. iL 91.
pnxlucta, voL ii 19.
(iroviBinns, price of, vol. ii. 73.
rental of, vol. ii. 10.
tithes, vol. u. lOB.
Paine, Mr, of Ballyniote, vol. i.
22(1.
Palatines —
Adiur, Palatines in, vol. i.
Arabela. Palatines in, vol. i.36S.
failnre of, vol. ii, 34.
Rathkeale, Mr. Oliver's colony
I'arker, Mr., vol. L 441.
Parliament—
deliatea in, author'e visits to,
vol. i. 20.
government of Irdand, vol, iL
249, 230, 251.
interference in domestic in-
dnatry, vol. ii. 271.
Irish orators, voL i. 20.
Koman Cntholica as votem.
See title Religion, Oppres.
sion of Soman Catholics.
Union, the, with England,
vol. i
.251.
Pamell, Sir John, vol. i. 469.
Paa»age, sailing from, for Mil-
ford Haven, vol. L 40S, 41".
Penal lawa. See Religion, Op.
pression of the Komtui
I Catholics
I PenHiun list, Ireland's pontribu.
[ tionB to, vol. ii. 249, 250.
Peer, Mr., vol. i. 40a
Pepper, Mr., vol. i. 108, 109.
Pery, Mr., the Speaker, vol L
292.
Phcenix Park, vol. i. 21.
Pictures —
Bunkettle. See that keeuHitj.
Ijuin'B, Mr. See that headiitrj.
I Flantacenets in Sligo County,
Pophani, Mr., vol. L 274.
Popolation—
depopulation of EngUnd, ah-
aurdtheorieH,val. li, 11H,119.
essay on, by Itev. Howlelt,
vol. ii. 340.
increase of population in Ire-
land, vol. i 25S, 2y9i vol.
ii. 119, 120, 121.
Portaferry —
description of, vol. i. 136, 137.
lalHiur, price of, vol. ii. 60.
provisiooH, price of , vol. L 139;
vol iL 93.
Potato, culture, vol. L 33, 331 ;
vol. it 38, 39, 46.. See aim
Labouring iHHir, food of, &<s.
Power, Mr., vol. i. 83.
Powerscourt, descriutioD of, vol.
i. 101.
Pratt, Mr. James, vol. L 330.
Proteatantn in Ireland. See
Religion.
Products, tables of, vol. ii. 19,
20, 295, 296, 297, 298.
ProviHions, price of, vol. i. 19»
SO, 139, 140, 145, 295, 368,
369, 412, 431, 438, 447 ; vol.
ii. 73.
Puhltc works —
inland navigation, vrant of
capital for. Sic., vol. iL 127,
12tJ, 129, 130.
money voted by Parliament
for, voL ii. 123.
Quakers, Sfaelmal barony, rich
Qaakers, vol. i. 81.
Queen's county —
acreage of, vol. ii. 3,
beaaties of, vol. i. 468, 469.
Uriingford to Dawson Court,
(Jueonntown. Srr Cove.
Quin, Mr. and Mrs,, of Adair,
iiict iires, &c. , vol. i. 375, 379,
Itnbbit Island, vol. i. 194.
K«l>bits, KilliLta. wnrren nt,
tiroRtH on rabbits' Bkiiii>,
vol. i. 2*a.
Rademan Hoiiw. Mr. A. Johu-
vol. L
143.
ItabnD, Lnril Sbclbnrne, Nor-
folk liailiir, vol. L 6S.
Kama, Mr., vol. L ft*.
Randalstciwn, vol. i. 153.
Rnphoe, Hishop of, vol. i. 175,
Itallikeale, colony of Palatines,
i. 113.
Religion —
Ann«s Grove, Konian Calho-
liM in, vol. i. 300.
congregations and inaHn houses,
vol. I, fltt
Cullen, colony of Protestants,
vol. i. 111.
DronioUnd, Catholics in, vol,
L 288.
«ini{!ration, Biwenter? and
Roman Catholics, vol. i.
115, 129.
Hilhborongb church, vol. i.
133.
Inniskilling, CatholiCH and
Protextnntii in, vol. L 206,
KilUla, Protestants and Ro-
man Catholics in. vol. i. 247.
Leslie Hill, Presbyteriana in.
vol. i. 161.
Magherahoy, Protestants and
Catholics in, vol. i. 238.
Monivea, Protestants in, vol.
i. 278.
Penal laws, onpreEwion of the
Roman Catliolics, vol. i. 58,
50, 60. 114; vol, ii. 31, 59,
60,61.62,63,64.65,66,67,
6S, 69, 70, 71. 72. 271.
Protestnnt weavers, vol. i. 223.
niiUebos and Brart» of
riots. Sa that lifie.
Rentnl—
Ireland's advanta^ over
land, vol. ii. 17
table of particnlara, ro
ID, 11, 12, \a, 14. 15, 1«
Rents. St€ Landlord And tot
Kevenne and taxes — ""
decline in revenue, m9
200, 261. M
disadvantages cmnpaafl
England, yai. ii. Ifldl
free trade for IreIaH9|
title Trade and comi^
inland carriage of com.boi
on. Sre title Tr(ul«
land tax, vol. ii. 229,
231.
particulars relating to Ten
and taxes, vol. ii. 221,
223. 224, 225, 226, 227,
220, 230, 2.11.
salt and hearth tAx. vol
Union, the, and taxes, v>i
262.
River Barrow, deecripti.)n
Bill, vol. i
ringle horse carts, vol. ii
ffi, S3, 84.
8jst«mofmakingrDads,t«
&c, vol. ii. 77, 78, 80, I
tnmpike roads, vol. L 111
Roche. Mr-, vol. i- .130.
Rock Island, residence of I
dermot, vol. i. 222,
Rogers, Mr., vol. L 333. .J
Itoraan Catholics. SteR
Itoacommon, acreage
Rum, Earl—
Uelleisle, hoBbandry, vol. L
197. 108, 1B9.
deiueaneH, vol. ii. 149.
Kims. River Barrow. Sec that
littt:
RusBliill, vol. i. S60,
lluHtellan, Incbiqnin, Lord,
vol. i. aasL
Rowley, Mr., vgL i. 35, 36 ;
ley, B
149.
Rnndale, diviaion of farmii by
balks. Sc€ Fornung in
[lartnereliip.
KutUledue, Mr., vol. L 248.
KyvBH. Mr., vol. i. 345; vol. ii
150.
St. WolBtan's, vol. i. ai. 30, 104.
Sftlmon fishery. See Fisheries.
Savaj^, Mr., vol i. 137, 140;
vol.ii. 149.
Seixohs in Ireland, vol. i. 8fi ;
vol. iL 140.
Scotch race in Ireland, vol ii.
Shanea Castle, co. Antrim —
ilescriplion of, vol. i. 149.
Lusbandry, Mr. O'Neil'a, vo
i. 149, 160.
latiour, price of, &e.i vol. i
51, B2, isa
potatoea, vol. ii. 36.
produeto, vol. iL 19.
provisions, price of, vol. i
turnip hoers, voL i. 149.
Bhnen Castle, Queen's county-
Dean Cuotes estate, hus-
bandry, improved lands,
vol. i. 67, 424.
Sliaen CoRtle (continued) —
lalionr, price of, vol. ii. 50, BZ,
potatofw, vol. ii. 38.
proilucts, vol. iL 20.
provisions, pice of, vol. ii 73.
rental, vol. ii 10.
sheep, profit on, vol. ii. lOS.
tithes, voL ii. 109.
Shannon, in pruise of, toL i.
202, 3T1. 438, 439.
Shannon, Lord, vol. ii ISO.
Sheep—
lun^ logs, ridiculouH preposscB-
ston, vol. L 2.1.
pulling wool off by hand, vol.
L259.
tnule in, table of prolita, Ac,
vol. ii. 1(W.
ShetheUI, Lord, " ObHervatioiU
on ManufFu^tiue. Trade, and
Present State of Ireland,"
vol. ii 320.
Shelbnme, Lord and Lady —
agriuultnral particulars, vol.
i au, UH. 346, 347.
BuUyinote, establishment of
manufacture, Protestant
weavers, vol. L 223, 224,
225.
Norfolk bailiff, vol. i. 63, 66.
Shelmal, Quakers iti, vol. L 87.
Singleton, Mr., dostrnction of
rushes, vol. i. 291.
Skeheenrinky, stalHctito care
at, vol. 1. 4»4, 465.
Slaine—
Boyne's, Lord, estate, vol. i,
44.
Korster's, Liird Chief Baron,
iioprovemente, vol. L 43.
husbandry, vol. L 37.
labouring jHior, vol. ii. 96, 60^
products, vol. ii. 19.
provisions, price of, voL iL 73,
lithea, vol li. 109.
Slaine Ca«tlo, Liinl Conyng-
hani'a seat, vol. i. 42, 43.
Slftine Mills, description of, vol
i. 37, M.
Slttte (juarrieH in Deny, rol, L
Sledge (
n drawing;, »ol.
Slipo-
oureage of, vol. ii. 3.
Plantagenets in, voL i 260.
weaving, toI. i. 233.
Smith, Mr., vol. i. 165.
Soil, conditiouB of, vol. ii. S, 67,
17. Ste itlao title Land.
SpaniardH in Ireland, vol. ii 145.
Sprinf^ sulphureous and
mineral, vol. i 202.
StAi^e, Sir Hobert, vol. i 46».
SKrne, birthplace of. vol. ii. 394.
Stewart, Mr., of Fortafeny, vol.
L 136.
Stonea. breaking of. \>y lire, vol.
loagli, vol. I 136.
provisionB. price of, vol. i. 139.
Straw, bnrning o(, vol. i. 4^, 43.
Strokes town —
hnsbaudry, pnrticnlara, vol. i.
214.215,210,217,218,219.
labouring poor, vol. ii. 30, 51,
products, vol. ii, 20.
provisions, priee of, vol, iL 74.
reotal, vol. ii. 11.
xliMp, proRtB on, vol. ii. lOfi.
womis, liiieat iu Ireland, vol.
i. 21.1, 218.
Strougbow's Saxon xiopnlation,
vol. i. 83,
Snmmerhill —
products, vol. il 19,
remains of cabins, pUingh-
niarks, &c., below the sur-
face, voL i. 36.
rental of, voL ii, 10.
soil of intermeiliate tenants,
vol. i. 35.
Swans, flights of, in Knock-
ninny, vol, L 200.
Taghmon— _
inn, deiKription of, voL i
labour, price of, rul. H. S
provisiouH, price of, v^ U. \
Tanrego, Mr. L. Irwjti'a "
vol. L 241, 243.
Tarbert, voL i. 373.
labour, price of, voL iL Bl, j
Leslie, Mr. E., hasbRndf
vol. i. 374.
manare, nse of, voL ii
provisions, price <^ vol. ii %
rental of, voL ii. 12.
Tea drinking. Ste L&bc
Tenants, See Landlord
tenant.
Thoma.sto»-n Castle,
Franciu Matthews, vol. j
468.
Thomuod, Princes of, vol. i. _
Thurut, Killala harhoar,
sliip* in, vol. i. a
TllK-«- ,
iucres«edue to jwtato cnitn
not to bounty on inla ._
carriage nf com, vol. i. 3S;
vol. il. 21, lOe, 170, l!M,
18,% 186.
inferior tillage, viil. ii. 91, i
products, ixt t/uU litte.
Timber-
Clan William's, Lady, pIkhI
tions, vol, i. 381.3911 1
deatructi<in of wixhIh, pljmtjri
trees by the cottwra, vaLg
85, 80, 87, «8, 89, fk>, f
92. \
Dublin Society, premiuto* I
timber planting, vol. ii, tr
Moiiiveo, tree pluitintf ;
vol. i. 272.
Strokestown, Mr. Mah)
Iilantations, finest ia ]
and, voL i. 215, 218.
willuw trees, eKtrtuirdiiiary
growth of, vol. i 417.
Tipperary—
acrea^ of, vol. ii. ft.
l>aronie8 in. vol. i 4S2, 4S.T,
cattle ami sheep, pnca of, ^n.l
[
Tinperapy leonlimied) —
profits on, vol. i. 3SS, 391 ;
vul. ii. 104, IDS.
ClaDwiliiani'x, Lady, piajita-
tiuiu, vol. i. 391.392.
Deny CiiatlB. See that title.
husliRndry, particalnre on,
vol. i. fea, 38B, 390. 391.
Inbouruig poor, vuL ii. 30, 51,
52.
niaDafactnrinD in, vol. \. 3M.
moantaiu Imiuh, vol. i. 394.
potahies, vol. i. 390 ; vol. ii.
38.
prod nets, vol. iL 20.
provlsioDB, price of, vol. ii 74.
rental of, vol. ii. 15.
soil of, vol. i. 391 ! vol. ii 6.
Whiteboy riots, vol. L 82, 83,
84
Titties fuul cliurch Ian da —
InshopricB, annual vEilae,
list of, vol. ii 113.
pnictors, treatment of the
iraor, &c., voL i. 82, 84,
•213, 275, 375, 447; vol. ii
110.
reooiHpenne in lieu of, vol. ii.
Ill, 112.
tal>le of particnlara, vol. iL
109, 110, 112.
. Whiteboy riots. See that
hcadinff.
'^m— ■—-'
254.
increaae of, voL ;
Toivnshend, Mr., of Brockliani,
vol. i 342, 343.
Trade and commerce —
Bel/Ast, trade of, voi i 144,
ua
commerce elds agricultnTc,
voL i. 6. 7.
commercial wnra, vol. i. 68.
consumption, vol. ii. 258.
Com Bounty lte{ie«l Bill, vol.
iL344.
com, inland carriage, liounli
ii 21, 167, 158, 159, 160,
161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166.
167, 168, 169, 170, 179, 180,
Trade and
liiiueil)—
181, 183, 183, 184, 185, 1S6,
1S7, 188, ISO, 190,191,271.
344.
decline in trade and commerce,
diHtresH in Ireland, vol. ii
260. 261, 2G2, 263, 264, 265.
260, 267, 268, 289, 270, 271,
272, 273, 274, 275, 276, Zll,
278, 279, 280.
eniburgoea, vol. ii 246, 247.
ex porta of jirodiice of pastur-
age, &c., inland bounty on,
vol. ii. 170, 171. 172, 173,
174, 175, 176, 177, 178.
fisheries. Sen thai title.
free trule, England hostile to,
com mercial d iepute between
(jreat Britain and Ireland,
vol ii. 232, 233, 234, 235,
236. 237, 238, 239, 240, 241,
299, 300, 301, 304, 305, 300,
307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312.
313,314,316,316,317,318,
it of Great Britain,
255, 256, 257. '
inland navigation. Scr title
Pnblic works.
Irish ports, want of commerce
in, vol. i. 292.
land, cultivation of, at the
sacrifice of commerce, vol,
i.9.
land pmdnctd, fall in the price
of, vol. ii, 295, 296. 297.
liberty, England's greatnestt,
not trade, vol. i. 7.
inunufactnre. See that Htlr.
ne;;lect of national soil fur
rce, vol. i 5.
!, price of. See that
Trade and commerce (ron-
Btate of Ireland in 1748, n92,
vol. ii. 343.
trade.contemptfor.iii Ii-e)and
liy geiUUirtfji, vol. ii. 247,
248,
Uoioii of Ireland with Great
Jtritaia, it« elTect on Iriali
trade, vul. L 69 ; vol. ii. 251,
•252.
W»i«rford, trade with New-
foandUad, vul. L 400, 4tt7.
Tialee. voL i. 367.
Tree jilantine. See Timber,
Trent, Mr. , of Dunkettle House,
vol. i. 316. 3)7.
Trench, Mr. , of Woodlawn. vol.
I 277, 278, 27fl, 280, 281.
Tuain—
Arcbbtahop of, vol. i. 261.
i. 112.
Tucker. J., D.D., Dean of
GlouceBter, trade dii^piite
between Great Britain and
Ireland, vol. ii. 337.
Tullaniore —
Belvidere's, Lord, eetate, vol.
L 61, 62.
labouring poor, voL iL 36, 60.
sheep, fatteningof, voL ii. lOfi.
tithes, vol. ii 109.
Tullespace, vol. i. 61.
TuoHist, land taken by the
oarux, vol. i. 347.
vol.!
140.
hoeinu of, nnusual in Ireland,
vol. i. 147, 176, 384.
introducUon of, by Mr. R.
Gregory, vol. L 284.
Tye, Mr., vol. i. 94.
Tynan, vol. L 124.
Tyrawly, barony, vol. i. 247.
cultivation of ftiix, voL ii. 243.
prodocU, vol, iL '"
rental of, vol. ii. _._.
Tyrone, acreaae of, vol. iL «. J
Tyrone, Earl, huaUandry, voJ.T
400, 401, 402, 403, 405, i"^
vol. u. 94.
Ulster, extent of, vol. ii, 3.
Union, the, with Great Britki
objectionn to and »dra
taffesof,VDl. i.69; vol
Urlinj.'ford, vol. L 46)9, 4
Vancover, Mr., Norfolk I
Vesey, Acmonilisham, vol i 90.
Vicarn, Mr,, husbandry,
ticulara of, vol. L 71,
Wakefield, Mr., vol L
Wakes, liiring men and woe
to howl at, vol. L 348.
Walah, Dean, vol. i. 7"
Walati, General, ho
vol. i. 70 ; vol. iL 14S.
Waring, Mr., vol. i. 138.
WnringHtuwn —
labouring poor, voL u. n. 3
39, 50, 206.
linen manulactnre, vol. i. 129,
130, 131, 132; vol. ii. S
manure, use of, voL ii. 9.
provisions, price of, vol. ii
Waterford—
acreaKe of, vol. ii, 3.
church, description of, vi
407,408.
deanery of, vol. ii. 295.
herring liHliery, vol, i. 407.
inns, miserable coujitioli a
voL L 418.
labour, price of, vol. ii. fig, j
pro%*ision8, price of, vdL iL 7i
rental of, vol. ii, 15,
tithes and church h
iL 112,
tnule with Newfoondlai
vol, i 406, 407.
WoBvera. ,l>Vc LabouriiiA p
^^^^^PV_I^^^^^^^^V
^^^^^^^^k^^^^^H^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HH^^^I
Welis-
Wicldow, vol. i. 94.
acreage of, vol, ii, 3.
rental of, vol. u. U.
rentnl of, vol. ii. !].
West Indias, hemnt-a for, vol. i.
Wood Park, Rev. Mr. Bland.
vol. i. 366.
W.«df<.rd, Mr. R. Fili;garftld-8
acreage of, vol. ii. 3.
rental of, vol. ii- 13.
VVoodlawn—
Wogtport-
279, '280, 281.
Altiuiiont'8, Lord, estate.
particnlarB of husbandry.
husbandry, particnlarB, vol i.
282. 283 1 vol. ii. 94.
vol. i. 250, 251, 2S2, 253,
254, 255, 266, 257.
Inbourinit poor, vol. ii. 36, 38.
Trench, Mr,, description of
vol. ii 51, 52, 206.
linen nianofactnre, vol, i. 258;
hooBe, vol. i. 277-
vol. ii. 206.
Woods. 5« Timber.
prodocU, vol. iL 30.
Woodstock, Sir W. Fownes'
rental, >-ol. it. 12.
vol. i. 80.
Wexford—
acreage o^, vol. il 3.
Workman, Mr., Maghan Houae.
79. IB].
vol. i. 125.
Wray. Mr., vol. i. 348.
"KiDi!'sAnuaInn."vol.i.89.
Nevilft, Mr., M.P. for Wei-
vol. i. 414, 415-
ford, vol. i, 86.
rental of, toI. il U.
Saxons in, vol ii. 146.
Yelverton, Mr., famous crop.
Whiteboj, Hearts of Steel, and
Oakboy rioti, vol. i. 81, 82,
truth about it, vol. L 433.
434.
83, 84. 92, 124. 129, 153,
Ylanabaolane Island, vol. i. 243.
388, 399 ; vol. ii.J6,^W.
Young, Artlior. See Aatbor.
k-
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